iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-9 ~ September-2016

Abstract: Objective: Colour vision is a function of three types of cone pigments present in retina. Any abnormality in the cone pigments may cause deficiency of colour vision which is called as colour blindness. The incidence of Colour vision deficiency varies from race to race and different in different geographical areas. Colour is very important sign used in medical profession, but there is no effective screening for Colour Vision Deficiency (CVD) at any level of medical profession. The present study was undertaken to find out CVD in medical students at different Medical Colleges in Kolkata...............

Keywords: Ishihara's charts (plates), Colour vision deficiency (CVD), Medical students

[1]. Park K. , Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 19th edition. Feb 2007. BanarasidasBhanot Publishers, Jabalpur,
India. pp. 57.
[2]. Barret KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Vision, In: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd Edition. New Delhi: Tata
McGraw Hill Education Private Limited; 2010. p.195-7
[3]. Dalton J. Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society
of Manchester 1798; 5:28-45
[4]. Colors for color blind. (Clinical information) 2011; Available at: http//www.teledo-blend.com/color blind/cbinfo.asp
[5]. Color blindness: genetics. Available at: http//www.buzzle.com/articles/colour-blindness-genetics.html

Abstract: Birth asphyxia is one of the most common causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality accounting for 23% of neonatal deaths. No data is available on true incidence of birth asphyxia in tertiary care centre from Tamilnadu due to lack of prospective studies. Hence we conducted a prospective study to determine the incidence of birth asphyxia among babies exposed to intrapartum risk factors and the role of intrapartumrisk factors in birth asphyxia. Total of 674 were this study, among them 293 were exposed to any one of intrapartum
risk factors and 391were not exposed to any of the intrapartum risk factors...........

Keywords:- Birth asphyxia, Intrapartum, Newborn, Oxytocin, Seizures

[1]. Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, et al. How many child deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet 2003;362:65–71.
[2]. Lawn J, Shibuya K, Stein C. No cry at birth: Global estimates of intrapartum stillbirths and intrapartum-related neonatal
deaths. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:409–417.
[3]. Stanton C, Lawn JE, Rahman H, Wilczynska-Ketende K, Hill K. Stillbirth rates: Delivering estimates in 190 countries. Lancet
2006;367: 1487–1494.
[4]. Lawn JE, Cousens SN, Wilczynska K. Estimating the causes of four million neonatal deaths in the year 2000: Statistical annexthe
World Health Organization; 2005.
[5]. Levene ML, Kornberg J, Williams TH. The incidence and severity of post-asphyxial encephalopathy in full-term infants. Early
Hum Dev1985;11:21–26.

Abstract: Introduction: Nurses play a key role in the treatment and rehabilitation of psychiatric patients. Attitude towards the mentally ill influence the nursing students' choice to take up training and placement in psychiatry as a speciality. Aim: To study the change in the attitudes among the nursing students towards mental illness after a posting in a tertiary care psychiatric hospital. MaterialsandMethods: The study was carried out at Government Hospital for Mental Care, a tertiary care psychiatry institute at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. 75 nursing students attending psychiatry posting at the time of study who had given informed consent constituted the sample..............

[1]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. WHO. Mental Health Atlas 2005.
[2]. Cutliffe JR. The differences and commonalities between United Kingdom and Canadian Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing: A
personal reflection. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2003;10:255–7.
[3]. Hoencamp E. 'Yes doctor, no doctor': What do patients want from you? Acta Psychiatr Scand.1999;100:319–20.
[4]. Happell B, Gough Nee Hayman-White K. Undergraduate nursing students' attitudes towards mental health nursing: Determining
the influencing factors. Contemp Nurse. 2007;25:72–81.
[5]. Kumakura N, Ito H, Mori T, Saito T, Kurisu E, Asaka A, et al. Attitude change towards mental illness during nursing education —
A cross-cultural study of student nurses in Korea, Republic of China and Japan.Asia Pac J Public Health. 1992;6:120–5

Abstract: Methemoglobinemia is an altered state of hemoglobin resulting in impaired oxygen delivery to the tissues. Deliberate ingestion of certain insecticides and pesticides may result in this condition. We report a case of severe methemoglobinemia after deliberate ingestion of an insecticide marketed to be safe and containing only biological extracts and fillers. Methemoglobinemia should be suspected with low oxygen saturation on pulse oxymetry and the presence of chocolate colored blood. The methemoglobin level of 91% in our patient is the highest level reported among methemoglobinemia survivors.

