IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-13 ~ Issue-11 ~ November. 2019

Abstract: Aflatoxin contamination of grain has continued to pose a significant threat to sustainable food security and trade worldwide. In the field, there are incidences of varying contamination levels in grain within the same niche. We hypothesize that the variation could be due to fungal species interaction at the kernel level. Seventeen isolates (14 Aspergillus flavus and 3 Aspergillus parasiticus) from Eastern Kenya were selected and confirmed for toxigenicity using Dichlorvos-Ammonia method, then cultured based on their isolation frequencies and co-existence in nature. The fungi were co-cultured using maize kernels as growth substrate, which was then used to estimate aflatoxin produced in a competitive ELISA. A one-sample two-tailed t-test was carried out to determine......

Keywords: Toxigenicity; aflatoxins; fungal interactions; Aspergillus; Dichlorvos-Ammonia

[1]. P. Bhatnagar-Mathur, S. Sunkara, M. Bhatnagar-Panwar, F. Waliyar, and K.K. Sharma, Biotechnological advances for combating Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination in crops, Plant Science, 234, 2015, 119-132.
[2]. L. Lewis, M. Onsongo, H. Njapau, H. Schurz-Rogers, G. Luber, S. Kieszak, J. Nyamongo, L. Backer, A.M. Dahiye, and A. Misore, Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in eastern and central Kenya, Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(12), 2005, 1763.
[3]. J.H. Daniel, L.W. Lewis, Y.A. Redwood, S. Kieszak, R.F. Breiman, W. Dana, C. Bell, J. Mwihia, G. Ogana, S. Likimani, M. Straetemans, and M.A. McGeehin, Comprehensive assessment of maize aflatoxin levels in eastern Kenya, 2005-2007, Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(12), 2011, 1794-1799.
[4]. M.A. Obonyo, and E.N. Salano, Perennial and seasonal contamination of maize by aflatoxins in eastern Kenya, International Journal of Food Contamination, 5(1), 2018, 6.
[5]. R. Bandyopadhyay, A. Ortega-Beltran, A. Akande, C. Mutegi, J. Atehnkeng, L. Kaptoge, A. Senghor, B. Adhikari, and P. Cotty, Biological control of aflatoxins in Africa: current status and potential challenges in the face of climate change, World Mycotoxin Journal, 9(5). 2016, 771-789..

Abstract: The biodegradation effects of agro-wastes (poultry droppings and cow dung) on some physico-chemical properties of the effluents were assessed. Triplicate slurries (1:3 w/v) of five ratios of poultry droppings and cow dung: (0:1, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 and 1:0 as treatments A, B, C, D and E) were separately fed into 13.6L locally constructed digesters, under strict anaerobic condition. They were kept for eight weeks retention period. Separate fractions of the undigested and digested treatments were subjected to standard assay procedures to determine their C, N, heavy contents, chemical oxygen demand(COD). The average weekly temperature and the pH before and after digestion of the media were measured. The cumulative biogas yield was in the order of treatment C (2961.0ml) > D(2241.7ml) > E(2197.9ml) > A(2079.0ml) > B(2031.1ml), based on the following mixing ratios.........

Keywords: Anaerobic, Co-Digestion, Biogas, Cow dung, Maize Cob and Effluents

[1]. Burak D., Paul, S., Orhan, Y., & Turgut, T. O.(2010). Production of Methane and Hydrogen from Biomass Through Conventional and High-Rate Anaerobic Digestion Processes. Journal Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 116-146.
[2]. Ojolo, S. J., Oke, S. A., Animasahun, K. & Adesuyi, B. K. (2007). Utilization of poultry, cow and kitchen wastes for biogas production: A comparative analysis. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health, Science and Engineering, 4 (4), 232-228.
[3]. Chomini, M.S., Ogbonna, C.I.C., Falemara, B.C. & Micah, P. (2015). Effect of Co-Digestion of Cow Dung and Poultry Manure on Biogas Yield, Proximate and Amino Acid Contents of Their Effluents e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. 8 (11) I (Nov. 2015), PP 48-56 www.iosrjournals.org
[4]. Anhuradha, S. G, Vigayagopal, V. Radha, P. & Ramanujam, R. (2007). Kinetic studies and anaerobic co-digestion of vegetable market wastes and sewage sludge. Clean 35 (2) 197 – 199. www. Clean – Journal. Com.
[5]. Orheruata, A.M. and Omoyakhi, J.M. (2008): Livestock-Environment Interaction: Issues and options in Nigeria. Journal of Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 12(2) 129 – 133

Abstract: This research work focused on the determination of the phytochemical properties of oil extracted from the meat of nonvenomous snake specie, 'Python Bivittatus', a Burmese Python, which is considered as sub-specie of the Python Molurus. Varying forms of snake (python) oils exist, with varying characteristics, each having different concentrations/strengths of activity. The python oil used for this study was collected from the extraction point at Umunnochi in Isukwuato L.G.A. of Abia State of Nigeria, where the dealers employed local (smoking) techniques to separate the oil from the meat of the already-dead python. The oil was subjected to centrifugation to remove.......

