iosr-JEEE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2014

Abstract: This paper aims at throwing light on the new mode of playing board games by having an automated physical platform. Hence it discusses the development of an automatic chess board called as Chess.Automated. which enables the user to play the game of chess in different formats; with the opponents moves completely automated. It uses various electronic components such as the Arduino Mega2560 Microcontroller, Membrane Keypad and driver IC's along with different programming languages such C++, Python and Java to achieve automation between software and hardware.

Keywords: Arduino Mega2560, Chess.Automated, Online gameplay, Membrane keypad, MRL (My Robot Lab).

[1]. http://arduino.cc
[2]. http://myrobotlab.org
[3]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_keyboard
[4]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepper_motor
[5]. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/l293d.pdf
[6]. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/uln2003a.pdf

Abstract: Routing is a phase in the physical design of Electronic Circuits. The main aim of routing in VLSI design is to interconnect the cells that have been assigned positions as a solution of the placement problem. The problem of finding Rectilinear SteinerMinimal Tree (RSMT) is one of the fundamental problems in the field of Electronic Design Automation. The obstacle avoiding rectilinear Steiner minimal tree problem becomes more important for modern nanometer IC designs which considers numerous routing obstacles incurred from power networks, pre-routed nets, IP blocks, feature patterns for manufacturability improvement, antenna jumpers for reliability enhancement etc. But at present the Multilayer Obstacle Avoiding Rectilinear SteinerMinimal Tree (ML-OARSMT) has gained much importance for modern nanometer IC designs which considers multilayers for routing, obstacles incurred from power networks etc., and preferred direction for routing layer. A ML-OARSMT connects a set of pins and set of obstacles incurred from IP blocks, power networks, pre-routed nets etc., on routing layers by rectilinear edges within layers and vias between layers such that no tree or via intersect an obstacle and the total cost of the tree is minimized. This paper provides a survey of various multilayer obstacles avoiding rectilinear Steiner minimal tree algorithms proposed and thus there is a need for an algorithm to produce better solution quality (reduced wire length) in less running time.

Keywords: Multilayer, obstacle Avoiding, Rectilinear Steiner Tree

[1]. Sherwani Naveed A. Algorithms forVLSI Physical Design Automation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
[2]. Garey, Michael R., andDavid S. Johnson, "Therectilinear Steiner tree problem is NP-complete, SIAM Journal ofApplied Mathematics, pp. 826-834, 1977.
[3]. Chung-Wei Lin, Shih-Lun Huang, Kai-Chi Hsu, Meng-Xiang Lee, and Yao-Wen Chang," Multilayer obstacle-avoiding rectilinear Steiner tree construction based on spanning graphs", IEEE Transactions On Computer –Aided Design, Vol.27, No. 11, pp.2007-2016,November2008.
[4]. Chung-Wei Lin, Shih-Lun Huang, Kai-Chi Hsu, Meng-Xiang Lee, and Yao-Wen Chang," Efficient Multi-Layer obstacle-avoiding rectilinear Steiner tree construction", in Proc.ICCAD.pp 380-385,2007.
[5]. Yao-Wen Chang C-W.Lin, S-Y. Chen "Obstacle-avoiding rectilinear Steiner tree construction based on spanning graphs,"IEEE Transactions, Computer-Aided Design,vol.27,no4,pp.643-653,2008.

Abstract: Wind energy conversion maximum power extracting along with power quality issues both play a crucial role in the power systems. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using a new controlling method for simultaneously performing the maximum power point tracking and decreasing grid current total harmonic distortion (THD) as an extra function in wind energy conversion using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). While enhancing the grid power quality using proposed method, an improved maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on optimum torque controlling is employed. Resorting this improved algorithm increases MPPT efficiency to be higher than 97% in all operation modes. In this study, a PMSG wind energy conversion with nominal power of 20 KW at wind speed of 9 m/s is considered for simulation. This system is connected to the local nonlinear load and the grid. Simulation results including MPPT dynamic and steady state behaviors in three different wind speeds and THD analyzing in presence and absence of harmonic elimination extra function show impressive benefits of the proposed method.