Keywords: Biological extracts; insecticide; methemoglobinemia

[1]. Dewan A, Patel AB, Saiyed HN. Acute methemoglobinemia- Acommon occupational hazard in an industrial city in western
India.Journal of Occupational Health. 2001; 43(3): 168-171.
[2]. Donovan JW: Nitrates, nitrites and other sources ofmethemoglobinemia. In Clinical management of poisoning and drugoverdose.
Edited by Haddad LM, Winchester JF. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia; 1990:1419-1431.
[3]. Ash-Bernal R, Wise R, Wright SM. Acquired methemoglobinemia:a retrospective series of 138 cases at 2 teaching
hospitals.Medicine. 2004 Sep; 83(5):265-73.
[4]. George T, Shaikh AI, Thomas L, Kundavaram AP.Severe methemoglobinemia due to insecticide poisoning. Indian JCrit Care Med
2014; 18:113-4
[5]. Abu-Laban RB, Zed PJ, Purssell RA, Evans KG. Severemethemoglobinemia from topical anesthetic spray: Case report,discussion
and qualitative systematic review. CJEM 2001; 3:51-6.

Abstract: Fifteen adult cases of uncemented total hip replacement were assessed clinically (by Harris Hip Score) and radiologically by serial radiographs and CT scan. In the postoperative Harris Hip Score the neck of femur groups and the arthritic hip groups had comparable results and uncemented total hip replacement gives acceptable results in otherwise disabling condition of hip. Prospective evaluation of fifteen patients in the age group of 18 years to 60 years with good general condition and no septic foci underwent uncemented total hip replacement for various indications during June 2013 to March 2015.............

Keywords: Arthroplasty , Osteointergration, Loosening- radiolucent lines

[1]. Engh CA, Bobyn JD, Glassman AH. Porous coated hip replacement. The factors governing bone ingrowth, stress shielding, and
clinical results. J Bone Joint Surg Br.1987;69:45-55.
[2]. Engh CA, Bobyn J.D. The influence of stem size and extend of porous coating on femoral bone resorption after primary cementless
arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics,1988;231-7.
[3]. S.Terry Canale, James H. Beaty Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics.( US Elsevier Mosby, 2012)
[4]. Charnley J. Total hip replacement by low friction arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res.1970;(72):7-21.
[5]. Coventry MB. Late dislocations in patients with Charnley total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1985;67(6):832-841.

Abstract: Psoriasis belongs to the group of skin diseases which have substantial burden with negative impact on quality of life of the patients due to unsatisfactory management and social isolation. This disease is mentioned in the vast classical Unani literature as Sadafia or Qashafia which means like the shell of Unio (freshwater mussels) or scaling respectively. Unani physicians are treating the patients of this disease successfully since centuries as per the described manner in the literature..........

Keywords: PASI scoring, Psoriasis, Unani (Greek) medicine, Unani principles

[1]. Christopher EM Griffiths and Jonathan NWN Barker, M "Pathogenesis and clinical features of psoriasis" The Lancet, Volume 370,
Issue 9583, 21–27 July 2007, Pages 263–271
[2]. Joel M. Gelfand, Rachel Weinstein, Steven B. Porter, Andrea L. Neimann, Jesse A. Berlin, David J. Margolis,"Prevalence and
Treatment of Psoriasis in the United Kingdom: A Population-Based Study " JAMA Dermatology , December 1, 2005, Vol 141, No.
12
[3]. Stephen R. Rapp, Steven R. Feldman, M.LynExum, Alan B. Fleischer Jr, David M. and Reboussin, "Psoriasis causes as much
disability as other major medical diseases", Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume 41, Issue 3, September
1999, Pages 401–407
[4]. Tara D. Rachakonda, Clayton W. Schupp and April W. Armstrong, "Psoriasis prevalence among adults in the United States",
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume 70, Issue 3, March 2014, Pages 512–516

