IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-6 ~ JAN-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	First Record of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Iraq using Conventional and Specific PCR Protocol
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Wazeer A. Hassan, Farida F. Nerweyi, Jivan M. M. Al-Doski
	:	10.9790/2380-07630108

ABSTRACT: Bacterial canker and gummosis of stone fruits caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Van Hall (Pss ) were mostly found on dormant buds, blossoms, twigs and trunks rather than leaves and fruits in Duhok, Northern of Iraq. In this work, 262 symptomatic diseased samples collected from apricot, plum and peach trees (dormant buds, flowers, twigs and trunks) during early spring and late summer 2012. The conventional and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques managed to detect and characterize Pss . PCR protocol described uses specific primers C-Duhok B1 and B2 to identification main virulence factor Syringomycin (syrB) gene for the detection of Pss . Diseased samples were initially screened on 5% Nutrient Agar Sucrose (NAS) and 5% Nutrient Broth Sucrose (NBS), selective media of Pseudomonas Agar Base (PAB). Therefore, 139 samples were considered P. syringae . Subsequently, confirmations of 62 isolates from 139 were considered to be of P. syringae on Cetrimide Agar (CA). These isolates found to be gram negative bacilli, short rods and non spore-form and characterized by negative oxidase and leaven positive on 5% NAS. PCR was carried out for 62 P. syringae isolates for detection of Pss , using syrB primer with size 752 bp. Results showed that 13 of 62 (21%) isolates carried syrB gene and similarly in the biochemical characters using Analytical Profile Index (API 20NE). Thus, characterization of Pss strains to hydrolysis Esculin, Gelatin and fruit contents of Glucose, Arabinose, Mannose, Mannitol, Capric and Malic acid. Other biochemical analysis was also documented. PCR identification of Pss considers the first certified record for these suspected and serious phytopathogenic bacteria in Iraq.
Key Word: Canker, Bacterial Disease, Stone Fruit Trees, Pseudomonas syringae Pv. syringae

[1]. Cameron, H.R. (1962) Disease of deciduous fruit trees incited by Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall. Oregen Agric. Exp.st. Tech. Bull, pp.64-66.
[2]. Ogawa, J.M. and H. English (1991) Diseases of temperate zone tree fruit and nut crops. Publication: 3345.
[3]. Young, J.M. (1991) Pathogenicity and identification of the lilac pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall 1902. Annual of Applied Biology, 118:283-298.
[4]. Mohammadi, M.; A. Ghasemi and H. Rahimian (2001) Phenotypic characterization of Iranian strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Van Hall, the causal agent of bacterial canker disease of stone fruit trees. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 3(1):51-65.
[5]. Gardan, L.; H. Shafik and S. Belouin (1999) DNA relatedness among the pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae and description of Pseudomonas tremae sp. Nov. and Pseudomonas cannabina sp. Nov. (ex Sutic and Dowson 1959) International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49:469-478.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The effect of some insecticides on fat bodies of house fly Musca domestica L
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Karim Mohammad Ahmed, Talal T. Mahmoud, Abdulbaset Mohammed Amin Mohammed
	:	10.9790/2380-07630917

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted at Zoology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimania to investigate the oral effect of toxicity thiamethoxam, deltaethrin and lambda-cyjalothrin in different concentration on the biological aspects and visceral fat body cells of house fly house fly Musca domestica L.in laboratory. First generation of adult house flies tested in this work was the progeny of flies obtained during the summer The highest mortality among treated house flies was (96.66 %) that occurred by 3.12 thiamethoxam after 24 hour from administration, followed by (90.00 %) 60 ppm lambda- cyjalothrin, (83.33 %) 300 ppm of malathion and by deltamthrin. There were significant differences between control and each treatment. The results indicated that the structure of fat bodies was changed due to the effect of various concentrations, the low concentrations of each insecticides caused the occurrence of vacuolations and cytoplasmic granulations as the first sign of poisoning, the medium doses causes the cell exhibited different stages of inclusion deformation, degeneration, necrosis and finally the cell lost its integrity while, high doses caused a series damage to fat cells which finally exploded.

