IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-17 ~ Issue-1 ~ January 2023

Abstract: RCRA §1004(27) defines a solid waste as, "any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility, and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations and from community activities." It is essentially any waste material generated by human activity, though even animal waste can sometimes be included in it. It is usually low in liquid content, hence being termed as Solid waste.

[1]. https://www.heritage-enviro.com/what-is-a-solid-waste/
[2]. https://www.indiawaterportal.org/topics/solid-waste
[3]. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/solid-waste/6-main-types-of-solid-waste-mana gement/30162
[4]. https://vikaspedia.in/energy/environment/waste-management/bio-medical-waste- management/biomedical-waste-and-its-segregation
[5]. https://www.coursera.org/lecture/solid-waste-management/2-1-policies-and-legisl ation-ZLpwN

Abstract: Vegetable oils obtained from fruits and seeds have a rather important part of the diet. They are some underutilized oilseeds species as Raphiahookeri. Physicochemical properties of oil extracted from Raphiahookerimesocarp was analyzed before and afterepoxidation reaction. The results showed that the extraction yield was 53.46%. The epoxidation reaction gave a conversion of 99.8% and a selectivity of 52.4%. Before epoxidation, refractive index, relative density kinematic viscosity, iodine index, acid index, peroxide index, saponification index, unsaponifiable......

Keywords: Raphiahookeri G. Mann & H. Wendl;mesocarp of fruit, oil, physicochemichal properties;epoxidation reaction.

Abstract: The recent paper underline the nowadays questions emerged and related with climate change, disaster displacement and migration. It's deal with people' vulnerability, consequences and legal framework. The newest researches suggest that half a billion people could be pushed into poverty as economies around the world shrink because of the coronavirus outbreak. Background: Risk is all around us. After the events of 2020, it's not surprising that the level and variety of risks we face have become more pronounced than ever. This is especially important for global risks that have a direct or indirect impact on the national security system, as a key element of the country' critical infrastructure. So the risk assessment became one of the most important.......

Keywords: Climate change, migration, displacement, COVID-19, risk assessment, natural events

[1]. The_Global_Risks_Report_2021http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2021.pdf .
[2]. KFF : //www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use/
[3]. Wellbeing Trust (2021). Projected deaths of despair from covid-19 https://wellbeingtrust.org/areas-of-focus/policy-and-advocacy/reports/projected-deaths-of-despair-during-covid-19/
[4]. Bener AHolt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B., Baker, M., Harris, T., Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. PerspectPsychol Sci., 10(2), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
[5]. The World Bank (2020). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1602-4. ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1603-1. DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1602-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2020947094.

Abstract: The present study was done to assess the suitability of groundwater for portability and other consumption purposes. Seven different Physico-chemical parameters were taken into account to calculate the Water Quality Index (WQI) based on a recommended agency like the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The total alkalinity of groundwater in the Heeranagar village was observed higher. The mean value for parameter nitrate is 68 mg/L, and the standard deviation calculated is 15.13 which is higher than the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 45 mg/L. The mean value of the parameter fluoride for the assessment period is 1.64mg/L, and the standard deviation calculated is 0.49 which isalso higher than the acceptable limit. Due to higher concentrations of nitrate, fluoride, and higher the values of TDS, WQI is not excellent for the selected village sample source.

[1]. Indian Village Directory. (2022) Villageinfo.InRetrieved fromhttps://villageinfo.in/rajasthan/sikar/neem-ka-thana/sirohi.html
[2]. Kakodia,A.K.,Machhar, K.C., Tanwar, K., Lal, S. ( ). Physico-Chemical Analysis of Drinking Water Samples of Tamatiya Village of Ghatol Block, Banswara, Rajasthan, Proceedings of National Seminar on Scientific world around You and in Cosmos, ISBN: 978-81-7906-893-9, 2020, 116-118.
[3]. Kumar, R., Kumar, S.,Kumar, B., Kakodia,A.K., Tanwar, K.,(). Assessment of Compression study Previous and Present Ground Water in Circle of AroundSitapura. Proceedings of National Seminar on Recent Trends in Chemical Sciences: Global Opportunities and Challenges. (2016), 244-249, ISBN:978-93-5254-671-8. [4]. Lal, S., Kakodia, A. K., & Verma, S. K. (2022). Alkaline Water and Human Health: Significant Hypothesize. Journal of Applied Science and Education (JASE), 2(2), 1-11.
[5]. Machchhar, K., Verma, S.K., Tanwar, K., Singh, S., & Kakodia, A. K., (2020). Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water of Village Amar Singh KaGadaOfGhatol Block, Banswara (Rajasthan). International Journal of Engineering Research,9(2), ISSN:2319-6890 (O), 2347-5013(P)