Abstract: Prostate gland hypertrophy (PGH) has a prevalence of over 50 % in men over 60 years and is associated with a number of urinary elimination problems. However, men delay in seeking treatment for urinary elimination problems despite the availability of reproductive health services. The purpose of the study was to identify the knowledge of PGH, practices and urinary elimination problems in men aged 50 and above. A descriptive research design was used on a convenient sample of 50 men aged 50 years and above. Data were collected using interviews and analysed using Microsoft Excel. The majority (92%) participants did not know the prostate gland and only 36% had heard about it before. Of the 36% that had heard about it before 22% had heard about it from non-medical sources..........

Keywords: Knowledge, prostate gland, hypertrophy, urinary elimination.

[1]. American Urological Association. (2010). American Urological Association Guideline. Management of benign prostatic
hyperplasia (BPH). Retrieved from http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Benign-Prostatic-
Hyperplasia.pdf on 9/02/2015
[2]. Deters,L.A.(2014)Benign prostatic hypertrophy. Emedicine Retrieved from website. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-
overview. on 5/02/2015
[3]. UrologyCareFoundation (2014). BPH: surgical management. Retrieved from www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=31
on 5/02/2015
[4]. NationalKidneyandUrologicDiseasesInformationClearingHouse.(2014)Retrievedfrom
kidney.niddk.nih.gov/KUDiseases/pubs/prostateenlargement/ on 4/02/2015
[5]. Homma, Y., Gotoh, M., Yokoyama, O., Masumori, N., Kawauchi, A., Yamanishi, T., Ishizuka, O., Seki, N., Kamoto, T., Nagai, A.,
& Ozono, S. (2011). Japanese Urological Association: Outline of JUA clinical guidelines for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Urol
18:741–756.

Abstract: Background:Femoral shaft fractures account for 1.6% of all pediatric bony injuries..Fixation of femur fractures in children by ender's nailing is becoming widely accepted because of the lower chance of iatrogenic infection and cost .The objective of the study was to study the functional outcome,duration of union and the complications following the use of ender's nail for femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents. Material And Methods:Children between the age group of 5-16 years with femoral shaft fractures were admitted to osmania general hospital,afzal gunj,hyderabad in the period from october 2013 to october 2015.All patients underwent ender's nailing fixation for the sustained fracture.Patients were followed up between 3 months until 1 year after surgery. 20 cases were studied...........

Keywords: Ender's nail,pediatric fracture shaft femur. For Correspondance : Dr. V.K.V. Prasad, Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telengana State.

[1]. Scherl SA Miller L, Lively N, Russionof S, Sullivan M Tornetta P III. Etal. "Accidental and non accidental femur fractures in children". Clin Orthopand Rel Research 2000;376:96-105.
[2]. Momberger N., Stevens P., Smith J., Santora S, Scott S and AndersonJ. "intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures in adolescents". J PediatrOrthop 2000; Vol. 20:482-484.
[3]. Lee SS, Mahar AT and Neton PO. "Ender nail fixation of pediatrics femurfractures. Abiomechanical analysis". J Pediatr Orthop 2001; Vol. 21: 442-445.

[4]. Ligier JN ., Metaizeau JP., Prevot J. and Lascombes P. "Elastic stableintramedullary nailing of femur shaft fracture in children". J Bone & JointSurg (Br) 1988; Vol 70B 74-7.
[5]. Heinrich SD., Drvaric DM., Karr K. and Macevan GD. "The operativestabilization of pediatric diaphyseal femur fracture with flexibeintramedullary nails: A prospective analysis". J Pediatr Orthop 1994;Vol.14: 501-507.

Abstract: Endometrial carcinoma is third common genital malignancy in India. Endometrial tissue sampling is most common diagnostic procedure in the assessment of women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Over the years many methods were used to obtain endometrial samples. The safety and simplicity of the procedures influence the extent to which they are employed. Endometrial lavage is less invasive and safe outpatient procedure to obtain endometrial samples for cytological diagnosis...........

Keywords: Abnormal uterine bleeding,Cytology, Dilatation and curettage,Endometrial lavage.