Keywords: House fly, insecticides, mortality, fat bodies.

[1]. Greenberg B.(1971). Flies and disease. Vol. II. Biology and disease transmission. Princeton University press. Princeton, N.J.
[2]. Zurek L. Denning S.S. Schal C. and Watson D.W. (2001). Vector competence of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) for Yersinia pseudotubercluosis. J. Med. Entomol. 38: 333-335.
[3]. Thomas G.D and Skoda S.R. (1993). Rural flies in the urban environment? North Central Regional Research Bulletin. No. 335. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Bulletin No. 317. University of Nebraska Agriculture Research Division, Lincoln.
[4]. Campbell J. B. (1993). The economic of the house fly problem. Pp 34-39: In Thomas G.D and Skoda S.R. (1993). Rural flies in the urban environment? North Central Regional Research Bulletin. No. 335. Institute of Agriculture and Natural
[5]. Resources Research Bulletin No. 317. University of Nebraska Agriculture Research Division, Lincoln.
Geden C.J.; Rurz A,; Scott J.G. and Long S.J. (1992). Susceptibility of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and five pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to abamectin and seven commercial insecticides. J. Med. Entomol. 85: 435-440.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Technical, Allocative and Economic Efficiency of Pineapple Production in West Java Province, Indonesia: A DEA Approach
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Riatania Lubis, Arief Daryanto, Mangara Tambunan, Handewi Purwati
	:	10.9790/2380-07631823

ABSTRACT: Low productivity in horticulture is mainly due to the inability of the farmers to exploit the available technologies fully, resulting in lower efficiencies of production. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to estimate technical, allocative and economic efficiency also Tobit regression is used to determine factors of technical and economic inefficiency in the pineapple cultivation on 142 farmers in West Java Province, Indonesia. The study has indicated that most of the pineapple farms have shown technical, allocative and economic inefficiency problems. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) results showed that farmers were inefficient in the pineapple production with mean technical, allocative and economic efficiency level of 70.1%, 34.1% and 24.1%, respectively. A Tobit regression model results on the determinants of fifteen socio-economic, demography and institutional variables revealed that land productivity had positive and significant contribution on technical and economic efficiency. Market distance and capital productivity had positive and significantly influenced the technical efficiency and labor productivity also land ownership had positive and significant contribution to the economic efficiency. Counseling and off-farm income contributed negatively to the technical efficiency and farmer experience also contributed negatively to the economic efficiency. These finding suggests that pineapple production in the research location would be significantly improved by cultivating on farmer's own land and getting better counseling from about the pineapple's good agricultural practices.
Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), economic efficiency, technical efficiency, Tobit regression, Variable Return to Scale (VRS).

[1]. Adebayo, A. A. (1999). Climate I: Sunshine, Temperature, Evaporation and Relative Humidity. In: Adamawa State in Maps. Adebayo A.A. and A. H. Tukur (Eds.) Paracletes Publishers and Department of Geography Federal University of Technology Yola, Nigeria. Pp. 3 - 5.
[2]. Abolfazli, F., A Forghani and M. Norouzi (2012). Effects of phosphorus and organic fertilizers on phosphorus fractions in submerged soil. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 12, (2) 349-362.
[3]. Al-varez, A., A. Garate, and J.J. Lucena (1997). Interaction of iron chelates with several soil materials and with a soil standard . Journal of plant nutrition, 20:559-572.
[4]. Anthony, K. O., Ezikiel, A.A. and Gabriel, O.O. (2008). Phosphorus dynamics in forest and savannah agro-ecological alfisols incubated with different phosphorus fertilizers. Journal of food, agriculture and environment, 6 (3 & 4): 34-537.

[5]. Arthur, L. (2013). Handbook of SAS DATA Step Programming. CRC Press. pp. 149. ISBN 978-1-4665-5238-8.