Abstract: Considering a global issue pertaining to impact of heavy metals on environmental components, this overview covers the action-packed progression of 'Bioremediation' at diversified level. An augmentation of heavy metal in water bodies alongwith the soil in close environs to industries making it lethal and for scheming it, bioremediation is brought into task including a sequence of processes, with the aid of metal resistance microorganisms, followed by accumulation of metal like Zinc, Cadmium and Arsenic. Moreover, amongst the microorganisms, capable of bioremediation of the major pollutant elements, namely, lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, encircling their individual allowable limits, in context to foods and beverages, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been revealed to be an appealing preference.......

Keywords: Bioremediation, biosorption, contaminants, environment, food safety, heavy metals, human health.

[1]. Mishra, S., Dwivedi, S.P. and Singh, R.B. (2010). A review on epigenetic effect of heavy metal carcinogens on human health. The Open Nutraceuticals Journal 3: 188-193.
[2]. Mudgal, V., Madaan, N., Mudgal, A., Singh, R.B., Mishra, S. (2010). Effect of toxic metals on human health. The Open Nutraceuticals Journal 3: 94-99.
[3]. Kaphi, M. and Sachdeva, S. (2019). Bioremediation options for heavy metal pollution. Journal of Health & Pollution 9 (24): 191203-191222.
[4]. Tchounwou, P.B., Yedjou, C.G., Patlolla, A.K. and Sutton, D.J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl. 101:133-64.
[5]. Leivadara, S.V., Nikolaou, A.D. and Lekkas, T.D. (2008). Determination of organic compounds in bottled waters. Food Chem. 108: 277-86.

Abstract: Microalgae are considered as a feedstock of third-generation biofuel without competing with land crops, displays promising viable alternative energy source to substitute fossil fuels. Wastewater streams are the prerequisites of organic and inorganic compounds for the cultivation of the microalgae culture converting CO2 into fuel products in a lucrative way to minimize environmental pollution and greenhouse effect. Studies on the mixotrophic mode of microalgae demonstrated the potential to accumulate metabolites (lipids, starch, etc.) and reported domestic wastewater purification by Chlorella minutissima sp. The real interest in microalgae anaerobic digestion lies in its ability to mineralize nitrogen and phosphorus. It results in a flux of phosphate and ammonium as substrate that can be further processed to produce fertilizers. Many species produce amounts of lipids as high as 50–60% of their dry weight including Botryococcusbraunii sp., Chlorella vulgaris sp., and Nitzschialaevis sp........

Keywords: Microalgae; Waste water treatment; Biofuel; Environmental pollution; CO2 sequestration

[1]. T L da Silva, P Moniz, C Silva, and A Reis. The role of heterotrophic microalgae in waste conversion to biofuels and bioproducts." Processes 9, no. 7 -2021: 1090.
[2]. F Javed, Muhammad, R Naim, S Zufishan, A L Khan, Y Muhammad, T Fazal et al. Microalgae-based biofuels, resource recovery and wastewater treatment: a pathway towards sustainable biorefinery. Fuel 255-2019: 115826.
[3]. MI Khan, JH Shin, and JD Kim. The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products. Microbial cell factories 17, no. 1 2018: 1-21.
[4]. Y Ghasemi, S R Amini, A T Naseri, N Montazeri-Najafabady, M A Mobasher, and F Dabbagh. Microalgae biofuel potentials. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 48, no. 2 2012 : 126-144.
[5]. R Sedjo, and S Brent. Carbon sequestration in forests and soils. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 4, no. 1 - 2012: 127-144..

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection in wastewater could help in predicting number of infected persons in a given area. We aimed to detect SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater by qRT-PCR targeting different virus genes using in house designed primers. A total of 21 wastewater samples (2 liters each) were collected from influent of Zenin wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Egypt between August 2021 and March 2022 and primers targeting SARS-CoV-2 S, N and E genes were used for detection. Results showed that detection sensitivity was highly affected by the target gene which was 95, 90, and 76% upon targeting the virus N, S, and E genes, respectively.....

