Volume-7 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2014

Abstract: Elemental composition of nine randomly selected inorganic fertilizers purchased from Samaru Zaria, were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometric techniques. The analytical results show that the average concentrations of some toxic elements (Cr, Ni, Si, V, and Zn) were within the ranges in agricultural soils, except for Sambuka fertilizer which recorded average Cr concentration higher than found in agricultural soils.

[1]. Alloway, B.J. (1990). Heavy metals in soils: John Wiley and sons Inc. New York,
[2]. ATSDR -Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007).Toxicological profile for Arsenic. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, United States
[3]. Brigden, K., Stringer, R., & Santillo, D. (2002).Heavy metals and radionuclide contamination of fertilizer products and phosphogypsum waste products by Lebanese Chemical Company, Lebanon GRL, University of Exeter, UK.
[4]. IARC-International Atomic Radiation committee, (1994), Special report: Policy- a review of human carcinogens Part C: Metals, Arsenic, dust http: www.thelancet.com/oncology.

Abstract: Recent researches have shown significant progress in the utilization of transition metal complexes as drugs for treatment of several human disorders like cancer, lymphomas, infections, inflammation, diabetes and neurological disorders, amongst others [1, 2]. For example, pepto-bismol (bismuth subsalicylate)has been found out to very effective in the control of nausea, heart burn, stomach upset and diarrhea [3] and cisplatin [cisdiammine-dichloroplatinum(II)] for the treatment of tumors [1].

1. Shazia, R.; Mohammed, I.;  Anwar, N.; Haji, A.; Amin, A. J. Org / BMBR, 2010, 5, 38-45.
2. Sanjay, K.; Bharti, S.; Singh K. Pharmaceutical Chem. Res. Lab.2009, 1(2), 39-51.
3. Fenton, A.; David, E. (1995)Oxford Chem.Primers and Sci.Publ., 1995,25, 2-70.
4. Revanasiddapa, H. D.;Biyaya, B.; Shiva, L. K.; Shiva, K. World J.Chem.,2010,5(1), 18-25.
5. Oguniran, K. O.; Ajanaku, K. O.; Ajani, O. D.; Nwinyi, C. O.; Alensela, O. J.Phy. Sci.2008, 3, 177-182.
6. Alina, B.; Anacona, J. R. J.Coord.Chem.1998, 44,173-182.

Abstract: This research studies in detail the contents of phenolic compound by complexing with N-Phenyl-benzo-hydroxamic acid , carried out by spectrophotometric method .The waste samples were collected from Mandideep industrial area of Bhopal .Phenols can be detected at wavelength between 505-522nm immediately after mixing N-Phenyl-benzo-hydroxamic acid with vanadium (V) in acidic medium, without heating ,in buffer medium. This results in the formation of reddish violet to violet coloured complexes in chloroform. By variation of pH, temperature ,time ,concentration of reagent ,

[1]. Sally N. Jabrou, Research Journal of Chemical Sciences , Vol. 2(4), (2012) 1-12.
[2]. Jens C. Frisvad Jorn Smedsgaard Thomas O. Larsen and Robert A. Samson, Studies in Mycology 49 : (2004), 201-241
[3]. J. Michałowicz, W. Duda, Polish, J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 16, No. 3, (2007), 347-362
[4]. Yonca Yuzugullu, Zumrut Begum Ogel, Ufuk Bakir Bolukbasi, Nursen Coruh, Gurkan Karakas, Turk J Biol 35 , (2011), 697-704
[5]. Divya N. Shetty, B. Narayana and S. Samshuddin, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(3), (2012), 1647-1653
[6]. Okuda, T., Ito, H. Molecules, 16, ( 2011), 2191–2217

Abstract:The fact that the pharmacological action of certain drugs was due to the formation of chelates with essential or trace metal ions of biological significance prompted many research workers all over the world to /> investigate the structural features of the metal chelates of drug substances both in solid state and in solution. So it was considered interesting and useful to study the metal complexes of drugs using various physicochemical methods.