[6]. Bar-Yosef, B. (2004). Phosphorus, dynamics. In : Benbi, D. K. and Nieder, R. (eds) Handbook of Processes and Modelling in the soil- Plant system. Viva Books Privali Ltd. New Delhi. 762pp.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Nitrogen Sources, doses and Split applications on yield and economics of maize (Zea mays L.) in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh (India)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Arun Joshi, J. K. Gupta, S. K. Choudhary, S. Mujalde , Manisha Garg
	:	10.9790/2380-07632428

ABSTRACT: Maize is a important crop for food, feed and industrial utilization and grown in 7.8 M ha land with 14.05 M tones of production and 1885 kg/ha productivity in India. But its productivity is very low in Madhya Pradesh and India due to wide range of production constraints, such as limited irrigation facilities and low Nutrient use efficiency. Experiment was conducted in Kharif seasons of 2009-10 and 2010-11 at Research Farm, National Livelihood Resource Institute, Ratlam (Madhya Pradesh) in the typical medium black clayey soil. The rainfall observed during crop periods was 874.4 and 510 mm in 2009-10 and 2010-11, respectively. The soil was low in organic carbon and available nitrogen , medium in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium with a pH of 7.76 and EC of 0.26 dSm-1 The experiment consisted of twenty seven treatment combinations of three levels each of the three factors viz. levels, source and schedules of nitrogen application viz., 50, 75 and 100 kg N/ha in the form of Prilled urea, Granular urea and Neem coated urea applied either in single dose at sowing or in two split (basal and 25 DAS) or in three split (basal, 25 and 45 DAS). A common dose of 40 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O/ha was applied at sowing. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design with 3 replications. Level, scheduling and source of nitrogen significantly interacted for seed yield per hectare. N3T3S3 (100 kg N/ha through Neem coated urea in three splits) produced significantly maximum seed yield 6133.42, 6387.33 and 6260.37 kg/ha during both the year. The B: C ratios of 5.33, 6.07 and 5.7 were found highest under the treatment combinations N3S2T3 followed by N3S3T3 during 2009, 2010. On the basis of the two years experimentation, it can be achieving the higher yields with better monetary returns from maize variety JM-216 through Neem coated urea @ 100 kg/ha in 3 splits doses i.e. basal, 25 and 45 DAS.

[1]. Blumenthal Jürg M., David D., Baltensperger, Kenneth G., Cassman, Stephen C. Mason and Alexander D. Pavlista (2008). Importance and Effect of Nitrogen on Crop Quality and Health. Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management, Second edition :51-70.
[2]. Budhar, M.N., Ramaswami, C. and Abdul Kareem, A. 1991. Relative efficiency of coated N fertilizers in lowland rice. Indian J. Agron. 36: 124-125.
[3]. Carvalho, E. V.; de Afferri, F. S.; Peluzio, J. M.; Dotto, M. A. and Cancellier, L. L. (2012). Nitrogen use efficiency in corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes under different conditions of nitrogen and seeding date. Maydica; 2012. 57: 1, 43-48.
[4]. Chaudhari, P.M., Patil, H.E., and Hankare, R.H. 2006. Effect of integrated nitrogen management in maize (Zea may L.) on pattern of leaf area and dry matter production. International J. Plant Sci., 1 (1):17-20.
[5]. Kaur Amandeep; Bedi Seema; Gill, G. K. and Mahesh Kumar (2012). Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on radiation use efficiency, crop growth and yield in some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. Maydica; 2012. 57: 1, 75-82.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparative study on sedative and anaesthetic effects of Xylazine, Ketamine and Xylazine-Ketamine Combination in quails (Coturnix coturnix)
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Uzma Farid Durrani, Asim Khalid Mahmood, Afan Shahid1, Zahid Iqbal, Muhammad Waqas, Sadaf Imran, Imran Ahmed, Rashid Hussain
	:	10.9790/2380-07632933

