IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-11 ~ November 2014

Abstract: Thispaper assessed household perception and preparednessagainst floodingin Makurdi Town. Data was obtained from the field via questionnaire survey. A total of 236 respondents, mainly household heads (both male and female), drawn randomly from residents living in flood prone areas were sampled for the study. Descriptive statistics and Chi square test were used to analyse the data. Findings reveal that most residents (84.9%) have experienced flooding in the area before and perceive that flood has increased in the last five years. Again, findings show that majority of the residents(48.7%) are aware that they are staying in areas rated to be at high risk of flooding, but have remained in the area mainly because they don't have an alternative.

1]. K.A. Aderogba,Qualitative Studies of Recent Floods and Sustainable Growth and Development of Cities and Towns in Nigeria.
International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences,1(3),2012,200-216.
[2]. K. Efobi, andC. Anierobi, Hazard Reduction Strategies for Flood Vulnerable Communities in Anambra State, Nigeria: Towards
Sustainability. International Affairs and Global Strategy,vol.16, 2013.
[3]. J.O. Ayoade, Tropical hydrology and water resources(MacMilan Publishers,Ibadan,1988).
[4]. M. Ocheri, andE. Okele, Social Impact and People's Perception of Flooding in Makurdi Town, Nigeria. Special Publication of the
Nigerian Association of Hydrological Sciences,2012.
[5]. Federal Ministry of Environment/UNDP. Automated web-based Early Warning System (EWS) Launched in Abuja,2012.
[6]. D.N. Olayinka, P.C Nwilo, andA.E.Adzandeh, From Catchment to Reach: Predictive Modelling of Flood in Nigeria, Environment
for Sustainability, 2013.

Abstract: Hydrogen sulfide is fatal to benthic aquatic lives as depletes the dissolved oxygen in their ecosystem. The present work evaluated on characterization and the application of chicken eggshell as green and economical adsorbents for the treatment of hydrogen sulfide from wastewaters. The grounded chicken eggshell were characterized into calcinate waste eggshell; activate carbon derived from wastes of eggshell (modified adsorbents) and eggshell without treatments (unmodified adsorbent).

[1] Abdulbaki , U. D., Ahmad, I. H., & Maina, M. M. (2014). Quality Assessment of Groundwater around Opendumpsites in kano Northwesten Nigeria.IOSR international journal of Enviromental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 8(9), 139–145.

[2] Asaoka, S., Yamamoto, T., Kondo, S., & Hayakawa, S. (2009). Removal of hydrogen sulfide using crushed oyster shell from pore water to remediate organically enriched coastal marine sediments. Bioresource Technology, 100(18), 4127–4132.

[3] Haddadian, Z., Shavandi, M. A., Zainal, Z., Halim, M., & Ismail, S. (2013). Removal Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solutions Using Dragon Fruit (Hylocereusundatus) Foliage. Chemical Science Transactions, 2(3), 900–910.

[4] Kumar, U., & Bandyopadhyay, M. (2006). Sorption of cadmium from aqueous solution using pretreated rice husk. Bioresource Technology, 97(1), 104–9.

Abstract: The heavy metal pollution of effluents from three food industries in Nnewi/Ogidi areas of Anambra State was carried out. Effluents from three food processing industries within Nnewi and Ogidi were sampled for a period of eight months, four months rainy season and four months dry season, for effective comparison. The wastewater samples were analyzed for heavy metal pollution using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results obtained were compared with the Federal Ministry of Environment industrial effluent limit in Nigeria, to ascertain the level of conformity of these effluents with this standard

[1]. W.H.O., Health guidelines for use of wastewater in Agriculture and Aquaculture. Technical Report, Series 778. Geneva, Switzerland, 1989, pp 65-69.
[2]. ISO, 14001., Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries off shore production-installation- guidelines on tools and techniques for hazards identification and risk assessment. Int. org. for standardization, Geneva, 2000, pp. 11-24.
[3]. Adebisi, S. A., and Fayemiwo, K. A., Pollution of Ibadan soil by industrial effluents. New York Science Journal, 3 (10), 2010, 37-41.
[4]. Ethan, J.N., Richard, W.M., Michael, G.K., The effects of an industrial effluent on an urban stream benthic community: Water quality vs habitat quality, Environmental pollution, 123 (1), 2008, 1-13.
[5]. Alao, O., Arojojoye, O., Ogunlaja, O., Famuyiwa.,A. Impact assessment of brewery effluent on water quality in Majawe, Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Researcher, 2 (5), 2010, 21-28.