[1]. Albert, A., Nature, Lond., 177 (1956). [2]. Fallab, S., and Erlenmeyer, Exper., 8, 298 (1952). [3]. Sorkin, E., Roth, W., and Elenmeyer, H., Helv. Chim. Acta, 35, 1736 (1952). [4]. MicuSemeniuc, Rodica., Sanda, Maria., and Craciun, Cristina., Stud. Univ., BabesBolyai, (Ser) Chem., 27, 3 (1982) (Rom); Chem. Abstr., 98, 209007a (1983). [5]. Doerge, R.F., (Ed.), "Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry", 8 th Edn., J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1982

Abstract: Reactions of hydrated halides/perchlorate of cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) with 1,2-bis(N-methylbenzimidazolyl)benzene (L) in stoichiometric amounts in ethanol-teof/acetone/thf produced complexes of the formulae MX2L.nH2O (n = 1, M = Co, X = Cl ; n = 0, M = Co, X = Br or I ; n = 0, M = Ni, X = I ; n = 0, M = Cu, X = Br), [MX2L (H2O)] ( M = Ni, X = Cl or Br ; M = Cu, X = Cl), [Co(OClO3)2(L)1.5]2.2H2O, [Ni(L)2](ClO4)2.H2O and [Cu(L)2(OClO3)]ClO4.2H2O. The complexes were characterised by elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analysis, magnetic moment measurments, IR, electronic, NMR, ESR, mass spectral techniques. Probable structures have been proposed for the complexes.
Keywords: 1,2-bis(N-methylbenzimidazolyl)benzene, cobalt, nickel and copper complexes.

[1]. A. Mahiuddin, David st. c. Black Naresh kumar, Top. Heterocycle Chemistry, 9, 118 (2007)
[2]. R. Cammack, Adv. Inorg Chem., 32, 297 (1986).
[3]. J.W. Van der Zwaun, S.P.J. Albracht, R.D. Fontijin and Y.B.M. Roelofts, Biochim, Biophys Acta., 208, 872 (1986).
[4]. T.N. Sorell, Tetrahedron., 3, 45 (1989).
[5]. Shivakumaraiah, N.M. Nanje Gowda, Ind. J. Chem., 42A, 1860 (2003).

Abstract:Silk fabric was dyed with vegetable dye using green coconut shell extract. The dyeing characteristics of the dye were investigated with regard to dye concentration, pH of dye-bath, different mordant uses and dyeing time. A small variation in these above experimental parameters gave numerous shades of satisfactory fastness when applying various destructive agents like wash and light. In all cases the optimum dyeing time was one hour and the pH of dye bath was 4.0-4.5 for 2-3% dye concentration and 3.0-3.5 for 5% dye concentration

Keywords: Aluminum sulphate; Dye concentration; Dyeing time; Green coconut shell, Poly phenol, Mordant; pH; Stannous chloride.

[1] A.F. Hill, Economic Botany, 2nd Edition (Mcgraw-hill publications in the botanical sciences, 1951, p. 225)
[2] M.M. Alam, M.L. Rahman and M.Z. Haque, Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 2007, p. 217-222.
[3] V. Kumar and B.V. Bharti, the Indian Textile Journal, 1998, p. 18-20.
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[5] Anonymous, The Wealth of India, A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products, (New Delhi, Publications and Information Directorate 1950, Vol. 2, p. 278)
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Abstract:This paper discusses the basic concepts and current state of development of LITHOGRAPHY i.e., EUV lithography (EUVL), lithography that uses extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation with a different wavelengths in the range of 32 to 22 nanometers (nm) to carry out projection imaging. Currently, and for the last several decades, optical projection lithography has been the lithographic technique used in the high volume manufacture of integrated circuits. It is widely anticipated that improvements in this technology will allow it to remain in semiconductor industry's workhorse through the 100 nm generation of devices. However, sometime around the year 2005, so-called NGL is used. EUVL is one such technology vying to become the successor to optical lithography. This paper provides an overview of the capabilities of EUVL, and explains how EUVL might be implemented.

Key words: Lithography, EUVL, Photo lithography, NGL.