Keywords: wind energy conversion, permanent magnet synchronous generator, harmonic elimination, maximum power point tracking

[1] Teodorescu R., Liserr M., Rodriguez P., "Grid Converters For Photovoltaic And Wind Power Systems", Chapter 6 , Pages.127-153 .
[2] Blaabjerg F., Chen Z., "Power electronics for wind turbines", Chapter 3.
[3] BU He R, XUE Yu, "Grid Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based On Three Level NPC Converter", International Journal of Automation and Power Engineering (IJAPE) Volume 2 Issue 4, May 2013,pages.192-193.
[4] Pierluigi Tenca , Andrew A. Rockhill, Thomas A. Lipo, "Wind Turbine Current-Source Converter Providing Reactive Power Control and Reduced Harmonics", IEEE Transactions On Industry Applications, VOL. 43, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2007.pages 1050-1051
[5] R. Swisher, C. R. DeAzua and J. Clendenin, "Strong winds on the horizon: wind power comes of age", Proc. IEEE, vol. 89, no. 12 pp. 1754–1764, Dec. 2001.

Abstract: The proposed controller can balance individual dc capacitor voltages when H-bridges run with different switching patterns and have parameter variations. It has two advantages: 1) the controller can work well in all operation modes (the capacitive mode, the inductive mode, and the standby mode) and 2) the impact of the individual dc voltage controller on the voltage quality is small. This topology suggests further improvement Here we have to using fuzzy logic controllers in the control scheme to reduce total harmonic distortion. A three phase cascaded H-bridge inverter this control method uses a discrete-time model of the system to predict the future value of the current for all voltage vectors, and selects the vector which minimizes a cost function. Analytical solutions of pulse width-modulation (PWM) strategies for multilevel inverters are used to identify that alternative phase opposition disposition PWM for diode clamped inverters produces the same harmonic performance as phase-shifted carrier PWM for cascaded inverters, and hybrid PWM for hybrid inverters, when the carrier frequencies are set to achieve the same number of inverter switch transitions over each fundamental cycle. In order to improve the performance, a phase-shifted carrier based pulse width modulation technique is used. A mathematical model of the system is derived, based on which a controller for the scheme is designed. The effectiveness of the scheme is verified through detailed simulation study.

Index Terms: DC voltage regulation, fuzzy logic controllers, voltage source converter (VSC), Pulse width modulation (PWM), static compensator (STATCOM)

[1]. S. Anand, B. G. Fernandes, and K. Chatterjee, ―A new 4-level open-ended transformer based STATCOM for high power applications,‖ in Proc. 36th Annu. IEEE IECON, Nov. 7–10, 2010, pp. 1957–1962.
[2]. C. Schauder and H. Mehta, ―Vector analysis and control of advanced static VAR compensators,‖ Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. C—Gener., Transm. Distrib., vol. 140, no. 4, pp. 299–306, Jul. 1993.
[3]. E. M. John, A. Oskoui, and A. Petersson, ―Using a STATCOM to retire urban generation,‖ in Proc. IEEE Power Syst. Conf. Expo., Oct. 2004, vol. 2, pp. 693–698.
[4]. D. Soto and T. C. Green, ―A comparison of high-power converter topologies for the implementation of FACTS controllers,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1072–1080, Oct. 2002.
[5]. J. Rodriguez, J.-S. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, ―Multilevel inverters: A survey of topologies, controls, and applications,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 724–738, Aug. 2002.

Abstract: Fresh water irrigation in the agricultural land is of raising importance. Since there is a heavy demand for the fresh water, reduced and optimal usage of resources is encouraged which can be provided by the usage of automation technologies and its apparatus like irrigation, sensors and remote operation. Emerging trends in agriculture aims at ensuring more productivity and less damage to the land which led to soil nutrient management, where the fertilizers can be met based on local requirements with go green technology. Providing latest technologies in nutrient management along with sophisticated sensor control will mentor in getting more productivity and profitability. Non destructive and efficient sensors are used to track the utility. Also the developed irrigation method removes the need for workmanship for irrigation and maintaining farm or field. The purpose of this paper is to provide more facility in agriculture field by using wireless sensor network along with linear programming and monitoring system. Paper describes an application of a wireless sensor network for low-cost wireless controlled and monitored irrigation solution.

Key words: Moisture sensor, Soil nutrient sensor, GSM Module, PIC Microcontroller, Wireless systems, Information system.