ABSTRACT: Individual and combined effects of xylazine, ketamine and their combination were studied on eighteen adult quails (Coturnix coturnix), equally divided into three groups i.e. A: xylazine (18mg/kg, IM), B: ketamine (60mg/kg, IM) and C: xylazine-ketamine combination (9mg/kg-30mg/kg, IM). Xylazine, ketamine and xylazine-ketamine combination produced smooth induction of their effects in 9.7 ± 2.11 minutes, 7± 1.56 minutes and 1.9 ± 0.53 minutes, respectively. Group A attained light plane of sedation and group B attained stage II anaesthesia along with superficial analgesia. In group C, birds showed a deep anaesthesia accompanied by deep analgesia. Mean durations of sedation and anaesthesia were 40.8 ± 3.99 minutes, 44.1±12.99 minutes and 77.8±18.62 minutes in groups A, B and C, respectively followed by a recovery phase with mean duration 22.3±2.66 minutes, 15.8±6.35 minutes and 34.6± 13.81 minutes in groups A, B and C, respectively. Birds in group B exhibited a rough recovery while recovery was smooth in groups A and C. It is concluded that the use of xylazine as sedative and xylazine-ketamine combination as anaesthetic is the most effective, safe and economic selection for quails especially under field conditions. Xylazine-ketamine combination is recommended as a good surgical anaesthesia to carry out painful manipulative procedures at the dosages used in this study. Use of ketamine alone is not recommended for quails.
Key Words: Xylazine, Ketamine, Xylazine-ketamine combination, Anaesthetics, Quails.

[1]. P Lees, Sedatives, in Veterinary Applied Pharmacology and Therapeutics, (5th Ed.), (UK: Bailliere Tindall, 1991), 337-339.
[2]. K L Marx, Therapeutic agents, in Clinical Avian Medicine (Vol I), (Florida: Palm Beach, Spix Publishing, 2006), 214-342.
[3]. U F Durrani, M. Ashraf, M. A. Khan, Comparative efficacy (sedative and anaesthetic) of xylazine, ketamine and xylazine- ketamine cocktail in pigeons (Columba livia), Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 33(5), 2009, 413-417.
[4]. R Paddleford and R.C. Harvey, Alpha-2- agonists and antagonists, Veterinary Clinical North American Small Animal Practice, 29, 1999, 737-745.
[5]. J H Samour, D.M. Jones, J.A. Knight and J.C. Howlett (1984).Comparative studies of the use of some injectable anaesthetic agents in birds, Veterinary Record, 115, 1984, 6-11.
[6]. J Christensen, R.T. Fosse, O.J. Halvorsen and I. Moril, Comparison of various anaesthetic regimens in the domestic fowl, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 1987, 1649-1657.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluation of Grain Weight, Moisture, Dry Matter, Oil Cake, β-carotene, Oil Constant and Aflatoxin Content of Different Varieties and Advanced Lines of Mustard and Rapeseed
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Mst. Farhana Nazneen Chowdhury, Kamal Uddin Ahmed, Monir Hosen, Ratan Kumar Paul, Debu Kumar Bhattacharjya
	:	10.9790/2380-07633439

ABSTRACT: Experiment was conducted on six varieties including two advanced line growing in large scale in Bangladesh. These varieties were evolved by BARI and work was conducted for evaluation of physicochemical parameters of the rapeseed and mustard. Among these varieties, the highest grain weight was obtained from BARI Sarisha-9 (4.9g) and lowest grain weight obtained from BARI Sarisha-15 (2.9g).The variety BARI Sarisha-15 was contained highest amount of moisture (9.55%) while lowest amount was found advanced line Din-2 (5.78%). Among all the treatments, highest dry matter contained was showed by Din-2 (94.22%) and lowest amount showed by BARI Sarisha-15 (90.55%). Highest amount of oil cake was given by BARI Sarisha-12 (59.95%) and lowest amount gave by BARI Sarisha-14 (57.75%). BARI Sarisha-14 possessed the highest amount of β-carotene (23.56μg) and lowest amount was observed by BARI Sarisha-9 (4.19μg). BARI Sarisha-14 possessed the lowest dry wt. of oil cake (49.70%) and highest dry wt. of oil cake was observed by BC-2193 (53.03%). The highest amount of saponification value was recorded by BARI Sarisha-14 (168.3) and lowest amount was recorded by BC-2193 (154.6).The highest amount of iodine value was recorded by BARI Sarisha-14 (110.2) and lowest amount was recorded by Din-2 (93.45). The highest amount of acid value was recorded by BARI Sarisha-14 (1.61) and lowest amount was recorded by BC-2193 (1.31).
Keywords: Grain Weight, Dry Matter, β-carotene, Oil Constant and Aflatoxin