[1]. Banqiu Wu and Ajay Kumar (May 2009). Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography. McGraw-Hill Professional, Inc. ISBN 0-07-154918-8. [2]. Banqiu Wu and Ajay Kumar (2009). "Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography: Towards the Next Generation of Integrated Circuits". Optics & Photonics Focus
[3]. ExtremeUltraviolet Lithography: Towards the Next Generation of Integrated Circuits Optics& Photonics Focus Volume 7 Story 4 - 4/11/2009
[4]. Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography: Towards the Next Generation of Integrated Circuits , Focus Volume 7 Story 4 - 4/11/2009
[5]. www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article

Abstract:This paper deals with a simple method for the synthesis of functionalised polystyrene using ATRP and strong base chemistry. The α, Ω- dihydroxy terminated polystyrene (OH-PSt-OH) and α, Ω- diamine terminated polystyrene (NH2-PSt-NH2) were prepared by reacting α, Ω- Dibromo terminated polystyrene (Br-PSt-Br) with Potassiumhydroxide and Sodamide respectively. The synthesized polymers are characterized by different techniques. The Infrared (IR) spectrum confirms the formation of -OH and -NH2 as end group. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the synthesized polymer is determined by 1H NMR end group analysis, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and mass spectrometric technique and found to be around 2000 g/mol. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed single stage decomposition cantered at 400oC. The Tg value of the polymers is determined using Differential Scanning Colorimetric (DSC) method and found to be in the range from 58 to 60°.

Keywords: ATRP, amorphous, Industrial applications, strong base, polystyrene, solvent resistivity.

[1]. J. Lutz, T. Pakula and K. Matyjaszewski, Synthesis and properties of copolymers with tailored

[2]. sequence distribution by controlled/living; radical polymerization, ACS Symposium Series, 854, 2003, 268.

[3]. M. K. Georges, R. P. N. Veregin, P. M. Kazmaier and G. K. Hamer, narrow molecular weight resins by a free-radical polymerization process, Macromolecules, 26(11), 1993, 2987.

[4]. M. Kamigaito, T. Ando and M. Sawamoto, Matel catalyzed living radical polymerization, Chemical Revision, 101, 2001, 3689.
[5]. Holden G, Legge NR, Quirk R, Schroeder HE. Thermoplastic elastomers. (2nd Munich: Hanser Publishers, 1996).

Abstract:Water is an important and a life-sustaining compound that every living thing (plant and animal) cannot do without. It is the driving force behind all metabolic activities in our bodies. In respective of the method of treatment and purification of drinking water, the standard for safety must not be compromised.
Human beings make use of water in almost all areas of their lives. As a matter of fact, man's body is said to contain about 57% of water. Entailed in this write up were the physiochemical and microbial analysis of commercial pure water samples and their sources produced in different parts of Ikorodu, Lagos.
Key words: WS = Water Sachet, UDW = Underground Water Sample, D.O = Dissolve Oxygen.

[1]. A text book of microbiology by R.C Dubey, D.Kmaheswari
[2]. Brock biology of microorganism by Madigametall 12th Edition
[3]. Chemistry and introduction to general, organic and biological chemistry by Karen .C Timberlake 10th edition
[4]. Chemistry by Raymond chang 8th edition
[5]. Fundamental food microbiology by Bibek ray and Arum Bhunia 4th edition

Abstract:The phytochemical constituent and some antioxidant indices of ethanolic leaf extract of Azadirachtaindica were evaluated. A. indica.was found to contain some secondary metabolites like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids and reducing sugar. The total phenolic content, reducing power and H2O2 scavenging activity are 3.04±0.03mg/g garlic acid equivalent, 0.45±O.01 and 10.15± 1.14 respectively. This shows that the plant has antioxidant activity, the phytochemical constituent explain why the plant has been used as antimicrobial agents for preventing and treating micro-organisms infections.
Keyword: Azadirachtaindica, phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity.

[1]. De, N. and Ifeoma, E. (2002). Antimicrobial effects of components of the bank extracts of neem (Azadirachtaindica A. Juss). J. Technol, Dve., 8: 2328.
[2]. EL-MhamoodAMDoughari JH, Ladan N (2008). Antimicrobial screening of stembark extracts of Vitellariaparadoxa against some enteric pathogenic microorganisms, Afr. J. Pharm Pharmcol. 2(5).
[3]. Aruoma OI (2003). Methodological considerations for characterizing potential antioxidant actions of bioactive components in plant foods. Mutation Res. 523(524):9-20.
[4]. Dasgupta N, D B (2004). Antioxidant activity of Piper betle L. leaf extract in vitro. Food Chem. 88: 219-224.