[1]. Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., Parkin, D. M., Forman, D. and Bray, F. (2015), Cancer
incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int. J. Cancer, 136: E359–E386.
doi: 10.1002/ijc.29210
[2]. Papanicolaou, G.N. and Traut. H.F. Diagnosis of uterine cancer by the vaginal smear. Newyork the Commonwealth fund. 1943.
[3]. Winner, M.L., Gunn, S.A. and Ayre J.E; Cyto diagnosis of endometrium; new, simple office procedure Obst. &Gynec, 5: 279-282,
1955.
[4]. Jordan MJ, Bader GM, Namazic AS, comparative accuracy of pre operative cytological and histological diagnosis in endometrial
lesions. ObstetGynecol 7: 646-653, 1956.
[5]. Hemlatha AN, Pai MR, Raghuveer CV. Endometrial aspiration cytology in dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Indian J PatholMicrobiol
2006; 49:214-7.

Abstract: Under nutrition is not simply a result of food insecurity, but due to inappropriate infant feeding and care practices. Child health programs currently do not focus adequately on improving public awareness of the importance of breastfeeding and on providing adequate knowledge and counseling skills. Considering the culture of respecting and obeying the family senior citizens in India, when a baby is born in the family there are all kinds of grandmothers (mother and mother in law) who are ready to advice the new mother. Grandmother plays a vital role in decisions regarding what, when ,how, how much to feed a baby and all queries which mother may have asked a doctor but listened and behaved in accordance to her. So testing the knowledge, attitude and practices of grandmothers is must if we want improve the situation of malnutrition. This paper, which is a pilot study, compares child breastfeeding and complementary feeding beliefs and behaviors of paternal and maternal grandmothers and also the mothers...........

Keywords: Infant feeding practices, Complimentary feeding, Malnutrition.

[1]. International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. 2007. National Family Health Survey (NFHS - 3), 2005-06: India: Mumbai:IIPS.
[2]. UNICEF. Strategy for improved nutrition of children and women in developing countries. New York, 1990. 5
[3]. Andrade IGM, Taddei JAAC. Determinantes socioeconômicos culturais e familiares do desmame precoce numa comunidade de Natal, Brasil. Rev Paul Pediatria 2002;20:8-18
[4]. Nelson textbook of pediatrics;feeding healthy infants,Children, and adolescents;table42-6,p164
[5]. Minal Sharma,Shubhada kanani; grandmothers' influence on child care; Indian journal of Pediatr; April 2006;p295-298.

Abstract: Background: Alimentary tract malignancies in children are rare and the incidence is less than 1% of pediatric tumors. Rapid diagnosis is essential for early surgical intervention and adjuvant therapy in case of malignant tumors . Aims and Objectives: This study was undertaken to ascertain the clinical profile, anatomic distribution and histological subtypes of all pediatric gastrointestinal masses..........

Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract mass, pediatric age group, imprint cytology.

[1] Kliegman R. Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA:
WB Saunders; 2007:491
[2] Dham BB. The gastrointestinal tract. In: Stocker JT, Dehner LP. eds (1992) Pediatric Pathology. Vol 1. JB Lippincott Company,
Philadelphia: 653-702
[3] Primary Gastrointestinal Malignancies in Childhood and Adolescence - an Asian Perspective Amna Khurshed, Rashida Ahmed,
Yasmin Bhurgri. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: 8(4):613-7.
[4] CastellinoRA, Bellani FF, Gasparini M, Musumeci R. Radiographic findings in previously untreated children with non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma. Radiology1975;117(3 pt 1):657–663.
[5] Khurshed A, Ahmed R, Bhurgri Y. Primary gastrointestinal malignancies in childhood and adolescence: An Asian perspective.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2007;8:613–7.

Abstract: Provisional prosthesis are the restorations that provide interim protection, mastication, esthetics and positional stability while the definitive restorations are being fabricated. Flexural strength is an important mechanical property that determines the long term prognosis of provisional restoration. Although provisional prosthesis are used for short period of time, flexural strength of provisional material cannot be neglected. This study was an attempt to determine flexural strength Of commercially available autopolymerising material (DPI) and heat cure material ( DPI ) at the time interval of 24 hours of fabrication and after 7 days of fabrication.......

