Volume-11 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2018

Abstract: Salbutamol (API) belongs to the class of bronchodilators. It is used to treat asthma, chronic bronchitis and other breathing disorders. Salbutamol (API) having two impurities have been identified by HPLC method. These impurities are process related and batch process related impurities. These impurities are found by two different chromatograms isolated by HPLC method. The impurities are not more than 0.3% and unspecified impurities are not more than 0.1%. These impurities were identified by using HPLC system; SLL/QC/29, 57 using columns (C-104 & C- 118), photo stability chamber (SLL/QC/74). From the experimental data of LOD & LOQ, the mean values of impurities A & B are 370 & 511 whereas the standard value of drug is 642. SD values of impurities A & B are 15.27 & 8.19 whereas the standard SD value of drug is 46.43. The percentage RSD value for standard drug is 7.230% and impurities A & B are 4.130 & 1.6%. We have also calculated some parameters for validation of drug like specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and system suitability.

Keywords: Salbutamol (API), HPLC method, linearity, Forced Degradation Studies, System suitability, precision and accuracy..

[1]. J.G.Baker, The selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists at the human beta1, beta-2 and beta-3 adrenoceptors. British Journal of Pharmacology, 144(3), 2005, 317-22.
[2]. L.K.Chong, K.Suvarna, R.Chess-Williams, P.T.Peachell, Desensitization of beta-2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses by short-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists in human lung mast cells. British Journal of Pharmacology, 138(3),2003, 512-520

[3]. N.G. Rathod, M.V. Lokhande, Characterisation and Identification of Process Related Impurity in Amodiaquine. HCl by Using Some Analytical Techniques: A Review, American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery, 3(5), 2015, 264-284.
[4]. ICH Q2 (R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures: Definitions and Methodology, 2005.
[5]. C.P. Maurya, M. V. Lokhande, Impurity Profile and Validation of Pharmaceutical (API) Bulk Drug. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 6(11), 2017, 878-887..

Abstract: An accurate method has been described for determination of Aromatic phenols & its derivatives at micro scale using N-bromosaccharin as brominating & oxidizing agent. A known volume of sample solution of Aromatic phenols was treated with excess of N-bromosaccharin. After the reaction was complete the unreacted N- bromosaccharin was determined by titrating against standard sodium thiosulphate solution using starch indicator. A blank Experiment was also run under identical condition without the sample. The method is simple, quick, convenient and accurate and performed in ordinary laboratory condition without using any sophisticated instruments. The precision & accuracy was within ±1%.

Keywords: Analytical studies, Aromatic phenols, Determination, NBSA

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Abstract: The adsorption of tetracycline from aqueous solution was carried out using melon husk as a low-cost adsorbent. The adsorbent was characterized using standard methods and values obtained were; pH = 7.80, bulk density = 0.43 g/mL, ash content = 2.2 %, moisture content = 8.27 %, attrition = 1%, and iodine number = 552 mg/g. Adsorption capacity was found to vary with initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time and temperature, the maximum adsorption capacity in each case was found to be at; 30 mg/L for concentration, 0.8 g for adsorbent dose, 5 for pH, 60 minutes for time and 30 °C for temperature. FTIR analysis was done to analyses the surface functional groups which shows a shift in the intensity the functional groups after the adsorbent was contacted with adsorbate indicative of an adsorption phenomenon,SEM analysis carried out revealed a rough and smooth morphology of the uncontacted and contacted adsorbent respectively. The experimental data judging from the R2 values fitted best into the temkin isotherm. The fitting of tetracycline adsorption in to the pseudo second order kinetic model (R2 of 0.9992).This result implies that melon shell is a good adsorbent for the removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution.

Keywords: Adsorption; tetracycline; melon husk; activated carbon; adsorbent isotherm.

[1]. Sarmah, A.K., Meyer, M.T., Boxall, A.B.A., 2006. A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment. Chemosphere 65, 725–759.

[2]. Kuemmerer, K., 2009a. Antibiotics in the aquatic environment – a review – part I. Chemosphere 75, 417–434.

[3]. Barrett, J.R., 2005. Airborne bacteria in CAFOs: transfer of resistance from animals to humans. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, A116–A117.

[4]. Yu, D., Yi, X., Ma, Y., Yin, B., Zhuo, H., Li, J., Huang, Y., 2009. Effects of administration mode of antibiotics on antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis in aquatic ecosystems. Chemosphere 76, 915–920.
[5]. Oualid H., Fethi S., Mahdi C. (2010). Utilization of an agricultural waste material, melon (Cucumis melo L.) peel, as a sorbent for the removal of cadmium from aqueous phase (21): 228-237..

Abstract: Transition metals include a vital place inside therapeutic inorganic science. Transition metals show distinctive oxidation states and can communicate with various adversely charged atoms. This movement of transition metals prompted the current advancement of medications which depend on metals and are thought to be potential contender for pharmacological and restorative applications. Learning worried about the utilization of inorganic science to treatment or conclusion of malady is restorative inorganic science [1]. Among the common sciences, therapeutic inorganic science is as yet thought about a fairly youthful teach by numerous, however this is in opposition to the verifiably demonstrated utilization of metals in pharmaceutical potions, which follows back to the antiquated civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. The presentation of metal ions or metal particle restricting segments into an organic framework for the treatment of ailments is one of the primary subdivisions in the field of bioinorganic science.

