iosr-JEEE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: in this paper Efficient architecture for discrete wavelet transform is proposed by using lifting scheme. In arithmetic, a wavelet series is a representation of a square- integrable (real-or complex-valued) function by a certain orthonormal series generated by a wavelet. Lifting based Wavelet transform is mainly comprises of three steps that is split, predict and update, this algorithm allowed high compression ratios, preserving diagnostically important data features. For low-resolution images created with the necessity to keep predefined key diagnostic information (contractile function of the heart), high compression ratios up to 2000 could be achieved.

Index Terms: Discrete Wavelet transforms, square integrable function, lifting scheme

[1] S. Mallat, "A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: The wavelet representation," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 674–693, Jul. 1989.

[2] M. Vishwanath, R. Owens, and M. J. Irwin, "VLSI architectures for the discrete wavelet transform," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Analog. Digit. Signal Process., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 305–316, May 1995.

[3] H. Y. Liao, M. K. Mandal, and B. F. Cockburn, "Efficient architectures for 1-D and 2-D lifting-based wavelet transforms," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1315–1326, May 2004.

[4] P. Wu and L.Chen, "An efficient architecture for two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 536–545, Apr. 2001.

[5] S. Masud and J. V. McCanny, "Reusable silicon IP cores for discrete wavelet transform applications," IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1114–1124, Jun. 2004

Abstract: ME Composites of y(Ni0.5Zn0.3Co0.2Fe2O4)+(1-y) (BaTiO3) with y = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 were prepared by standard double sintering method. The interfaces play very important roles in the dielectric properties, causing space charge effects and Maxwell–Wagner relaxation, particularly at low frequencies. The presence of ferrite and ferroelectric phases without any impurity was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Because of the hysteresis nature, the ME effect the composites may find applications in memory devices such as ME data storage and switching. In the present work, the possibility of forming ferroelectric–ferromagnetic ceramics has been investigated. The Dielectric constants as a function of frequency were studied for different compositions The loss tangent as a function of frequency was studied for different compositions. The combined ferroelectric and magnetic ordering will result in magneto-electric coupling in this material; further investigations are necessary which may throw light on improvement in the product properties.
Keywords: XRD, SEM, Dielectric constant, loss tangent

[1]. J.V. Suchtelene. Philips Res. Repts. 27 (1972) 28.
[2]. K.Uchino "Comprehensive Composite Materials" Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol.5 (2000).
[3]. Leixiang Bian, Yumei Wen, Ping Li, Qiuling Gao, Min Zheng , Sensors and Actuators A 150 (2009) 207-211.
[4]. Yanmin Jia , A'Xi Xue , Zhihua Zhou , Zheng Wub, Jianrong Chen ,Ke Ma, Yihe Zhang ,Jiayi Zhou, Yu Wangd, Helen Lai Wa Chan , in t e r n a t i o n a l journal o f hydrogen energy 38 ( 2013 ) 14915 -14919.
[5]. Jin Yang, Yumei Wen, Ping Li , Xianzhi Dai, Sensors and Actuators A 168 (2011) 358–364.
[6]. A.S. Tatarenko , M.I. Bichurin, Advances in Condensed Matter Physics , Article ID 286562 10 (2012).

Abstract: In this paper, a computer-based method for defining tumor region in the brain using MRI images is presented. Today's modern medical imaging research faces the challenge of detecting brain tumor through Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). Normally, to produce images of soft tissue of human body, MRI images are used by experts. It is used for analysis of human organs to replace surgery. For brain tumor detection, image segmentation is required. For this purpose, the brain is partitioned into two distinct regions. This is considered to be one of the most important but difficult part of the process of detecting brain tumor. Hence, it is highly necessary that segmentation of the MRI images must be done accurately before asking the computer to do the exact diagnosis. Brain tumor, a mass of tissue that grows out of control is one of the major causes for the increase in mortality among children and adults. Segmenting the regions of brain is the major challenge in tumor detection. A large number of effective segmentation algorithms have been used for segmentation in grey scale images ranging from simple edge-based methods to composite high-level approaches using modern and advanced pattern recognition approaches. Brain tumor detection is one of the challenging tasks in medical image processing. Four MRI images were collected and the experiments were conducted for statistical analysis also. A comparative study is made and the results are of great interest and practical utility.