[1]. Mahir Dursun and Semih Ozden "A wireless application of drip irrigation automation supported by soil moisture sensors",Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 6(7), pp. 1573-1582, 4 April, 2011. Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE ISSN 1992-2248 ©2011 Academic Journals.
[2]. U. Ramsing, et al. Anal. Chim. Acta, 1980, 118: 45 Adamchuk V.I.. Feasibility of on-the-go mapping of soil nitrate and potassium using ionselective electrodes. Transaction of ASAE., 2002, 02, 1183
[3]. Tahar Boutraa, Abdellah Akhkha, Abdulkhaliq Alshuaibi, Ragheid Atta; "Evaluation of the effectiveness of an automated irrigation system using wheat crops." AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGY JOURNAL OF NORTH AMERICA; ISSN Print: 2151-7517, ISSN Online: 2151- 7525, doi:10.5251/abjna.2011.2.1.80.88
[4]. Clemens, A.J. 1990.Feedback Control for Surface Irrigation Management in: Visions of the Future. ASAE Publication 04-90. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan, pp. 255-260.
[5]. Akyildiz, I.F. & Xudong, W. (2005). A Survey on Wireless Mesh Networks, IEEECommunication Magazine, Vol. 43, pp. S23-S30.
[6]. Bogena H R, Huisman J A, OberdÊrster C, et al. Evaluation of a low cost soil water content sensor for wireless network applications [J].Journal of Hydrology, 2007, 32-42

Abstract: In modern time electricity demand is increasing day by day and due to limitations of fossil fuels and other environmental issues the whole world is looking for alternatives. Renewable energy sources are proving their strength. Solar energy is the most important renewable and sustainable energy system. The modelling of solar cell and array is very much time consuming because it has so many complex mathematical equations. Sometimes we need only the solar cell for its applications without going into details of its complex equations . MATLAB has provided a very helpful and handy tool for solar cell in Simscape library that uses the physical language for modelling. But before using that tool It becomes necessary to learn the interfacing between Simscape and SPS tools with the use of some converters. In this paper step by step procedure is shown for modelling of solar array with the use of Simscape library. To extract the Maximum power from solar array, MPPT technique is necessary so in this paper Incremental conductance method is used for MPPT and results are shown in the form of various characteristics of solar array.

Keywords: Maximum Power Point (MPPT), Photovoltaic (PV), PV Array, Simscape.

[1] www.mathworks.com
[2] Huan-Liang Tsai, Ci-Siang Tu, and Yi-Jie Su, "Development of Generalized PhotovoltaicModel Using MATLAB/SIMULINK", 2008, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science
[3] H.Altas1, A.M. Sharaf, "A Photovoltaic Array Simulation Model for MATLAB/SIMULINK GUI Environment", 2007, IEEE
[4] "Solar Cell Parameter Extraction from Data", MATLAB Help Demos.
[5] Sangita S. Kondawar,U. B. Vaidya,' A comparison of Two MPPT Techniques for PV System in MATLAB SIMULINK', Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Vol 2, Issue 7 (Aug 2012), PP.73-79

Abstract: The proposed system presents power-control strategies of a grid-connected hybrid generation system with versatile power transfer. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely available renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energies. For this, an adaptive MPPT algorithm along with standard perturbs and observes method will be used for the system. Also, this configuration allows the two sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. The turbine rotor speed is the main determinant of mechanical output from DG energy and Solar cell operating voltage in the case of output power from solar energy. The inverter converts the DC output from non-conventional energy into useful AC power for the connected load. In order to utilization distributed generation (DG) unit interfacing converters to actively compensate harmonics, this paper proposes an enhanced current control approach, which seamlessly integrates system harmonic mitigation capabilities with the primary DG power generation function. As the proposed current controller has two well- decoupled control branches to independently control fundamental and harmonic DG currents, local nonlinear load harmonic current detection and distribution system harmonic voltage detection are not necessary for the proposed harmonic compensation method. Moreover, a closed-loop power control scheme is employed to directly derive the fundamental current reference without using any phase-locked loops (PLL). The proposed power control scheme effectively eliminates the impacts of steady-state fundamental current tracking errors in the DG units. Thus, an accurate power control is realized even when the harmonic compensation functions are activated hybrid system operates under normal conditions which include normal room temperature in the case of solar. The simulation results are presented to illustrate the operating principle, feasibility and reliability of this proposed system.

Keywords: Index Terms-Active power filter, distributed generation, harmonic compensation, harmonic extraction, phase-locked loop (PLL), resonant controller, virtual impedance.

