Volume-8 ~ Issue-1 ~ January-2015

Abstract: The general performance characteristics of two PVC membrane electrodes containing DOP and DBP are described. Two electrodes are based on the use of DOP and DBP association compounds ketoconazole is cis-1-acety1-4{4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2(1H-imidazole-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-piperazine (KC) with and Piribedil is 1-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzy1)-4,2-pyrimidyl)piperazine (PD) with tetraphenylbroate and PT. The developed electrodes were also analyses in some pharmaceutical formulations. The electrodes are characterized by a wide usable concentrations range of 1.01 x 10-5-1 x 10-2 M, respectively for nearly all the studied electrodes at 250C by the use of ion-exchangers membrane method. That can be use for the direct and measurement of ions and other species. The use of ion-selective electrodes and potentiometric techniques in the analysis of drugs subtances are reviewed. Ion-exchangers membrane technologies used for the characterization of these membrane are their applications were also reviewed for the benefit of readers. So that they can get all information about the ion-exchanger membranes at one platform.

[[1]. Hulanicki, S. Glab, F. Ingman, Pure Appl. Chem., 63, 1247 (1991).
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Abstract: The acid dyes form a big class of dyes comprising compounds with various chemical constitutions. In this respect, metal complex acid dyes synthesized showed high affinity towards fabrics. These dyeing possess better wet-fastness property and have the advantage of the high light fastness. Our work focuses mainly on the synthesis and dyeing of eco-friendly acid dye metal complexes on wool fabrics which is one of the novel property . These dyes are eco-friendly having good washing fastness and so gives less residue in water effluent. This method produces substituted pyrazolone metal complex acid dyes in very high yield(85%), when aqueous metal solutions are reacted with 5-Bromo-2{[5-hydroxy-3-methyl]-1-{[2-methyl -5-sulfophenyl)- 1H- pyrazol-4-yl]diazenyl} benzoicacid ( PC3). Also along with the application of dye on fabrics, study of exhaustion of the dye-bath, study of fixation of dye on the fabrics and the study of the fastness properties of the dyed patterns was carried out. The color yield of the dye furnished over fibre was found to be excellent. All the synthesized compounds have been evaluated for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Keywords: Metal complexes, dyeing, fastness properties, antibacterial.

[1]. M .Gaber; I.A. Mansour ; Y.S.Y.El-Sayed, Spectrophotometric, conductometric and thermal studies of Ni(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes with 2-(2-hydroxynaphthylazo)-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3-pyrimidine, Spectrochem. Acta, Part A 68 , 305, 2007. [2]. S.H.Rahaman ;R. Ghosh; S.K.Sarkar; and B.K.Ghosh, Synthesis, characterization and properties of nickel (II) pseudohalide complexes of types[Ni(pap)2(X)2],[Ni(pap)2(X)]2(Y)2 and[Ni(pap)(N3)2]n[pap=2-(phenylazo) pyridine; X=N3-, NCS-, NCO-; Y=ClO4-, PF6-. Indian J. Chem., Sect. A 44 ,2474, 2005.
[3]. W. Kaim ,The co-ordination chemistry of 1,2,4,5- tetrazines Coord. Chem. Rev. 230 , 127, 2002.
[4]. M.S.Masoud; G.B.Mohamed,G; Y.H.Abdul-Razek; A.E.Ali and F.N.Khairy, Spectral, magnetic and thermal properties of thiazolylazo complexes,(2002).Spect. Lett. 35, 377, 2002.
[5]. B.Chand ; U.S.Ray; G.Mostafa ; T. H. Lu and C.Sinha, 2D Extended supramolecular structures via --- interactions of 1D coordination polymer in cadmium(II) complexes of arylazoimidazole using azido and thiocyanato bridging ligands, .Polyhedron 23,1669, 2004.
[6]. M.B.Ummathur; D.K.Babu and K,Krishnankutty, Heteroarylazo derivatives of cyclohexane-1,3-dione and their metal complexes, J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 78 (0) ,1–12, 2013.