Keywords: Brain tumor, Segmentation, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Thresholding , Histogram

[1]. Prince JL, Links JM. Medical imaging signals and system. Pearson Education. 2006
[2]. Macovski A. Medical imaging systems. Prentice; 1983
[3]. Pratibha Sharma,Sangam Choudhary and Manoj Diwakar, Dept.of Computer Science, MITS, Lakshmangarh, "Application of Edge Detection for Brain Tumour Detection", International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887), Volume 58– No.16, November 2012-21.
[4]. Yehualashet Megersa, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Addis Ababa University, "Brain Tumour Detection and segmentation using Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm", November 2012.
[5]. Sezgin M. and Sankur B., "Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation", Journal of electronic Imaging, Vol. 13, No. 1, Jan. 2004, pp 146-165

Abstract: Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is a diagnostic tool that used to detect the incipient faults of power transformers through the correlation between the content of gases dissolved in transformers oil and a particular malfunction. Transformer failures are often due to the lack of the dielectric strength of oil insulation and will lead to a negative impact on electrical power systems. Early stage detection of transformer faults can reduce considerably the cost of repairing the damaged transformers and hence maintain the stability of the system. Some classical methods that depend on gases concentration in transformers oils are used to interpret transformer faults such as Dornenburg, Rogers, Duval triangle and key gases methods. These methods in some cases did not give the same results; therefore, an expertise method is developed to assess the kind of fault based on the DGA. A software code is designed using logic functions to get the type of the faults in transformers from laboratory data DGA based. A comparison between the laboratory results and the code results will be accomplished. This comparison explains that the code is reliable to determine the transformer fault. The age of transformer is taken into account in our calculations. The results from the software code illustrate the program reliability as an early detection tool of transformer faults.

Key words: Dissolved gases analysis- transformer oil- interpretation of transformer faults

[1]. Suwarno, "Dissolved Gas Analysis of Transformer Oils: Effects of Electric Arc", Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS International Conference on Power Systems, Lisbon, Portugal, September 22-24, 2006

[2]. H. Borsi, K. Dumke, E. Gockenbach, "Relation between Faults and Generated Gases in Transformer Liquids," Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids ( ICDL '99 ), Nara, Japan, July 20-25, 1999.
[3]. Sayed A. Ward "Evaluating Transformer Condition Using DGA Oil Analysis", 2003 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.
[4]. E. Dornenburg, and W. Strittmater, "Monitoring Oil Cooling Transformers by Gas Analysis," Brown Boveri Review, vol. 61, pp. 238-274, 1974.
[5]. IEC Publication 599, Interpretation of the Analysis of Gases in Transformers and Other Oil-Filled Electrical Equipment in Service, First Edition, 1978.

Abstract: The Line-of-Sight stabilization and tracking control based on gyro stabilized platform is required to isolate Line of sight from the movement and vibration of carrier and ensure pointing and tracking for target in electro-optical tracking system. This work describes the design of a high performance controller for an electro-mechanical target tracking system with an optical sensor for sighting. The control law has been obtained using a linear model of the electro mechanical system. The modelling of the system has been carried out using the experimental frequency response data. The PID adesigning of control system methodology has been used to design the controller and study the comparative analysis using both controller and optimized tuned performance is also seeing by using the designing the PID controller in different loop analysis and study responses of system by using step response and frequency response analysis by using the bode diagram so as to stabilize the line of sight stabilization and tracking control system. The mixed sensitivity optimisation problem has been posed and weighting functions are selected by using the gradient and dissent method having more numbers of iterations so that they not only encapsulate all the design goals but also accommodate the modelling uncertainties. A stabilising controller with excellent robustness properties has been obtained. Investigator has used MATLAB for the designing of controller and simulated the system for a required criterion of the system.

Keywords: controller, stabilization, optimal, lag, lead

[1]. Michael K. Masten and Henry R. Sebesta, "Line-of-Sight Stabilization/Tracking Systems: An Overview", Proceeding of the IEEE Conference on American Control, Minneapolis, MN, USA, pp. 1477-1482,10-12 June 1987.
[2]. Peter J. Kennedyand Rhonda L. Kennedy, "Direct Versus Indirect Line of Sight (LOS) Stabilization", IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 11, and No.1, pp. 3-15 January 2003.
[3]. Vladimir N. Dobrokhodov, Isaac I. Kaminer, Kevin D. Jones, and Reza Ghabcheloo, "Vision-Based Tracking and Motion Estimation for Moving targets using Small UAVs", Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on American Control Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, June 14-16, 2006.
[4]. Dr. H. Ambrose, Z. Qu and R. Johnson, "Nonlinear robust control for a passive line-of-sight stabilization system", Proceeding of the IEEE conference on Control Application, Mexico City, Mexico, pp. 942-947, September 5-7, 2001.
[5]. Tian Qi, Wenzhou Su and Jie Chen, "Optimal Tracking Design and Performance Analysis for LTI Systems with Quantization Effects", Proceeding of the 48th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, China, pp.4945-4950, December 16-18, 2009.