Keywords: Analysis, Python Oil, Corrosion Control, Metallic Material

[1]. Arivalagan M., Gangopadhyay K.K. and Kumar G. (2013) . Determination of Steroidal saponins and Fixed Oil Content in Fenugreek; Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 75(1): 110-113.
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[3]. Bailey R. (2018) . 7 Weird Facts About Snakes; Science Technical; 8(2): 181-188.
[4]. Bele A.A., Jadhav V.M. and Kadam V.J. (2010) . Potentials of Tannins: A Review; Asian Journal of Plant Sciences; 9(4): 209-214.
[5]. Chai F.K., Adzahan N.M., Karim R., Rukayadi Y. and Ghazali H.M. (2018) . Characteristics of fat, Saponin and Tannin Contents of 11 Varieties of Rambutan Seeds; International Journal of Food Properties; 21(1): 1091-1106;.

Abstract: A survey was conducted in 2007 to assess the total employment opportunity, swan timber and the so-called waste products of the sawmills under Chattogram City Corporation area considered as the study area. The findings show that around 619 workers/staffs (permanent and temporary) work in 65 sawmills of the city whose salary ranges from Tk. 2,500.00 to Tk. 6,000.00. A total volume of 28,494 cu.m round logs with 15,461 tonnes of weight was found to be swan annually in the sawmills while the total sawn timber was 19,366 cu.m with 10,513 tonnes of weight. If an average price of sawn timber is considered to be Tk 20,000.00 per cu.m, the total value of the sawn timber......

Keywords: Sawn timber, Trimmings, Sawdust, Residue

[1]. Kibria, M.G.; Sarker, D.C.; Hossain, M.A. T.; Mannan, M.A.; Motaleb, M.A. and Islam, S.S. 2000. Forest Statistics of Bangladesh, Bulletin no.4, Forest Economics Division, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong.
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Abstract: The current study is on the perception of environmental management practice and ecosystem sustainability in rivers state. The study used the survey research design and primary data was generated using the developed copies of questionnaire. Data generated were presented in tables and statistical diagrams; while data analysis was achieved using the brown-Forsythe test. The result indicates the inhabitants (47.25%) are concerned about the way the environment in the study area is being managed. Similarly, the majority of inhabitants (68.9) suggest that the environmental management practice in the area is not sustainable; citing Species extinction (47.25%), pollution (48.5%), deforestation (52.25%) etc. the brown-Forsythe statistics showed that the perception of environmental management practice is not statistically different in the three senatorial districts of the study area at P>0.05. As a result of findings, the study strongly recommends a holistic approach to environmental management in the study area, while creating policies that will engender sustainable environmental practices in the.

Keywords: Perception, environmental-management, ecosystem, sustainability

[1]. Bennett, E.M., Cramer, W., Begossi, A., Cundill, G., Díaz, S., Egoh, B.N., Geijzendorffer, I.R., & Krug, C.B., Lavorel, S., Lazos, E., (2015). Linking biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being: Three challenges for designing research for sustainability. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 14, 76–85.
[2]. Bennett, N.J., Roth, R., Klain, S.C., Chan, K., Christie, P., Clark, D.A., Cullman, G., Curran, H., Durbin, T.G., Epstein, G. (2017). Conservation social science: Understanding and integrating human dimensions to improve conservation. Biol. Conserv., 205, 93–108.
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Abstract: Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings. In terms of public and environmental health, it is essential that water sources should be free from any physical, chemical and pathogenic microbes for safe drinking purposes. In India, Jharkhand has population of over 32 million with almost 54% of it living below the poverty line and most of them are directly dependent on surface water for their daily works like bathing, washing as well as drinking. In Ranchi main source of surface water is rainfall, it is approximately 1316 mm which creates surface water in this region and is also found in the form of surface runoff and stagnant water. In this research article we have closely monitored the surface water in Hatia region namely Basargarh pond Hatia for four months from the month of March to June 2019.