Abstract: This paper describes the use of Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) in the identification of various skeletons of monoterpenoid compounds from their 13C NMR chemical shift data. Towards this end, 13C NMR chemical shift data of skeletons of 328 compounds belonging to various classes of monoterpenoids were used as input for the network. To generate the output data for the network, each compound belonging to a skeletal class was assigned a code of 1while every other possible skeleton types were given codes of 0. These data were used to train the network at varying spread constant values. After training, the network was simulated using 113 test compounds. At a spread constant of 15, the network had between 99.98 and 100% recognition of Myrcane skeleton, 100% recognition of the Santoline skeleton and 87.63 - 100% recognition of the Menthane skeleton. The network, however, could not identify successfully the Bornane and Pinane skeletons. To correct this anomaly, the training data for these classes of compounds were increased and the data re-trained. The results obtained improved considerably with between 68.25% and 99.95% recognition of the Bornane skeleton and 83.86% to 100% recognition of the Pinane skeleton. GRNN could be a powerful complimentary tool in the elucidation of structures of monoterpenoids.

Keywords: 13C NMR, GRNN, Monoterpenoid, Simulation, Skeleton.

[1]. N.H. Fischer, Plant terpenoids as allelopathic agents in Harbone J.B. and Tomas-Barberan F.A. (Eds.) Ecological Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Terpenoids,. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991, 377.
[2]. M. E. Elyashberg, K.A. Blinov, A. J. Williams, E. R. Martirosian and S. G. Molodtsov, Application of a new expert system for the structure elucidation of natural products from their 1D and 2D NMR data. Journal of Natural Products. 65, 2002, 693-703.
[3]. I.I. Strokov and K. S. Lebedev, Computer aided method for chemical structure elucidation using spectral databases and C-13 NMR correlation tables. Journal of Chemical Information & Computer Sciences. 39, 1999, 659-665.
[4]. J. Meiler and M. Kock, Novel Methods of Automated Structure Elucidation based on 13C NMR Spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Chem. 42, 2004, 1042–1045.
[5]. M.J.P. Ferreira, G.V. Rodrigues, A.J.C. Brant and V.P. Emerenciano, REGRAS: an auxiliary program for pattern recognition and substructure elucidation of monoterpenes. Spectroscopy. 15, 2000, 65–98.
[6]. M.J.P. Ferreira, A. J.C Brant., G.V. Rodrigues and V.P. Emerenciano, Automatic identification of terpenoid skeletons through 13C nuclear magnetic resonance data disfunctionalization. Analytica Chimica Acta. 429, 2001, 151–170.

Abstract: Simplified, "back of the envelope" strategies have been developed for coupled microreactors for hydrogen generation via steam reforming of hydrocarbon fuels and hydrogen/propane combustion. The unconverted hydrogen from fuel cell has been supplied to combustion channel, this way the overall heat cycle has been optimized. The simplified mechanistic model includes developing a code for the reforming section, considering reactor as isothermal PFR then carrying out energy balance over the reactor and finally coupling it with the reaction in the combustion channel. Steam reforming being highly endothermic reaction, requires heat supply to the reactor zone; hence many thermal coupling strategies and different configuration have been looked in the literature. Co-current configuration found to be the best therefore has been used for thermal coupling of endothermic steam reforming reaction with exothermic combustion reaction, in adjacent channels of a parallel plate reactor configuration. This simplified model has been applied to methanol in the reforming channel and hydrogen in the combustion channel.

Keywords: Methanol Reforming, Hydrogen Combustion, Coupling, Modeling, Micro-channel Reactor

[1]. Das S., Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst Used In SMR, IOSR-JAC, 4(5), 41-47, 2013.
[2]. Butler M.S.,Moran C.W., Sunderland Peter B., and Axelbaum R.L., Limits for Hydrogen Leaks that Can Support Stable Flames, Int. J of Hydrogen Energy, 34, 5174–5182, 2009.
[3]. Park D. E., Kim T., Kwon S., Kim C. K., and Yoon E., Micromachined methanol steam reforming system as a hydrogen supplier for portable proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Sensors and Actuators A, 135, 58–66, 2006.

Abstract: A number of resins were synthesized by reacting cardanol, (a byproduct of the cashew industry) with furfural and urea / thiourea in the presence of acid and base catalyst. The resins were characterized by FTIR septrum and shown to be selective ion exchangers for certain metal ions. A batch equilibrium method was used for studying the selectivity of the metal ions. The thermal behavior of the resins was also studied with plausible degradation mechanism is suggested. The degree of crystallinity of resin copolymers have been studied by X-ray diffraction. The SEM of the resins have been studied.