Abstract: A study here was made of the accuracy of utility power system stability simulations, as affected by the complexity of the synchronous generator models and data used with the models. The investigation was performed by simulating the operation of a representative multi-machine system with many combinations of disturbances, initial load, system stiffness, model detail and model data by the use of MATLAB. The findings from this research work provide guidelines in the selection of the parameter in the power system designs and operations.

Keywords: stability,Power,Transient,Distribution,Synchronism

[1] A.A. Found and Vijay Vittal. (1992). Power System Transient Stability Analysis, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

[2] Allan Greenwood. (1987). Electrical Transients in Power System. New York. John Wiley and Sons.

[3] Edward Wilson Kimbark, Sc.D. (1964). Power System Stability. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

[4] J.E.L. Robinson. (1963). Abnormal Load on Power System. London Unwun Brothers Limited.

[5] Hadi Saadat. (2002). Power System Analysis. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill.

[6] M.G. Say. (1963). The Performance and Design of Alternating Current Machines. London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd.

Abstract: In the present paper design and development of a low cost gas sensing system with Polyaniline/ Cerium oxide composite as sensing element is presented. Polyaniline / Cerium oxide composites are prepared by insitu polymerization. The composites are pressed in the form of pellets and are used as the sensing elements. The sensing element is interfaced with front end signal conditioning circuit, and ARM processor for data logging. The sensor readout circuit is based on resistance to voltage conversion technique. The performance of the system was tested for oxygen sensing application.

Keywords: Polyaniline/ Cerium oxide composite, oxygen sensing, signal conditioning, ARM processor, resistance measurement

[1]. B.P.J. Lacy Costello, R.J. Ewen, N. Guernion, N.M. Ratcliffe, Highly sensitive mixed oxide sensors for the detection of ethanol, Sens. Actuators B Chem.87,2002, 207-210
[2]. S.Chi Tsang,C.Bulpitt, Rare eatrh oxide sensors for ethanol analysis, Sens.Actuators B Chem. 52 ,1998, 226-235
[3]. C.Garzella, E.Comini, E.Bontempi, L.E.Depero. C.Frigeri, G.Sberveglieri, Sol-gel TiO2 and W/TiO2 nanostructured thin films for control of drunken driving, Sens.Actuators B Chem. 83,2002, 230-237
[4]. M Ivanovskaya, P.Bogdanov, G.Faglia,P.Nelli,G.Sberveglieri, A.Taroni, On the role of catalytic additives in gas-sensitivity of SnO2-Mo based thin film sensors , Sens. Actuators B Chem. 77, 2001, 268-274
[5]. M. Mabrook, P. Hawkins , A rapidly- responding sensor for benzene, methanol and ethanol vapoursbased on films of titanium dioxide dispersed in a polymer operating at room temperature , Sens. Actuators B Chem. 75, 2001,197-202

Abstract: Large animals dung based biomass has immense potential in an agricultural state Punjab. The milk production is very important part of an agricultural economy in the Punjab. Dairy farming is an age old subsidiary profession in rural areas of state. This paper presents a case study of Bathinda district of Punjab by collecting the total livestock population and the average production of large animals dung or manure on daily basis. About 13% of total animal dung in district is used for local level activities and 87% is considered as surplus animal dung which can be used for production of electrical power. Based on these collections and from the surplus animal dung the energy potential of 1385247GJ per year has been calculated. It has been estimated that electrical power of 384.8 GWH per year can be produced only from the surplus large animal dung of district Bathinda of Punjab.

[1] Chauhan Suresh. District wise agriculture biomass resource assessment for power generation: A case study from an Indian State, Punjab. Biomass and Bio energy 2012; 37 :205-212.

[2] The Ohio Biomass Energy Program, Public Utilities Commission of Ohio, 180 East Broad Street, Columbus, OH 43215-3793. Turning Manure into Gold: Converting Agricultural Waste to Energy.

[3] ludhiana.nic.in/dept/verka.html, Website of Verka Milk Plant, Ludhiana,Punjab, India

[4] planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/Presentations13_14/punjab_2013_14.pdf,Annual plan (2013-2014), Planning Commission of India, Government of Punjab, India [ last modified on 30.4.2013].