Keywords: Autopolymerising resin, Flexural strength, Heat cure resin, Provisional prosthesis, 3Point flexural test.

[1]. Federick DR. The provisional fixed partial denture. J prosthet Dent 1975.
[2]. Haselton DR, Diaz-Arnold AM, Vargas MA, Flexural strength of provisional Crown and Fixed partial denture, J Prosthet Dent 2002.
[3]. Tacir IH, Kama JD, Flexural properties of glass fiber reinforced acrylic fiber reinforced. Aust dent J 2006,
[4]. Col m viswambaran ,Manjeet kumar an evaluation of fracture resistance of interim fixed partial denture fabricated using polymethymethacrylate and reinforced by different fibres for its optimal placement, MJAFI Vol 67, no4 (2011)
[5]. Lisa A knobloch, ronold e kerrby Relative fracture toughness of acrylic resin, J Prosthet Dent (2012)

Abstract: Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of Carbohydrate, Lipid and Protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure, in both men and women. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) is a routinely used marker for long-term glycemic control. Elevated HbA1c has been regarded as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in subjects with or without diabetes..........

Keywords: DM,HbA1C, CHD and Dyslipidemia.

[1]. C. Ronald Kahn,George L. King, et al. ,Joslins diabetes mellitus -14th edition (New York, Lippincott Williams & wilkins, 2005) ;331-338.
[2]. Hubert HB, FeinleibM, McNamara PM et al. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Circulation,67,1983,968-977.
[3]. Amos Af, McCarty DJ, Zimmet P. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. DiabetMed, 14 (Suppl.5), 1997,S1-S85.
[4]. Hammoud T, Tanguay JF, Bourassa MG. Management of coronary artery disease: therapeutic options in patients with diabetes. J Am CollCardiol, 36, 2000,355-65.
[5]. Caixas A, Ordonez-Lianos J, de leiva A et al. Optimization of glycemic control by insulin therapy decreases the proportion of small dense LDL particles in diabetic patients. Diabetes,46,1997,1207-13.

Abstract: Background and objective:Different factors influence the severity of respiratory infection such as causative pathogen and the host immune response. Vitamins and micronutrients play important roles in supporting immune system, and their homeostasis have a crucial importance in response to infections. Nutritional deprivation both for micronutrients and vitamins especially Zinc and vitamins A and D are particularly common in children of Middle East and Asia. This problem arises from their poor and inadequate diet besides the loss of nutrients in course of recurrent infections. Materials and methods:This was a cross-sectional trial on 25 patients, admitted to pediatric wards of two referral children hospitals in Tehran, Iran, due to acute respiratory tract infection, who were compared to 40 other patients admitted to surgical ward for elective surgery. 72% of the patients were male and 28% female. The average age was 2.17years. Serum levels of Zinc, vitamins A and D were measured in both groups using atomic methods, ELISA and spectrophotometry, respectively..........

Keywords: vitamin A, vitamin D, Zinc, respiratory tract infection.

[1]. Behrman RE,Kliegman RM. Fever Without a Focus. Nelson Text book of Pediatrics. Saunders, Philadelphia.2016:841-846.
[2]. Schweich PJ. Fever in young infants. In MCMillan JA principles &practice.Lippincot Williams &Wilkins.2006:701-
702.
[3]. Bennett RT,Mazzaccaro RJ, Chopra N, Melman A, Franco I. Suppression of ... A and E in ascending pyelonephritis in rats. J
Urol. 1999; 161:1681-4.
[4]. Black MM. Micronutrient deficiencies and cognitive Functioning. J Nutr 2003 ; 133(supple 2):3927-31S
[5]. ShankarAH , prasadAS. Zinc and immune function : the biological basis of altered resistance to infection . Am J Clin Nute
1998;68(447S-63S)

Abstract: Aim: To study the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of travoprost 0.004% benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-free versus latanoprost 0.005% in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Settings and Design: Prospective, randomized, comparative study in 30 patients of POAG/ocular hypertension with moderate glaucomatous damage were included. Material and Methods: The patients were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups, each having a sample size of 15 patients. All the patients were subjected to the detailed ocular examination at baseline and 12 weeks after starting the study treatment...........