[1]. C. E. Carraher, Jr. and L. H. Sperling, Eds., Polymer Applications of Renewable Resource Materials, Plenum Press, New York, (1981).
[2]. S. Qureshi, J. A. Manson, L. H. Sperling, and C. J. Murphy, in Polymer Applications in Renewable Resource Materials, C. E. Carraher, Jr. and L. H. Sperling, Eds., Plenum Press, New York, (1983)..
[3]. M. Fernandez, C. J. Murphy, M. T. Decroska, J. A. Manson, and L. H. Sperling, in Polymer Applications of Renewable Resource Materials, C. E. Carraher, Jr. and L. H. Sperling, Eds., Plenum Press, New York, (1983).
[4]. L. H. Sperling, J. A. Manson, and M. A. Linne, J. Polym. Mater.1,54 (1984).

Abstract: Thevetia Nerifolia seed oil was extracted from its oil seed by soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether (40-60 oC) as solvent. The oil was characterized and the acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value, refractive index and viscosity were found to be 4.77 (mg/KOH), 123.42 (mg/KOH), 412 (mg/Kg), 92.46 (wij), 1.464 and 22.45 (cP) respectively. The oil was epoxidized at 40oC using formic acid generated in situ. The epoxidized oil was also characterized and the acid value, saponification value, iodine value and refractive index were found to be 35.05 (mg/KOH), 105.90 (mg/KOH), 19.65 Wij's and 1.396 respectively. The epoxidized oil was used to cross-link prepared soybean adhesive. FTIR and Water Resistance analysis of the modified and unmodified soybean adhesive indicates that the modified soybean adhesive shows better performance in terms of bond strength and water resistance.

Keywords: Thevetia Nerrifolia, Epoxidized oil, modified adhesive.

[1]. Liu, K.S. (1997) Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization Aspen Publication, Inc., New York.
[2]. Pizzi, A. (1994). Advanced Wood Adhesives Technology, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
[3]. Seller, T. (2001). "Wood innovation and application in North America," Forest prod. J. 51(6), 12- 22.
[4]. WHO Report (2004). International Agency for Research on Cancer, Press release #153 (http: //www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2004/pr153, html).
[5]. (Hojilla-Evangelista, M.P. (2002). "Adhesive qualities of soybean protein-based foamed plywood glues" J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79(11), 1145-1149.
[6]. Pearson D. (1991) The Chemical Analysis of Foods 11th Ed Church – hill.

Abstract: Importance of high yield pulps in paper industry can not be over emphasized. Test linear paper and folding carton can be produced from lignocellulosic materials as rice straw and bagasse using chemical and semichemical process. Semichemical high pulp yield from rice straw and bagasse (63.1% and 73.6% respectively) were obtained using 6% soda at 170◦C for 2 hrs. It was found that the carton puncture 19, ring crush 117, taber test 50 was obtained for carton prepared from the above bagasse pulp, while it was 18, 111, 51 for rice straw carton at the same conditions. For bagasse sheets burst factor 199.81, breaking length 6169.3m and tear factor 183.6 was obtained. While for rice straw it was 125.4, 3851m and 179.6 respectively.
Keywords: Folding carton, test liner paper, alkaline pulping, semichemical pulp, high yield pulp, paper properties

[1]. SridachW.; Hodgson K. T.; Nazhad M. M., Biodegradation and recycling potential of barrier coated paperboards, BioResources 2 (2), 179-192 (2006).
[2]. Jeetah P.; Golaup N.; Buddynauth K., Production of cardboard from waste rice husk, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 3 (1), 52-59 (2015).
[3]. Yajun Z., Overview of high yield pulps (HYP) in paper and board, Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada, 90th, Montreal, QC, Canada, Book B B143-B148 (2004).
[4]. Yajun Z.; Xuejun Z., Achieving desired end-use performance by using HYP in wood-free coated papers, International Mechanical Pulping Conference, Quebec City, QC, Canada, 15-19 (2003).
[5]. Liu H., Wang Y., Yuan Z., Zou X., Zhou Y., Ni Y., Effect of using a high high-yield pulp (HYP) substitution (40%) on printability and print quality of coated wood free papers—A comparison of commercial prints and lab printed samples, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 452, 154-158 (2014).

Abstract: A number of new triazolodiazepine derivatives starting from piperidin-4-ones via diazepam-5-ones were synthesiszed, with a view to test the novel compounds for biological activities. The structure of the synthesized compounds has been established by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass and Elemental Analysis. The newly synthesized compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity by Carrageenan Induced Paw Edema Method.

Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Characterization, Diazepan-5-one, Piperidin-4-one, Synthesis, Triazolodiazepine.

[1]. Page, C., Michael, C., Sutter, M., Walker, M., Hoffman, B. B., Integrated Pharmacology 2nd ed. C.V. Mosby. 2002.
[2]. Olkkola, K. T., Ahonen, J., Midazolam and Other Benzodiazepines, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 2008, 182.
[3]. Li, X., Cao, H., Zhang, C., Furtmuller, R., Huck, S., Sieghart, W., Deschamps, J., Cook, J. M., Synthesis, in vitro affinity, and efficacy of a bis 8-ethynyl-4H-imidazo[1,5a]- [1,4]benzodiazepine analogue, the first bivalent alpha5 subtype selective BzR/GABA(A) antagonist. J. Med. Chem., 2003, 18 (2003) 5567-5570.
[4]. Holla, B. S., Gonsalves, R., Shenoy, S., Studies on some N-bridged heterocycles derived from bis-[4-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] alkanes. Il Farmaco, 1998, 53 (1998) 574-578.
[5]. Walczak, K., Gondela, A., Siwinski, J., Synthesis and anti-tuberculosis activity of N-aryl-C-nitroazoles. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2004, 39 (2004) 849 - 853.
[6]. Holla, B. S., Poojary, K. N., Rao, B. S., Shivananda, M. K., New bis-aminomercaptotriazoles and bis-triazolothiadiazoles as possible anticancer agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2002, 37 (2002) 511-514.

Abstract: Semiconductors have the conducting properties in between conductors and insulators. They have wide range of applications in the field of electronics and communications. Silicon compounds are mainly used as semiconducting materials, but the method of production is costly. Hence, the organic semiconductors can be considered, because of cheap raw materials for synthesis and their mode of construction or design. The organic semiconductors like polyaniline (Pani) can be considered because of its aromatic ring and lone pair of electrons on nitrogen for conducting electricity. It is a cheap, easily synthesizable and environmentally stable compound, with exciting electrochemical, optical and electrical properties. The synthesis was done by oxidation of aniline using hydrochloric acid and ammonium persulphate (APS), which forms an emeraldine salt. It was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM NIR and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer.

Keywords: Semiconductors, Silicon, Pani, environmentally stable, FT-IR XRD

[1]. Goswami M., Sahoo S., Meikap A.K., Gosh R., Characterization, optical and DC electrical properties of polyaniline and zinc sulphide nanocomposites, International Conference on Nanoscience Engineering and Technology, Chennai, 2011, 314-318.
[2]. Abdelaziz Rahy, Mohamed Sakrout, Sanjeev Manohar, Sung June Cho, John Ferraris, D. J. Yang, Polyaniline nanofiber synthesis by co-use of ammonium peroxydisulphate and sodium hypochlorite, Chemical Matter 20(15), 2008, 4808-4814
[3]. Chandrsekhar P., Conducting polymers, fundamentals and applications: A practical approach (Kluwer Academic publishers, Boston, 1999)
[4]. MacDiarmid A.G., Yang L.S., Huang W.S., Humphrey B.D., Polyaniline: Electrochemistry and application to rechargeable batteries, Synthetic metals, 18, 1987, 393-398
[5]. Shabnam Virji, Jesse D. Fowler, Christina O. Baker, Jiaxing Huang, Richard B. Kaner, Bruce H. Weiller Polyaniline nanofiber composites with metal salts: Chemical sensors for hydrogen sulfide, Small 1(6), 2005, 624-627
[6]. David W. DeBerry, Modification of the electrochemical and corrosion behavior of stainless steels with an electroactive coating, Journal of Electrochemical Society, 135(5), 1985, 1022-1026.