[1] F. D. Gunstone, Production and trade of vegetable oils, in: vegetable oils in Food Technology Composition, properties and uses (FD Gunstone ed). Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2002.
[2] E. W. Lucas, Oilseeds and oil-bearing materials. In: Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology. K Kulp, JG Ponte (eds). Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, 2000, Chapter 11.
[3] I. A. Khalil, H. Rahman, Qualitative and quantitative genetic variation for oil content in several maize genotypes. Sarhad J. Agric. 15, 1999, 559-562.
[4] BBS, Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 2000, p.45.
[5] FAO, Production Yearbook. Food and Agricultural Organization of the united states, Rome 00100, Italy, 2000.
[6] F. R. Durrani, I. A. Khalil, Chemical composition of Brassica oilseed meal. Pakistan. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 33, 1990, 39-41.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluation of New Molecules for Management of Stem borers on Sugarcane
Country	:	India
Authors	:	A. Padmasri, G.E.Ch. Vidyasagar, V. Bharathi
	:	10.9790/2380-07634042

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted at Regional Sugarcane and Rice Research Station, Rudrur during 2011 and 2012, to assess the chemical control of sugarcane stem borers (Chilo infuscatellus and Chilo sachariphagus indicus). Seven insecticides namely, Rynaxypyr 0.4 %G, Spinosad 45 SC, Acephate 75 SP, Chloropyriphos 20 EC, Chloranthriniliprole 18.5 SC, Indoxicarb 14.5 SC, Flubendamide 480 SC and compared with untreated (Check plot) using randomized block design with three replications. Significant differences were noticed among the treatments. The lowest per cent mean cumulative incidence of early shoot borer (11.61) at 45, 60, 90 and 120 days after planting and lowest per cent intensity (1.48) and incidence (1.21) of inter nodal shoot borer was recorded in Chloranthriniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.36 ml/l of water. Further, the same treatment recorded significantly superior cane yield of 85.05 t/ha, while the untreated control recorded 79.01 t/ha. Among the insecticides, Chloranthriniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.36 ml/l of water proved superior in checking the stem borer infestation over rest of the insecticides tested.
Key words: Early shoot borer, Inter node borer, Management

[1]. Gupta, S.C., Yazdani, S.S., Hameed, S.F. and Agarwal, M.L.(1993). Losses in sugarcane by different broods of top borer, Scirpophaga excerptalis Walker in northern Bihar.J. Insect Sci. , 6(1): 125-127.
[2]. Jaipal,S., Chaudary,O.PS., and Prasad, R.2010. Evaluation of rynaxypyr (Coregen) 20 SC for the management of early shoot borer and top shoot borer in sugarcane. Indian journal of sugarcane technology, 25(1&2):47-50.
[3]. Krishnanurthy Rao, B.H. 1954. Apparent and actual yield of sugar cane and the part played by stem borers. Proc. A.Conv. Sug. Technol. Assoc. India, 23: 25-27
[4]. Pause,V.G.,and Sukhatme,P.K, 1985. Statistical methods for Agricultural workers, ICAR,New Delhi.
[5]. Singh, G.,Prasad, C.S., Sirohi,A., Kumar,A. and Ali., N.2009. Field evaluation of Rynaxypyr 20SC against insect pests of sugarcane. Annuals of plant protection sciences, 17(1):75-79