Keywords:Intraocular pressure, Latanoprost, Travoprost ,Primary open angle glaucoma, Ocular hypertension.

[1]. Kaur IP, Lal S, Rana C, Kakkar S & Singh H(2009): Ocular preservatives: associated risks and
newer options. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 28: 93–103.
[2]. Kahook MY, Noecker RJ. Comparison of corneal and conjunctival changes after dosing of travoprost preserved with sofZia,
latanoprost with 0.02% benzalkonium chloride, and preservative-free artificial tears.Cornea. 2008;27(3):339–343.
[3]. Kahook MY, Noecker R. Quantitative analysis of conjunctival goblet cells after chronic application of topical drops. Adv Ther.
2008;25(8): 743–751.
[4]. Horsley MB, Kahook MY. Effects of prostaglandin analog therapy on the ocular surface of glaucoma patients. Clin Ophthalmol.
2009;3:291–295.
[5]. Lewis RA, Katz GJ, Weiss MJ et al. (2007): Travoprost 0.004% with and without benzalkonium chloride: a comparison of safety
and efficacy. J Glaucoma 16: 98–103.

Abstract: Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common developmental anomalies in children. Affected children require special care in dentistry because of their susceptibility to infective endocarditis from oral infections and at high risk to develop oral diseases. Materials and methods: The sample involved children with congenital heart disease (Cases) consisted of 399 male and female aged between (6-12) years, attending to Ibn Al-Bitar specialized center for cardiac surgery. Control group of 485 children were examined from primary schools in Baghdad city. Modified Gingival Index (MGI) was used to assess gingival condition of participants by lobene (1986). Diagnosis of dental anomalies was assessed following criteria of WHO (1977). The assessment of nutritional status was performed using height for age following Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth chart (3). All data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (IBMSPSS) version 23...........

Keywords: CHD, dental anomalies, gingival health, nutrition..

[1]. Bernier L, Stefanescu A, Samoukovic G, Tchervenkov I. The challenge of congenital heart disease worldwide: epidemiologic and demographic facts. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2010; 13:26-34.
[2]. Cameron A, Widmer R. Handbook of pediatric dentistry. 3rd ed. Mosby, Elesvir, 2008.
[3]. Shah G, Singh M, Pandey T, Kalakheti B, Bhandari G. Incidence of congenital heart disease in tertiary care hospital. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 2008; 6: 33-36.
[4]. Kliegman R, Stanton B, Schor N, Geme J and Behram R. Nelson textbook of pediatrics; 19th ed. USA, 2011.p. 1549-1600.
[5]. Malanchuk V, Borysenko A, Khomenko L, Nespriadko V, Ostapko O, Kulbashna Y, Kolenko Y, Zhegulovich Z. Oral and maxillofacial surgery. Part 1. Vinnytsia, Nova Knyha Publisher, 2011..

Abstract: Introduction: The last two decades have seen a significant rise in infections caused by Candida species in various clinical conditions. Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated yeasts in clinical laboratory , but now there is a predominant rise in infections caused by non-albicans Candida.. Differentiating among Candida species in laboratory is very important because of the differences in the virulence of the species and in their susceptibility to anti-fungal drugs...........

Keywords: .......

[1]. Chakrabarti A,Kaur R,Das S.Molecular methods for diagnosis of fungal infections.Indian J Med Microbial 2000;18:146-52
[2]. Sullivan, D., Henman, M., Moran, G., et al. 1996. Molecular genetic approaches to identification, epidemiology and taxonomy of non-albicans Candida species. J Med Microbiol. 44:399-408.
[3]. J. C. O. Sardi, L. Scorzoni, T. Bernardi, A. M. Fusco-Almeida, and M. J. S. Mendes Giannini, "Candida species: current epidemiology,pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal
[4]. products and new therapeutic options," Journal of MedicalMicrobiology, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 10–24, 2013
[5]. Sagarika Pradhan, S. Singh, M. P. Samal, R. Murthy, S. Pandey. "Characterization and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Spp. Isolated from Clinical Specimens". Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2015; Vol. 4, Issue 40, May 18; Page: 7004-7012, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1017