[5] 19th Livestock Census 2012, Animal Husbandry Department, Punjab, India

Abstract: In this paper fuzzy logic techniques is used to control the speed of a single-phase induction motor. The implementation of hardware is based on a standard ARM controller, without any additional components for the fuzzy logic controller for controlling speed of induction motor keep constant the voltage and frequency ratio of the induction motor supply source. In this speed controlling the reference speed varies from 500rpm to 1000rpm. The response of the fuzzy controller is depending upon variation of load and speed. This fuzzy control system is built on ARM processor, which uses speed error and speed error variation to change both fundamental voltage amplitude and frequency of a sinusoidal pulse-width modulation.

Keywords: ARM processor, fuzzy control, , induction motor

[1]. Marcelo Suetake, Ivan N. da Silva, Member, IEEE, and Alessandro Goedtel "Embedded DSP-Based Compact Fuzzy System and Its Application for Induction-Motor V/f Speed Control" ieee transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 58, no. 3, march 2011.
[2]. F. Zidani, D. Diallo, M. E. H. Benbouzid, and R. N. Saïd, "A fuzzy-based approach for the diagnosis of fault modes in a voltage-fed PWM inverter induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 586–593, Feb. 2008.
[3]. M. N. Uddin, Z. R. Huang, and M. I. Chy, "A simplified self-tuned neuro fuzzy controller based speed control of an induction motor drive," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meet., 2007, pp. 1–8.
[4]. E. Bim, "Fuzzy optimization for rotor constant identification of an indirect FOC induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1293–1295, Dec. 2001.
[5]. Zadeh L.A., "Fuzzy sets," Information and Control, Vol. 8, p.p. 338-353, 1965.

Abstract: Sustaining a quality of power supply is an important problems to the power Engineers. Owing to improvement in power quality a lot of power electronic devices and custom power devices are used in the industrial and commercial applications. Some of the non-linear loads and converters produces non-linear characteristics and create a flow of harmonic component in lines. Due to this effect, load voltages, load currents and the neutral current waveform due to unbalance gets distorted. In this project, the above effects are mitigated by neuro fuzzy Hysteresis Controller based ultracapacitor (UCAP) integration with an APF through a bi-directional dc–dc converter with in the phase conductor. By connecting filter in the line, load voltage becomes nearly sinusoidal and the distortion in the load and neutral current is reduced significantly. The MATLAB/Simulink model is used to verify this method.

Index Terms: Neuro Fuzzy Logic, Hysteresis Controller, Phase Locked Loop, Active Filter, ultra capacitor (UCAP), Coupling Transformer.

[1]. P. F. Ribeiro, B. K. Johnson, M. L. Crow, A. Arsoy, and Y. Liu, "Energy storage systems for advanced power applications," Proc. IEEE, vol. 89,no. 12, pp. 1744–1756, Dec. 2001.
[2]. M. Branda, H. Johal, and L. Ion, "Energy storage for LV grid support in Australia," in Proc. IEEE Innov. Smart Grid Technol. Asia (ISGT), Nov. 13–16, 2011, pp. 1–8.
[3]. A. B. Arsoy, Y. Liu, P. F. Ribeiro, and F. Wang, "StatCom-SMES," IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 21–28, Mar. 2003.
[4]. K. Sahay and B. Dwivedi, "Supercapacitor energy storage system for power quality improvement: An overview," J. Elect. Syst., vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1–8, 2009.
[5]. W. Li, G. Joos, and J. Belanger, "Real-time simulation of a wind turbine generator coupled with a battery supercapacitor energy storage system," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 1137–1145, Apr. 2010.

Abstract: In this paper a humidity sensor readout circuitry using two stage opamp is designed. This circuitry is realized in TSMC 0.18μm CMOS Technology. Designing of two-stage op-amps is a multi-dimensional-optimization problem where optimization of one or more parameters may easily result into degradation of others. The OPAMP circuit is designed to exhibit a unity gain frequency of 2.02GHz and exhibits a gain of 49.02dB with a 60.50 phase margin and CMRR 39dB, Slew Rate 154dB, UGB (Unity Gain Bandwidth) are in a higher unity gain frequency under the same load condition. Also presented humidity sensor can achieve good linearity over the relative humidity range from 20% to 80%. The total power dissipation of readout circuitry is 21.8 pW.