[1]. F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, And S. B. Kjaer, ―Power Electronics As Efficient Interface In Dispersed Power Generation Systems,‖ Ieee Trans. Power Electron, Vol. 19, No. 5, Pp. 1184–1194, Sep. 2004.
[2]. F. Wang, J. L. Duarte, M. A. M. Hendrix, And P. F. Ribeiro, ―Modeling And Analysis Of Grid Harmonic Distortion Impact Of Aggregated Dg Inverters,‖ Ieee Trans. Power Electron, Vol. 26, No. 3, Pp. 786–797, Mar. 2011.
[3]. L. Asiminoaei, F. Blaabjerg, S. Hansen, And P. Thogersen, ―AdaptiveCompensation Of Reactive Power With Shunt Active Power Filters,‖ Ieee Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 44, No. 3, Pp. 867–877, May/Jun. 2008.
[4]. L. Asiminoaei, F. Blaabjerg, And S. Hansen, ―Detection Is Key—Harmonic Detection Methods For Active Power Filter Applications,‖ Ieee. Ind. Appl.Mag., Vol. 13, No. 4, Pp. 22–33, Jul./Aug. 2007.
[5]. N. Pogaku And T. C. Green, ―Harmonic Mitigation Throughout A Distribu- Tion System: A Distributed-Generator-Based Solution,‖ In Iee Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 153, No. 3, Pp. 350–358, May 2006.

Abstract: With the tremendous growth in the Digital Signal processing technology, there are many techniques available to remove noise from the speech signals which is used in the speech processing. Widely used LMS algorithm is modified with much advancement but still there are many limitations are introducing. This paper consist of a new approach i.e. subband adaptive processing for noise cancelation in the speech signals. Subband processing employs the multirate signal processing. The polyphase based subband adaptive implementation finds better results in term of MMSE , PSNR and processing time; also the synthesis filter bank is works on the lower data rate which reduces the computational Burdon as compare to the direct implementation of Subband adaptive filter. The normalized least mean squares (NLMS) algorithm is a class of adaptive filter used.

Keywords: MMSE, NLMS, noise cancellation, PSNR, Polyphase based implementation.

[1]. B. Widrow, (1975) Adaptive Noise Cancelling: Principles and Applications; Proc. IEEE, vol. 63, pp.1692-1716.
[2]. Simon Haykin(1996)Adaptive Filter Theory 3rd edition; Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
[3]. Ali O. Abid Noor(2011) Adaptive Filtering Using Subband Processing: Application to Background Noise Cancellation; ISBN 978-953-307-158-9.
[4]. Noor, A.O.A., S.A. Samad and A. Hussain,(2011) Adaptive Filtering using Subband Processing: Application to Background noise Cancellation. In "Adaptive Filtering"; ITech: Vienna, Austria,pp: 109-134.
[5]. "Digital Signal Processing-A Practical Approach", Emmanuel Ifeachor,Barrie W.Jervis .ISBN 978-81-317-0824-8,Person
[6]. "Multirate Filtering for Digital Signal Processing-MATLAB Applications",Ljilana Milic,ISBN 978-1-60566-179-7,Premier Reference Source

Abstract: The issue of finding the optimal parameters of the PID controller for any system to optimize the system behaviour is almost difficult and takes more time. In control field there are many techniques used for this purpose. This paper discusses Ziegler Nicholas method techniques to obtain the specific range of the optimal parameters for the space craft pitch altitude.

Keywords: space craft, pitch, TF, PID, Ziegler Nichols.

[1]. http://facultad.bayamon.inter.edu/arincon/pitch%20control%20system%20for%20high-altitude%20aircraft.pdf.

[2]. Katsuhiko Ogata, "Modern Control Engineering", Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1997 pp 60-63

[3]. F Haugen – 2010, "The Good Gain method for PI (D) controller tuning" Available at: http://techteach.no/publications/articles/good_gain_method/go

[4]. Empirical tuning methods, http://www.atp.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/rt1/syscontrol/node64.html, accessed on 15 Sep 2014.

Abstract: High order transfer function is one of the most problems for controller's designers especially in critical applications fields which cannot accept a high rate of risk. This paper focuses on one of the useful techniques in control field to simplify the complicated higher order transfer function of the plant to be in a lower order form. This is more easier for designing the controller. This is done by converting higher orders to second orders with the same response but with a dead zone .This technique is called Second Order Plus Dead-Time which abbreviated in SOPDT.

[1]. http://facultad.bayamon.inter.edu/arincon/pitch%20control%20system%20for%20high-altitude%20aircraft.pdf.
[2]. Katsuhiko Ogata, "Modern Control Engineering", Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1997 pp 60-63
[3]. F Haugen – 2010, "The Good Gain method for PI(D) controller tuning" Available at: http://techteach.no/publications/articles/good_gain_method/go
[4]. Hugh Jack, "Dynamic System Modelling and Control ", Copyright 1993-2003 Hugh Jack, pp 54-55.
[5]. Richad C Dorf and Robert H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems, Pearson Education Inc, 2008.
[6]. P.N Paraskevopouls, Modern Control Engineering, Marcel Dekker Inc, 2002.