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Antiovipositional and Antifertility Effects of Plant Extracts against the Flour Beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and T. confusum (J. du Val)
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	L. A. M. Khanam, A. R. Khan, I. Mahfuz, D. Talukder
	:	10.9790/2380-07634348

ABSTRACT: Effects of petroleum ether extracts of Trichosanthes palmata seed and Zingiber cassumunar rhizome on the fecundity and fertility of two stored grain insect pests, Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum have been assessed. Laboratory studies indicated that all the doses of T. palmata seed extract reduced significantly the egg laying and hatching of both the insects in comparison with the control. The mean oviposition per female for 33 days in the untreated medium were 232.05 ± 9.91 for T. castaneum and 215.00 ± 14.43 for T. confusum respectively. The mean egg laying per female at the lowest (1000ppm) and the highest (16000 ppm) doses were 130.20 ± 11.52 and 52.95 ± 13.00 for T. castaneum; and 146.75 ± 17.66 and 52.35 ± 7.68 for T. confusum respectively. The mean hatching percentage of untreated T. castaneum and T. confusum were 69.90 ± 1.73 and 65.90 ± 2.98 respectively whereas the lowest mean value was 46.10 ± 1.73 for T. castaneum and 41.55 ± 2.35 for T. confusum at the highest dose (16000 ppm). Z. cassumunar rhizome extract also showed the toxic effect to both the insect species. Here the mean egg laying of control T. castaneum and T. confusum were 216.80 ± 12.14 and 223.85 ± 13.54 respectively. The mean oviposition of treated female at 1000 and 16000ppm were 111.90 ± 4.38 and 45.20 ± 7.62 for T. castaneum; and 126.55 ± 7.44 and 54.55 ± 8.10 for T. confusum. The egg hatch at the highest dose was 48.80 for T. castaneum and 50.80 for T. confusum while the control values were 71.63 and 73.42 respectively.
Key words: Trichosanthes palmata seed, Zingiber. cassumunar rhizome, Tribolium castaneum, T. confusum, fecundity, fertility.

[1]. N. Akhtar and K.A.M.S.H. Mondal, Effect of caffeine and castor oil on fecundity and fertility of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Pakistan J. Zool. 26(2), 1994, 179-181.
[2]. T. Amin, Synergistic action of some indigenous plant materials with insecticides against Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Ph. D. thesis, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh, 2000, pp. 255.
[3]. E.A. Bell, L.E. Fellows and S.J. Simmonds, Natural products from plants for the control of insect pests. In: Safer insecticide development and use (E. Hodgson and R. J. Kuhr, eds.,1990), pp. 123-134. Marcel Dekker. USA.
[4]. C.I. Bliss, The analysis of field experimental data expressed in percentage. USSR Plant Prot. Bull. 12, 1937, 67-77.
[5]. S. Chaiyaboot, Protectant effect of powdered black pepper, neem and sugar apple seeds on stored cereals against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Munoz Nueva Ecija (Philippines). 1988, pp. 81.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Movable Surface Irrigation System (MSIS) Impact on Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Soil Moisture and salinity
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Mohamed E. El-Hagarey, Hany M. Mehanna, Hani A. Mansour
	:	10.9790/2380-07634957

ABSTRACT: Movable surface irrigation system (MSIS), was carried out by modification of center pivot irrigation system and depends on replacing the sprayers by polyethylene hoses ending by nozzles. Field experiments were conducted at farm on Alex-Cairo desert road, to assess moving surface irrigation system at 2012 year. The main aims of this research are to study spatial and temporal moisture and salinity distribution patterns under (MSIS), the modification of pivot irrigation system to be more suitable to irrigate some trees, and other high crops under special conditions, to evaluate the modification system and to reduce the investment costs of the modified system. Results show that, operating the (MSIS)at low pressure head (1.5 bar), water amount was saved by (16.8%)(Abdel-Rahman, 2005), the uniformity coefficient was 90.75%, beside, the movable surface system reduced the hazard of chemigation. Finally, High efficiency of applied water distribution, reduce deep-percolation, reducing runoff and having good management without exceed water irrigation by using (MSIS).
Keywords: Center pivot, Surface irrigation, movable, Hydraulics, Soil moisture, Salinity distribution, deep-percolation, runoff and uniformity.