Terms: CMOS humidity sensor, humidity sensor, Op-Amp

[1]. B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits. McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[2]. P.E. Allen and D.R. Holberg, CMOS Analog Circuit Design. Oxford University Press, 2002.
[3]. G. Palmisano, G. Palumbo and S. Pennisi "Design Procedure for Two-Stage CMOS Transconductance Operational Amplifiers: A Tutorial"; Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 27, 179–189, 2001.
[4]. Burak Okcan and Tayfun Akin, "A Low-Power Robust Humidity Sensor in a Standard CMOS Process" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 54, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2007
[5]. Dave Van Ess, "Understanding Switched Capacitor Analog Blocks", Application Note, cypress Microsystems 2004.11
[6]. Yunteng Huang, Paul Ferguson, and Gabor C. Temes, "Reduced Nonlinear Distortion in Circuits with Correlated Double Sampling", proc. IEEE int. symp. Circ. Syst. May 1996.

Abstract: This paper proposes a high step-up dc-dc converter having a multiplier stage based on the Cockcroft-Walton (CW) voltage multiplier without a step-up transformer, which provides continuous input current with low ripple and high voltage ratio. For a given input voltage, a different output voltage boost up with different gain can be generated with the components of same specifications. Since the five level converter circuits uses five multiplier, more gain can be achieved. The proposed converter can provide a suitable dc source for any level multilevel inverter. In this paper, the control strategy employs two independent frequencies, one at high frequency, thereby minimize the size of the inductor and the other one at low frequency for a reduced output voltage ripple.

Keywords: Cascaded Cockcroft Walton , DC-DC converter , Voltage multiplier

[1]. L. S. Yang, T. J. Liang, and J. F. Chen, Transformerless dc-dc converters with high step-up voltage gain, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 31443152, Aug. 2009.
[2]. G. R. Walker and P. C. Sernia, Cascaded dc-dc converter connection of photovoltaic modules, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 11301139, Jul. 2004.
[3]. Hyun-Lark Do, Asymmetrical Full-bridge Converter With High-Voltage Gain, IEEE transactions on power electronics vol.27, no 2, February 2012.

[4]. Chung-Ming Young, Member, IEEE, Ming-Hui Chen, Student Member, IEEE, TsunAn Chang, Chun-Cho Ko, and Kuo-Kuang Jen Cascade CockcroftWalton Voltage Multiplier Applied to Transformerless High Step-Up DCDC Converter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 2, February 2013.
[5]. M. Prudente, L. L. P_tscher, G. Emmendoerfer, E. F. Romaneli, and R. Fules, Voltage multiplier cells applied to non-isolated DC-DC converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 871887, Mar. 2008.

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to develop Over Current and Over Voltage Protection of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor (PMBLDCM) using Wavelet Analysis. The Motor's operating point is continuously changing with time and the motor is never operating at a constant speed throughout its operation. A Motor operating in a non-stationary environment has a non-stationary voltage and current signals. Fourier Transform (FT) cannot be used for analysis of non-stationary signals, because FT tells about which frequency components exist in the signal, but gives no time information about these frequency components. Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) was developed to solve this problem. STFT used a window function to view a part of non stationary signal as stationary and then perform analysis. However, STFT can have either good time resolution or good frequency resolution, but not both. Wavelet Transform was developed to overcome this resolution problem. Wavelet Analysis uses contracted and expanded versions of a single prototype function called a wavelet. Fine time resolution can be achieved using contracted version of the wavelet and fine frequency resolution can be achieved using expanded version. Daubechies4 wavelet is chosen for this application.

Keywords: PMBLDCM, Wavelet, Daubechies4, Over Current, Over Voltage

[1]. Satish Rajagopalan, "Detection of rotor and load faults in brushless dc motors operating under stationary and non-stationary
conditions", Georgia Institute of Technology August 2006.
[2]. Microchip Technology, "Brushless Dc (Bldc) motor fundamentals, Application Note, An885, 2003.
[3]. Wavelet Toolbox Tm Version 4.13, User's Guide, By Michel, Misiti, Yves Misiti, Georges Oppenheim, Jean-Michel Poggi.
[4]. M. Abdesh Shafiel Kafiey Khan And M. Azizur Rahman, Wavelet based diagnosis and protection of electric motors (Memorial
University of Newfoundland St. John's, Nl, Canada,March 2010)
[5]. Awadallah, M.A; Morcos, M.M.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Nehl, T.W., "Detection of stator short circuits in VSI-fed brushless Dc motors
using wavelet transform," Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on , vol.21, no.1, pp.1,8, March 2006