Abstract: A study was conducted to compare the effect of rock phosphate & calcium phosphate on the growth and the biochemistry of the plant Brassica juncea and its impact on soil health. The rock phosphate is highly favorable than tri-calcium phosphate for the mustard growth. Physiochemical effect of the plant was evaluated through the analysis of amino acid, pigment, shoot & root biomass content of the plant. The following parameters of soil (treated with Tri calcium phosphate & Rock phosphate) such as pH, EC, moisture, ash were analyzed. The pH of the soil mixed with tri-calcium phosphate and rock phosphate was decreased slightly from original & EC was increased .

[1]. Mullins, G.L., and B.F. Hajek (1996) Phosphorous accumulation and loss from Alabama soils receiving poultry litter , Alabama Ag. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 631.
[2]. Ratti N, Kumar S, Verma HN, Gautam SP(2001),Improvement in bioavailability of tricalcium phosphate to Cymbopogonmartinii var. motia by rhizobacteria, AMF and Azospirillum inoculation. 156(2):145-9
[3]. A.L. Elliott, J.G. Davis, R.M. Waskom, Extension water resource specialist; J.R. Self, director, Soil, Water and Plant Testing Lab; and D. K. Christensen, research associate, department of horticulture. 7/05. Reviewed 10/09.
[4]. Sonam Sharma*, Vijay Kumar and Ram BabuTripathi (2011) Isolation of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganism (PSMs) From Soil J. Microbiol.Biotech. Res. 1 (2):90-95
[5]. HosseinMirseyedHosseini, Sara Khayami, HosseinBesharati andSanam.Bybord( 2010) Study of the effects of rock phosphate application with phosphate solublizing bacteria on P availability for corn World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World

Abstract: The existing conventional technologies like Reverse Osmosis, EDI(Electro Deionization), membrane filtration and Ultra Violet filtration offer solutions for drinking water, but various factors like capital and operational cost, ease of operation, maintenance and fouling had been the considerable driving factors to judge the techno-economic paradigm while making a technology selection

[1]. AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION (1999). Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration. Manual for Water Supply Practices - M46. AWWA
[2]. ATLAS ROBERT (2007). Purification of Brackish Water using Hybrid CDI-EDI Technology. Aqua EWP, LLC.
[3]. DIETZ, S. (2004). Improved Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization. TDA Research, Inc.http://www.tda.com/Library/docs/Electr_Dietz_NSF_04_Proc.pdf Access: 23 August 2004
[4]. FARMER1, J (2000). Capacitive Deionization for the Elimination of Wastes. Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program. Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
[5]. FARMER2 J.C., FIX D.V., MACK G.V., PEKALA R.W., POCO, J.F. (1995). Capacitive Deionization with Carbon Aerogel Electrodes: Carbonate, Sulfate, and Phosphate. LLNL. Internet: http:/www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/228237.pdf .Access: 12 September 2003.

Abstract: The increase in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide contributes to global warming to a large extent. In this context biological sequestration of carbon dioxide hold promise as a means for addressing this problem. In the present study atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration is achieved with the help of carbonic anhydrase produced by Bacillus schlegelii. A maximum activity of 0.0453 μ mol/ml/min was observed at pH 9 and 370C. The enzyme was active up to 700 C.