[5]. D'Abrosca B, Pacifico S, Cefarelli G, Mastellone C, Fiorentino A. Limoncella' apple, an Italian apple cultivar: Phenolic and flavoniod contents and antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry 2007; 104:1333-1337.

Abstract :The kinetics of hydrogen atom abstraction reactions of methyl difluoroacetate (CF2HCOOCH3) by Cl has been studied by quantum mechanical method. The structural optimization and frequency calculation of the titled compound was performed with density functional theory M062X with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set and energy values were calculated at G3 level of theory. IRC calculation was also performed to ascertain that the transition from reactant to product was smooth through the corresponding transition state. The rate constants were calculated using Canonical Transition State Theory (CTST) and the overall rate constant was found to be 8.09×10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 for H atom abstractions of CF2HCOOCH3 by Cl. The calculated values are found to be in good agreement with the experimentally determined value of 2.03×10-13 cm3 molecule-1
Keywords: MDFA,G3 Method, M06-2X, IRC, Branching Ratios

[1]. Solomon, S. Nature 1990, 347 (6291), 347. doi:10.1038/347347a0.
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Abstract: A simple, rapid, stable and sensitive direct visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of trace amount of arsenic in environmental samples of Bhopal city using N-PBHA, N-p-ClPBHA and N-p-ClPCHA, Arsenic (III) reacts with different hydroxamic acids and forms light pink to violet colored complex in acidic medium which were extracted in n- hexane. The calibration graph was linear over the concentrationrange of 0.0003786-0.004164, 0.003786-0.06057 and 0.003786-0.04921μgml-1 for N-Phenyl-benzo-hydroxamic acid (N-PBHA), N-p- Chloro-phenyl- benzo-hydroxamic acid (N-p-ClPBHA) and N-p- Chloro-phenyl-cinnamohydroxamic acid (N-p-ClPCHA), respectively. The molar absorptivities were found to be 2.892x105, 1.5973x104 and 2.0238x104 L mol-1 cm-1 for the three hydroxamic acids. The optimum reaction condition and other analytical parameter were evaluated.
Key words: Arsenic, Environmental samples, N-PBHA, N-p-ClPBHA, N-p-ClPCHA and Spectrophotometeric.

[1]. C.K. Jain, I. Ali, Arsenic: occurrence, toxicity and speciation techniques,Wat. Res., 34, 2000, 4304– 4312.
[2]. J.O. Nriagu, Arsenic in the Environment. Part I: Cycling and Characterization. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 1994.
[3]. ,J. Colloid Interface Sci., 353( 1), 2011, 257– 262.
[4]. I. Ali, T.A. Khan, M. Asim, Removal of Arsenic from Water by Electrocoagulation and Electrodialysis [5]. Techniques, Separation and Purification Rev., 40(1), 2011, 25 - 42.

Abstract : The synthesis, characterization of, 2,2'-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxycarbonyl)]dibenzoic acid , and rigid rod formation of diester-based bolaamphiphiles in water was analyzed by FE- SEM/EDS, UV-Visible and using simultaneous TGA, DSC and DTA measurement under non-isothermal condition in N2 atmosphere. The bolaamphiphiles proved to be coordinated to divalent transition-metal cat ions, such as Co+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ , giving precipitates, and colloidal dispersions upon self-assembly at room temperature. FT-IR and powder XRD measurement supported the existence of a rigid rods completing [M (L1H2) OH] with metal cat ions indicates the formation of self-assembled rigid rod structure mediated through O–H . . . O; C–H . . . O interaction of the end carboxylic acids.
Keywords: Self assemble bolaamphiphile, 2, 2'-[ethane-1, 2-diylbis (oxycarbonyl)] dibenzoic acid, rigid rod..