Abstract: total number of sixteen (16), one day old of commercial broiler and layer chicks, eight per each chicken type were used to study the effect of cadmium, lead and arsenic on their growth performance from one day to 56 days. The chicks were raised in a cage made up of eight partitions and fed with feeds mixed with specific concentrations of Pb, As and Cd which are 0ppm, 10ppm, 20ppm and 30ppm respectively in the specific partitions. The 16 chickens were analyzed for heavy metal accumulation in their internal organs using flame atomic absorption spectrometer and the result showed that the metals increased as follows; Cd > Pb > As. The result of the body weight of the chickens from 0 – 56day period showed a remarkable decrease as the concentration of the metals were increased in the respective partitions from 0 to 30ppm. There were also a remarkable decrease in feed intake as the concentration of the metals increased from 0 to 30ppm. For the partition fed with 0ppm of the heavy metals, the range of the body weights of the chickens after 56 days were 1800 – 2350g, 10ppm; 1210 – 1600g ; 20ppm; 1020 – 134g and 30ppm; 820 – 1100g.

Keywords: Cd/Pb/As metals, Broiler, Layer chickens, growth performance.

[1]. Baykor, B.D., Gogova, M.L. and Stoyanou, M.P., (1996). Cadmium and lead bio accumulation in chickens for high food concentration. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 54: 155-159.
[2]. Demirezen, O. and Uruc, K., (2006). Comparative study of trace elements in certain fish, meat and meat products. Food chemistry, 32: 215-222.
[3]. Hassan, A.R., Saleh, M., Sobih, M., Wilson, S. and Reddy, P., (1998). Effects of some heavy metals pollutants on the performance and immune system of chicks. Poultry Science 77(1):24-30.
[4]. Mariam, I.S. and Nagre, S., (2004). Distribution of some trace and macro minerals in beef, mutton and poultry. International Journal of Agric and Biology, 6:816-820.
[5]. Miklos, M. (2004). General and Molecular feed toxicology: Course booklet. Dept of Nutrition, Faculty of Agric and Environmental Sciences, Szentistvan University, Hungary. pp 1-36.
[6]. Musa, B. and Abudullahi, M.S. (2013). The toxicological effects of cadmium and some other heavy metals in plants and human. Journal of Environmental Science and water Resources, 2(8): 245-249.

Abstract: 40 chicken (layer and broiler) litters and 20 feed samples of the four brands used by farmers within Awka metropolis and its environs were collected from different farms and analyzed for heavy metal residues using atomic absorption spectroscopy.The samples were digested with a mixture of perchloric and nitric acid. The range of the mean heavy metal concentration in the feeds in mg/g were Pb; (0.120 – 0.293), As; (0.068 – 0.167), Cd; (0.281 – 0.379), Cr; (0.042 – 0.121), Hg; (0.300 – 0.486), Ni; (0.0379 – 0.172) and Cu; (0.069 – 0.205). The order of the metal concentration increase in the feeds were, Hg > Cd > Pb > Cu > Cr > As > Ni. Vanadium was not detected in the entire feeds and litter samples. The range of the mean heavy metal concentration in the chicken litters in mg/g were Pb; (0.014 – 0.017), As; (0.031 – 0.044), Cd; (0.015 – 0.019), Cr; (0.106 – 0.143), Hg; (0.035 – 0.043), Ni; (0.094 – 0.276) and Cu; (0.130 – 0.355). Anova analysis showed significance of the metals in the feeds at p < 0.05. The metals were within permissible levels in the feeds except mercury on few occasions.

[1]. Ahmad, F., Muhammad, T.J., Mansor, A.S. and Kausar, R., (2004). Effects of higher levels of chromium and copper on broiler health and performance during tropical summer season. Vet. Arch 74(5): 395-408.
[2]. Cang, L., Wang, Y.J., Zhou, D.M. and Dong, H.Y., (2004). Heavy metal pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Hiong su province China. Journal of Environmental Science. 16:371-374.
[3]. DelgadoAnoyo, M., Mrialles de Imperal, H.R., Peralla, F.A. and Almestre, R.C., (2014). Heavy metal concentration in soil, plant, earth worm and leachate from poultry manure applied to agricultural land in Spain. Rev int. contam. Ambio. 30(1): 45 – 50.
[4]. Demirezen, O. and Uruc, K., (2006). Comparative study of trace elements in certain fish, meat and meat products. Food chemistry, 32: 215-222.
[5]. Dudka, S. and Miller, W.P., (1999). Accumulation of potentially toxic element in plants and their transfer to human food chain. Journal of Environmental Science Health. B34(4): 681-708.
[6]. Hassan, A.R., Saleh, M., Sobih, M., Wilson, S. and Reddy, P., (1998). Effects of some heavy metals pollutants on the performance and immune system of chicks. Poultry Science 77(1):24-30.