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Abstract: N-ethyl carbazole was synthesized by treating Carbazole with ethyl iodide in presence of Sodium hydride in Solvent medium of DMF. N-ethyl-3, 6-diformyl Carbazole was synthesized by reacting N-ethyl carbazole with high excess of POCl3 and DMF mixture. N-ethyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl) carbazole was synthesized by treating N-ethyl-3,6-diformyl Carbazole with NaBH4 and NaOH mixture.Chloroformic ester of N-ethyl-3,6-bis(hydroxyl methyl) carbazole was prepared by treating N-ethyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl) carbazole with phosgene in the solvent medium of toluene. Lastly the polymer was synthesized by the polycondensation reaction of chloroformic ester of N-ethyl-3,6-bis(hydroxyl methyl) Carbazole with Bisphenol-A in the solvent medium of toluene and pyridine. All the monomer and polymer was characterized by IR,UV and NMR spectroscopy.

Keywords: N-ethyl-3, 6-diformyl carbazole, N-ethyl-3,6-bis(hydroxymethyl) carbazole, chloroformic ester of N-ethyl-3,6-bis(hydroxyl methyl) carbazole, polycondensation

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Abstract: A simple, Precise, Rapid, Specific and accurate reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Diacerein, Glucosamine and Methyl Sulfonyl Methane in drug product. A chromatographic method was scrutinized on Ascentis express C18 (100×4.6mm, 2.7μ) column and a mobile phase consists of Acetonitrile: Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate and one drop of triethyl amine in every 100ml of buffer solution pH :3.0 (50:50%v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min with UV detection at 200nm. The retention time (Rt) of Diacerein, Glucosamine and Methyl Sulfonyl Methane were found to be 2.586, 3.182 and 4.469min respectively. As per ICH guidelines the developed method was validated in terms of specificity, Linearity, Accuracy, Precision, LOD, LOQ and robustness. All the parameters were found to be with in the limit.............

Keywords: Diacerein, Glucosamine, Methyl Sulfonyl Methane,RP-HPLC, Validation.

[1] M.V. Bhure, A.T. Hemke and K.R. Guptha, UV- Spectrophotometric Methods for determination of Aceclofenac and Diacerein in pharmaceutical formulation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol.2(7), 2010,426-432.
[2] N. Kannappam Madhukar A., R. Srinivasan, R.L.A Srinivas, Analytical Method Development and Validation of Diacerein Tablets by RP-HPLC. International journal of chem Tech Vol.2No.1, PP143-148, March 2010.
[3] Praneeth Kumar. A, SunilKumar.P, Rohini Reddy.G, SK. Uma Devi, Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Diacerein and Glucosamine sulphate by RP- HPLC in bulk and tablet dosage form, IAJPR.,2014; 4(3): 1369-1377.
[4] Sarika Narady, snehal patil, sharda surve et.al, development and validation of UV Spectrophotometric method for determination of diacerein in capsules, Digest journal of Nano materials and bio structures, 2010,5(1).
[5] Janhavi Rao, Kanchan Chauhan, K.R. Mahadik and S.S. Kadam, A stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of Diacerein in capsules, Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2009,71(1):24-29

Abstract: The Present day world facing the negative impact of E-waste, where, natural resources like air, soil and water are being affected largely. In the present work the discarded electronic components were allowed to leach in water samples and the leachate were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. The result obtained that even if the contact time is short the toxic elements tend to leach to a great extent. The result obtained signals that most of the metals have a tendency to leach and the extent of leaching depends on the quality of water (Such as Rain Water, River Water, used waste water etc) The leaching of metals results into the physicochemical properties of the water used for leaching purposes. These results signal the danger of dumping of the discarded electronic components at the municipal waste site where the water is stagnated.

Keywords: Toxicity, leachate, E-waste, metals.

[1] Siddiqui F.Z. and Manjula S. "Environmentally sound management of E-Waste- An Indian perspective" Env. Pollution Centroll
Journal, 11(4) 21-30 (2008).
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[4] Pravin U. Singare, Ravindra M. Mishra, Manisha Trivedi P. "Sediment Contamination due to toxic heavy metals in Mithi River of
Mumbai" Advances in Analytical Chemistry, 2(3) pp.14-24 (2012).
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Abstract: Oils extracted from the seeds of African bush mango (Irvingiag abononsis), Sesame (Sesamum indicum), Avocado (Persea americana) and Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) were transesterified with CaSO4/Al2O3 catalyst to biodiesel. High biodiesel yield was obtained from African Bush Mango Oil (90.54±2.01%) with the lowest yield from the Sesame (85.90±3.14%). The fatty acid methyl esters profile indicates methyl-9,12-octadecadienoate and methyl-11-octadecenoate as the major compounds in the produced biodiesels. The physico-chemical properties of the produced biodiesels (kinematic viscosity, flash point, cloud point, acid value etc) conform to the ASTM standard specification, except cetane value which is below the standard specification. The oil content of the seeds, Avocado (18.56 %), Kapok (32.90%), Sesame (56.77 %), and African Bush Mango (54.00%) was appreciable, indicating the viability of the seeds as source of oil for biodiesel production. The result obtained shows the efficacy of CaSO4/Al2O3 as a catalyst for biodiesel production..