Keywords: Pond, Fluoride, Coliform, water pollution, Heavy metal, contamination,

[1]. Nitasha Khatri &SanjivTyagi, "Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas" Frontiers in Life Science, 2015, Vol. 8, No. 1; 23–39.
[2]. May AM, Mutasem E, Mark DS, John, NL. Factors influencing development of management strategies for the Abou Ali River in Lebanon. Sci Total Environ 2006; 362: 15- 30
[3]. Nada Sasakovaet. al., "Pollution of Surface and Ground Water by sources related to agricultural Activities" Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2018; Vol. 2, No. 42: 1-11.
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[5]. Hitesh N. Panchal, P. K. Shah, Modelling and verification of hemispherical solar still using ANSYS CFD, International Journal of Energy and Environment, 2013, Volume 4, Issue 3, 427-440.

Abstract: In the rural areas, death due to agricultural poisons is quite common especially Celphos. Death may occur immediately or get delayed for days or weeks together, where the poisoning may not be the cause of death actually. In such cases, the determination of exact cause of death may be difficult as external appearance may not give any clue or internal examination may even sometimes does not reveal anything on gross examination.Nearly 30,000 people die every year because of pesticide poisoning, worldwide. Out of these, most common pesticide agents are organophosphates and phosphides, Aluminium Phosphide in particular. It is a well-known and highly effective outdoor and indoor insecticide and rodenticide.The highest incidence of poisoning was reported in case of household agents followed by drugs and agricultural pesticides. The histopathological findings have shown congestion in 100% cases and fatty changes in liver in75% of cases of poisoning due to AlP......

Keywords: Celphos, Aluminium Phosphide(AlP), hepatotoxicity, steatosis, fatty liver, sinusoidal congestion, Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)

[1]. Domeneh B H, Zamani N, Moghaddam H H, Rahimi M, Shadnia S, Erfantalab P et al.A review of Aluminium Phosphide poisoning and a flow chart to treat it. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2016;67:183-193.
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Abstract: Dioclea reflexa was processed into flour and used to supplement wheat flour in the percentages of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 for biscuit production. Flour blends were evaluated for functional and pasting characteristics, while biscuits were analysed for proximate composition and sensory qualities. Proximate analysis results showed significant (p≤0.05) increase in protein (9.83 – 13.85%), fat (3.86 – 4.72%), fiber (2.03 - 3.84%), while moisture (10.43 -9.83%) and carbohydrate (70.49-60.95) content decreased with inclusion of Dioclea reflexa. No significant differences (p≥0.05) occurred in the sensory qualities of products from 100% wheat and 92.5: 7.5 flour blend. Hence acceptable biscuit from 92.5: 7.5 (wheat: Dioclea reflexa) blend have been formulated, which could enhance the nutritional wellness of the target consumers.

Keywords: Dioclea reflexa, Wheat flour, Proximate Composition, Functional Properties, Sensory Evaluations

[1]. Okpala, L.C and V. A Chinyelu (2011). Physiochemical Nutritional and Organoleptic Evaluation of cookies from Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan ) and cocoyam (Xanthosoma sp) flour blends. Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutri. Dev. 11:1-13.
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Abstract: The aim of the study was to detect mastitis and their effect on levels of oxidative product, using milk malondialdehyde (MDA) and selected milk parameters in dairy cows. During the complex investigation of 123 lactating cows, 612 quarter milk samples were exanimated and classified by clinical examination, abnormal udder secretions, assessment of the California mastitis test (CMT), with collecting of milk samples for detection of milk malondialdehyde level (MDA), somatic cell count (SCC), milk protein, fat and bacteriological identification of pathogens causing mastitis. Positive CMT score was recorded of 19.2% (118) exanimated quarters and 12.5% (76) quarters were confirmed bacterial pathogens causing latent (LM; 1.3%), subclinical (SM; 8.3%) and clinical (CM; 3.0%) mastitis.....