Keywords: qRT-PCR, SARS-CoV2, Target gene, Wastewater

[1]. Ahmed, W., Bivins, A., Simpson, S.L., Smith, W.J.M., Metcalfe, S., McMinn, B., Symonds, E.M., Korajkic, A. 2021 Comparative analysis of rapid concentration methods for the recovery of SARS-CoV-2 and quantification of human enteric viruses and a sewage associated marker gene in untreated wastewater.Sci Total Environ, 10, 799:149386.
[2]. Buston, S.A., Benes, V., Garson, J.A., Hellemans, J., Huggett, J., Kubista, M., Mueller, R., Nolan, T., Pfaffl, M.W., Shipley, G.L., Vandesompele, J., Wittwer, C.T .2009 The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clin. Chem., 55 (4): 611-622.
[3]. CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-classifications.html.
[4]. Farkas, K. , Hillary, L.S., Thorpe, J., Walker, D.I., Lowther,J.A. ,McDonald, J.E., Malham,S.k., Jones, D.L., 2021. Concentration and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater Using Polyethylene Glycol-Based ConcentrationandqRT-PCR.MethodsProtoc,4: 17.https://doi.org/10.3390/mps4010017.
[5]. Katayama, H., Shimasaki, A., Ohgaki, S. 2002 Development of a virus concentration method and its application to detection of enterovirus and norwalk virus from coastal seawater. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68:1033–1039..

Abstract: Risk identification in projects was established and recognized in the early 1970s. Over the years, advanced frameworks, principles, and concepts have emerged and developed, providing a new locus for various risks and their evaluation and management. Such developments hold relevant significance in many contexts, for example, industrial parks (IPs) where the risk concentration is higher than in other projects. Identifying and applying the principles and appropriate methods for risk identification represent the foundation or baseline for effective mitigation. The purpose of such risk identification models is comprehensively investigated in this paper while focusing on industrial parks as a risk field.....

Keywords: risk identification, concepts, models, industrial parks, stakeholder's theory, risk evaluation

[1]. Al Rahahleh, N., Ishaq Bhatti, M., &NajunaMisman, F. (2019). Developments in risk management in Islamic finance: A review. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(1), 37.https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12010037
[2]. Aravossis, K. G., Kapsalis, V. C., Kyriakopoulos, G. L., &Xouleis, T. G. (2019). Development of a holistic assessment framework for industrial organizations. Sustainability, 11(14), 3946.https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143946
[3]. Aven, T. (2016). Risk assessment and risk management: Review of recent advances on their foundation. European Journal of Operational Research, 253(1), 1-13.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.12.023
[4]. Aven, T., & Zio, E. (2014). Foundational issues in risk assessment and risk management. Risk Analysis, 34(7), 1164-1172.https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12132
[5]. Bellantuono, N., Carbonara, N., &Pontrandolfo, P. (2017). The organization of eco-industrial parks and their sustainable practices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 362-375.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.082.

Abstract: Carbendazim is use to protect crops, fruits and vegetable. Carbendazim is a member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxy carbonyl group. The present study investigated the effect of carbendazim on biochemical, behavioral and hematological parameters on fish species Cirrhinus mrigala. The study was done after 24h, 72 hand 96h during the exposure with 80% of LC50 doses (23.52 mg/l). In hematological study RBC, Hb, platelets decreased in blood, but WBC and leukocyte level increases. Protein, amino acids, glycogen, nucleic acids and enzyme succinic dehydrogenase....

Keywords: Cirrhinus mrigala, Carbendazim, LC50, haematological, Behavioral, Biochemical ecotxicological

[1]. Srivastava P and Singh A (2014) Fate of fungicides on fish, Clarias batrachus- a complete study. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany. 134 p.
[2]. Dhasarathan P, Palaniappan R, Ranjit Singh AJA (2000) Effect of endosulfan and goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to a glyphosate formulation using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. Mutagenesis 22(4): 263-268.
[3]. Pazhanisamy K, Indra N (2007) Toxic effects of arsenic on protein content in the fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Nature Environment and pollution Technology 6(1): 113-116.
[4]. Shankar KM, Kiran BR, Venkateshwarlu M (2013) A review on toxicity of pesticides in fish. International Journal of Open Scientific Research 1(1): 15-36.
[5]. Mathur SC (1999) Future of Indian pesticides industry in next millennium. Pesticide information 22(4): 9-23