[1]. J.L. Wesemann, M.H. Chisholm, Inorg. Chem. (1997). 36, 3258.
[2]. M. Rusjan, Z. Chaia, O.E. Piro, D. Guillon, F.D. Cukiernik, Acta Crystallography (2000) B56, 666.
[3]. H. Miyasaka, C.S. Campos-Fernandez, R. Clerac, K.R. Dunbar, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2000) 39 3831.
[4]. P.N. Baxter, Metal Ion Directed Assembly of Complex Molecular Architectures and Nanostructures, Elsevier Science, Oxford, UK. (1996).
[5]. Wei-Fang Su, Yin-Chung Lee, Wei-Ping Pan, Thermochimica Acta (2002), 392–393, 395–398

Abstract : The mer-trichloro dimethylsulphoxide-S-(1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (III) ([Ru(phen)(DMSO)Cl3]) complex has been synthesized. The structure has been characterized from FT-IR, 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopic data. The geometry of this complex determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction study was found to be octahedral. The binding of this complex with Calf Thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been investigated by spectroscopic, electrochemical and electrophoresis studies. Anticancer activity of this compound studied both in vivo and in vitro against Dalton's lymphoma in mice was found to be significant.
Keywords: DNA, Ruthenium complex, Calf thymus, Anticancer activity, Dalton's Lymphoma.

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Abstract : 5-Bromo-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde-p-hydroxybenzoichydrazone reacts with Cu(II) forming brown coloured soluble complex in aqueous dimethyl formamide in the pH range 3.0-8.0. It has a λmax at 405 nm. Studies were carriedout at pH-5.0. The method obeys Beer's law in the range 0.317 to 3.81 μg /ml. The molar absorptivity is 1.412×104 L mol-1 cm-1 and Sandell's sensitivity is0.0045μg/cm2. The standard deviation of the method for ten determinations of 1.59μg/ml of Cu(II) is 1.22×10-3. The correlation coefficient (γ) of the calibration equation of the experimental data is 0.9999. The effect of various diverse ions is studied. The formula of the complex is 1:1 and its stability constant is 3.13×105. Based on the above , a rapid, simple, sensitive and selective direct visible spectrophotometric method has been developed. The method developed was used for the determination of copper(II) in alloy ,fruit, leaf and biological samples. The results are in good agreement with the certified values.
Key words: Cu(II),Direct visible spectrophotometric determination,5-BHMBHBH. Alloy samples, fruit, leaf and biological samples.

[1]. T.Z. Judith, T. Peter and T. Thomas, Immunotoxicology of Environment Occupational Metals. School of Environment Occupational Metals, School of Medicine, New York, 1998.
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Abstract : A simple, highly efficient and eco-friendly protocol for synthesis of β- aminoketones via Mannich
reaction from aromatic aldehydes, anilines, and aromatic ketones at ambient temperature in the presence citric
acid is described. Using this method, β- aminoketones are produced in high to excellent yields under mild and
green condition.
Keywords: Citric acid, Mannich reaction, β-amino carbonyl compounds, One-pot reaction.

[1]. M. Arend, B. Westermann, N. Risch, Modern variants of the Mannich reaction, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Vol. 37, No. 8, 1998, pp. 1044–1070.
[2]. S. Kobayashi, H. Ishitani, Catalytic enantioselective addition to imines, Chem. Rev. Vol. 99, No. 5, 1999, pp. 1069–1094.
[3]. R. Muller, H. Goesmann, H. Waldmann, N,N-Phthaloylamino acids as chiral auxiliaries in asymmetric Mannich-type reactions, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Vol. 38, No. 1-2, 1999 pp. 184–187.
[4]. H. Bohme, M. Haake, in: E.C. Taylor (Ed.), Advances in Organic Chemistry, vol. 7, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1976, p. 107.
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Abstract : An efficient synthesis of amidoalkyl naphthols using Citric acid as a biodegradable catalyst is
described. It involves the three-component reaction of 2-naphthol, aldehydes and amides/urea in the presence of
catalytic amount of Citric acid under thermal solvent-free conditions.
Keywords: One-pot synthesis, Amidoalkyl npththols, Citric acid, Solvent-free conditions

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