Keywords: Mammary gland, Mastitis, Diagnostic, Malonaldehyde, Somatic cell count

[1]. Pecka-Kiełb E, Vasil M, Zachwieja A, Zawadzki W, Elečko J, Zigo F, Illek J, Farkasova, Z. An effect of mam-mary gland infection caused by Streptococcus uberis on composition and physicochemical changes of cows' milk. Pol J Vet Sci. 2016; 19: 49-55.
[2]. Zigo F, Elečko J, Farkašová Z, Zigová M, Vasiľ M, Ondrašovičová S, Kudělková L. Preventive methods in reduction of mastits pathogens in dairy cows. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 2019; 9(1): 121-126. doi: 10.15414/jmbfs.2019.9.1. pp. 121-126.
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[4]. Suriyasathaporn W, Vinitketkumnuen U, Chewonarin T, Boonyayatra S, Kreausukon K, Schukken YH. Higher somatic cell counts resulted in higher malondialdehyde concentrations in raw cows' milk. International Dairy Journal, 2006; 16: 1088-1091.
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Abstract: Proximate, phytochemical and anti-nutrients compositions of fresh and blanched leaves of sweet potato, ikpan and cocoyam were evaluated. The moisture content of fresh ikpan, and cocoyam leaves was significantly (p<0.05) higher than their blanched samples while fresh samples of sweet potato had lower values. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the crude protein contents of blanched ikpan and sweet potato leaves while a reduction was observed in blanched cocoyam leaf. The crude lipid content of the fresh leaves had significantly higher values compared to the blanched leaves. It was also observed that there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the ash content whereas....

Keywords: leaves, moisture content, blanched, reduction, fresh

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[2]. Alozie YE, Ene-Obong HN. Recipe standardization, nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) and wild spinach (Gnetum africanum) soup ''afang" commonly consumed in South-south Nigeria. Food Chemistry. 2017;1-8.
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Abstract: The compounding problems on the challenges of poor access to potable water in the core Niger Delta region of Nigeria are ignorance, carelessness and the quest for fast profits; which has rendered most if not all natural water bodies into waste sink leaving untold health risk on the end user. This necessitated to the experimental study of the Epie Creek for eight months in two seasons. Water samples for physiochemical and biological parameters were analysed in triplicate from seven sample sites (2km a part) labelled A-G. The analysis shows that DO and phosphate during the wet season; faecal coliform, turbidity and BOD5, in both seasons were above NIS (2015) recommended standards for drinking water; other parameters have suitable condition compared to standard level. At stations A and B, the water quality index during the dry season is class III classification, scientifically described....

Keywords: Epie Creek, Water Quality Index, Water Quality Classification, Niger Delta, Physiochemical and Biological parameters

[1]. Agedah, E.C.; E. R. Ineyougha; S. C. Izah and Orutugu, L. A. (2015): Enumeration of total heterotrophic bacteria and some physico-chemical characteristics of surface water used for drinking sources in Wilberforce Island, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 3 (1): 28 – 34.
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[5]. Bariweni,P.A. and Amukali, O. (2017): Wetland Cover Changes In Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, Port Harcourt,Journal of Social Sciences,. University of PortHarcourt, 7(1):15 - 23, ISSN: 1118-00064.

Abstract: The effects of different processing techniques such as boiling, soaking, blanching and roasting on the amino acid profile of black gram were studied. The raw seeds of black gram (Vignamungo) were boiled (at 100oC for 60, 90 and 120 minutes),soaked (at 30oC for 2, 4 and 6 hours),blanched (at 100oC for 4, 8 and 12 minutes) and roasted at 80oC for 30, 40 and 50 minutes). The amino acid profile of the processed and raw samples was determined using Amino Acid Analyzer.The processing treatments showed significant effect (P≤0.05) on each parameter. The result showed that 50 minutes roasting increased the amino acid composition of leucine, isoleucine,phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, methione, aspartic acid, glutamic, alanine, cystine, histidine, serine, tyrosine, and arginine except for Aliphatic amino acids (proline and glycine) while 120 minutes boiling generally decreased the.....

Keywords: Black gram, amino acid, processing treatment, roasting, boiling, blanching, soaking

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Abstract: The calcareous formations are generally good reservoirs of groundwater offering water of good physicochemical quality; this is the case of the calcareous of the middle atlasic causse. The Agurai calcareous causse, which is the subject of our study, constitutes the western part of the great structural unit of the tabular Middle Atlas, formed essentially by dolomitic calcareous soils of liasic age; it shows at its foot, water sources with high flows, which have long been the main source of food in the Saïs Basin in groundwater. The study of water quality by periodic monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of the sources and representative water points makes it possible to evaluate the degree of infiltration of the chemicals used in agriculture in the aquifer and which can constitute a very high potential for pollution. This follow-up consisted of sampling and chemical analysis of the water from four sources and four well-distributed wells on the Agurai causse.

Keywords: calcareous, water, causse, Agouraï, hydrochemistry, pollution, quality

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