Keywords: Biodiesel; African Bush Mango, Avocado, Transesterification, Calcium Sulphate.

[1] S. A Hossain,. B. M., Salleh, A., Boyce, A. N., Chowdhury, P., M and Naqiuddin, 2008. Biodiesel Fuel Production from Algae as Renewable Energy. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 4(3): 250 – 251.
[2] G. L Rao,. N., Ramadhas, A. S., Nullusamy, N. and P Sakthivel,.2010. Relationship Among the Physical Properties of Biodiesel and Engine Fuel System Design Requirement. International Journal of Energy and Environment. Available online at http://www.IJEE.IEEFoundation.org. 1(5). 919 – 926.
[3] A.K Agarwal,. .2007. Biofuels application as fuels for internal combustion engine. Progress in Energy and combustion Science. 33: 233 - 271.
[4] M. Balat,. and H.Balat, 2008. A Critical Review of Bio-Diesel as a Vehicular Fuel. Energy Conversion and Management. Available online at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/encoman. 49: 2727 – 2741.
[5] A.S Silintonga,., Masjuki, H. H., Mahlia, T. M. I., Ong, H. C., Atabani., A. E. and Chong, W. T. .2013. A Global Comparative Review of Biodiesel Production from JathrophacurcasUsing Homogeneous Acid and Alkaline Catalysts: Study of Physical and Chemical Properties. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.044. 24. 514 – 533

Abstract: The Present research work undertaken for Chemical Analysis of metal content in water of Son River of district Sidhi during mansoon, winter and summer season in the year 2016-17 where metals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, iron and lead were chemically analyzed from four sampling station i.e. within the area of distt-Sidhi (Rampur naikin, Churhat, Sidhi and Sihawal in the study area.) The analysis of data shows that Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, were found to be within acceptable limit as per standard fixed by WHO 2011 and BIS 2012 while heavy metals such as Cd and Pb found to have in higher concentration which are certainly has adverse effect on the health of living being specially to human being. The results of this research work also suggest that the periodical monitoring of the Son River Water is must..

Keywords: River Son, Chemical analysis, Metals.

[1] Sharma, S. and Walia, Y.K., Current World Environment, 2016 11(1) 194-203.
[2] Kumar A., Bisht B.S, Joshi V.D., Singh A.K., and Talwar A. J., Hum. Ecol., 2010 32(3) 169-173.
[3] WHO (World Health Organization), guideline for drinking water quality 3rd edition, Geneva, 2011.
[4] BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), Indian Standards drinking water specifications 2nd revision, IS 10500:2012.
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Abstract: Albania is in last steps of full digitization of audiovisual transmission as an obligation derive from ITU Agreement GE-06 "On the planning of terrestrial digital broadcasting service in parts of Regions 1 and 3, in the frequency bands 174-230 MHz and 470-863 MHz". Digital switchover should be carried out without spoiling the existing structure of the Albania media market which was composed by a considerable numbers of broadcasters. On the other hand, in a study carried out for the EBU Technical Committee it is considered that in the future all TV programmers will be in HD quality and that a minimum of 20 to 25 HDTV programmers will need to be provided on the terrestrial platform in order to make it attractive for the viewers. The GE06 digital broadcasting plan allows for implementation of HDTV services, i.e. using DVB-T. In 2009 the DVB consortium issued specific conditions...........

Keywords: HDTV programmers, GE-06 Plan, DVB-T2, MPEG4, spectrum.

[1] EBU BPN 005 - Terrestrial Digital Television: Planning and Implementation Considerations; Third issue, Summer 2001

[2] EBU Tech 3299: High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production; December 2004

[3] EBU Tech 3307: Service Requirements for Free-to-Air High Definition Television Receivers, EBU, June 2005

[4] EBU Tech 3312: Digital Terrestrial HDTV Broadcasting in Europe; The data rate capacity needed (and available) for HDTV; February 2006

[5] EBU Tech 3328: Current Status of HDTV Delivery Technology; May 2008

Abstract: An unusual inverse temperature-dependent pathway was discovered for cellulose decrystallization in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Cellulose was completely decrystallized by TFA at 0 °C in less than 2 hours, a result not achieved in 48 hours at 25°C in the same medium. The majority of TFA used in cellulose decrystallization was recycled via a vacuum process. A small remaining amount of TFA was diluted with water to make a 0.5% TFA solution and used as a catalyst for hydrolysis. After one minute at 185 °C under batch conditions, the glucose yield reached 63.5% without production of levulinic acid. In comparison, only 15.0% glucose yield was obtained in the hydrolysis of untreated cellulose by 0.5% H2SO4 under the same conditions. Further improvement of glucose yield is possible by optimizing reaction conditions.........

Keywords: Cellulose, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), hydrolysis.

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