[1]. Abdel-Rahman,M.E., A.M.El-Kot; A.A.Abdel-Aziz; and A.M.El-Gindy Design And Management of Modified Pivot Irrigation Systems, Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 2005 Vol. 50 No. 2 pp. 415-432.
[2]. ASAE: Soil and Water Steering Committee (1995). Soil and water Terminology – W/ Tentative Revisions, ASAE S526.1 MAR95.
[3]. Benham, B. L., D.E. Eisenhauer.,(2000). Management recommendations for blocked-end furrow irrigation. Nebraska Cooperative Extension G98-1372-A,
[4]. Bralts, S. V.; D. M.,Edwards;andPar-Wu,(1987).Drip Irrigation Des -ign and evaluation based on statically uniformity concept, In aduncein Irrigation ed.D.Hillel,New York Academic Press Inc.,67-117
[5]. Broner, I. 1991. Center Pivot Irrigation Systems. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Crop Series Irrigation No.4.704. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/04704.html

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Morphological Studies on the Adrenal Gland of Kuttanad Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) During Post Hatch Period
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Fathima, R., K. M. Lucy
	:	10.9790/2380-07635862

ABSTRACT: Post hatch development of adrenal gland in Kuttanad ducks was studied using 78 female birds ranging from day-old to 24 weeks of age. Adrenal glands were collected from six birds in each age group at fortnightly intervals. The glands were too small in the day-old ducklings and were located in the body cavity ventral to the anterior pole of cephalic lobe of kidney just posterior to the lungs. The left adrenal was closely related to the ovary in all the age groups and was deeply embedded in the ovary occasionally. In day-old ducklings, both the glands were globular in shape but later the right adrenal became roughly pyramidal with the apex pointing caudally, while the left one was elongated and flattened dorsoventrally. The glands were cream or yellow in colour in younger birds, but later the colour changed to brown. The left adrenal gland was slightly heavier than the right in all the age groups. The mean weight of the gland increased progressively from day-old to 12 weeks of age and thereafter it showed an irregular pattern up to sexual maturity. The absolute mean adrenal weight in Kuttanad duck was 6.27 mg per 100 g body weight at 12th week of age and reached a level of 5.31 mg at 16th week (at the beginning of egg laying) and again increased to 9.60 mg per 100 g body weight at 24 weeks of age. The combined adrenal weight was more correlated with the age than with the body weight. The proportionate mean weight of the adrenal glands to the body weight showed a decreasing trend during post hatch period.
Key words: Morphology, Adrenal glands, Kuttanad ducks, Post hatch period

[1]. Hodges, R. D., The histology of the fowl (Academic Press, London, 1974).
[2]. Nickel, R., Schummer, A. and Seiferle, E. , Anatomy of domestic birds (Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, 1977).

[3]. Humayun, K. A. K. M., Aoyama, M. and Sugita, S., Morphological and histological studies on the adrenal gland of the chicken (Gallus domesticus), Journal of Poultry Science, 49, 2012, 39-45.
[4]. Oglesbee, B. L., Orosz. S. and Dorrestein, G. M., The endocrine system, in: R.B. Altman, S .L. Clubb, G. D. Dorrestein and K. Quesenberry (Eds), Avian Medicine and Surgery (W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1997) 475-488
[5]. Tang, L. Peng, K.M., Wang, J. X., Luo, H. Q., Cheng, J. Y., Zhang, G. Y., Sun, Y.F., Liu, H. Z. and Song, H., The morphological study on the adrenal gland of African ostrich chicks, Tissue and Cell,41, 2009, 231-238.