[1]. Asghari Koorosh, Mahinpey Nadre, Mirjafari Parissa, Investigating the Application of Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase for carbondioxide Sequestration Purposes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 46 , 2007,921-926.
[2]. Bharti Randhir K., Srivastava Shaili, Thakur Indu Shekhar, Proteomic Analysis of Carbon Concentrating Chemolithotrophic Bacteria Serratia sp. For Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide, PLoS ONE. 9(3). 2014 ,1-10.
[3]. Baek Hyun, BhagiyalakshmiMargandan, Grace Andrew Nirmala, Jeong Soon Kevan, Kim DaeHoon, Nam Sung Chan, Vinoba Mari, Yoon Yeoil, Carbonic Anhydrase Promotes the Absorption Rate of Carbondioxide in Post Combustion Processes,The Journal Physical Chemistry B. 117, 2013, 5683-5690.
[4]. Carroll Susan A, Friedmann Samuel J, Newmark Robin L, Water Challenges for Geologic Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Environmental Management . 45, 2010, 651–661.

Abstract: Croton oil was extracted from dry seeds by a mechanical pressing machine then filtered to remove solid impurities. Biodiesel was prepared from the oil through a two-stage process in a biodiesel reactor. The optimum reaction conditions were determined by varying parameters such as temperature, oil:methanol ratio and amount of catalysts used. The optimum conditions established in this study were temperatures of 50oC and 60oC for esterification and transesterification respectively.

[1]. Agarwal, A. K., Das, L. M. Biodiesel development and characterization for use as a fuel in compression ignition engines. ASME, Gas Turbines Power. 123, 2000, 440– 447.
[2]. American Oil Chemists Society. Determination of acid value of oils. 1980.
[3]. Bolza, E., and Keating, W.G. (1972). African timbers-the properties, use and characteristics of 700 species. CSIRO. Div. of Build. Res., Melbourne, Australia. 132 – 141.
[4]. Canakci, M., and Van Gerpen, J. Biodiesel Production from Oils and Fats with High Free Fatty Acids. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 44(6), 2001, 1429-1436.
[5]. Christie, W. W. (1989). Gas chromatography and lipids: a practical guide, Dundee. The oily press. 36-45

Abstract: Studies have shown that elevated heavy metal concentrations in water and sediments may be biomagnified along the aquatic food chains/webs and eventually affecting human health through the consumption of metal-contaminated water and/or fish from such water bodies. This study was conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals in the tissues of Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis, Protopterus aethiopicus and Clarias gariepinus fish species of Lake Baringo and compare the results with WHO guideline values. Water and fish samples were collected from five selected sites in six sampling occasions and the analyses for heavy metals (i.e. Cu, Hg, Cd, Pb) in fish and water samples was done using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer at Nakuru Water and Sewerage Company Laboratory. Most of the heavy metals of interest were available in measurable quantities in water and fish samples that were analyzed.

[1] Storelli, M. (2008). Potential human health risks from metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via seafood consumption: Estimation of target hazard quotients (THQs) and toxic equivalents (TEQs). Valenzano, BA, Italy: Pharmacological-Biological Department,University of Bari.2782-2788
[2] Ishaq, E. (2011). Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Fish (Tilapia Zilli and Clarias Gariepinus) Organs from River Benue,North – Central Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, 12:25-31.
[3] Bezuidehout, L.,Schoonbee., H., & Dewet, L. (1990). Heavy metal content in organs of the African Sharptooth Catfish, Clarias gariepinus; Burchel from a transvaal lake affected by mine and industrial effluents. Part 1. Water South Africa ,4: 125-128.
[4] Hu, H. (2002). Human Health And Heavy Metals Exposure. In M. McCally, Life Support: The Environment and Human Health. MIT press.1-12.
[5] Shrivastava, V. S. (2011). Study for Determination of Heavy Metals in Fish Species of the River Yamuna (Delhi) by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Advances in Applied Science Research , 2:161-166.
[6] Hellawell, J.M. Ed., 1986. Biological Indicators of Freshwater Pollution and Environmental Management. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London and New York, pp: 546.

Abstract: Aroclor 1254 contains very high concentration of chorine which makes it a persistent and toxic pollutant in the environment. The references of its toxic effects on liver and brain lysosomal biomarker enzymes are not abundantly available. Present study reports the possible dose and duration dependent toxic effects of low dose of Aroclor 1254 on few extracted lysosomal biomarker enzymes, acid phosphatase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase from liver and brain tissues of mice under in vitro condition. Two hypotheses were tested in the present study, (a) Aroclor 1254 has a dose and duration dependent effects on the activities of selected extracted enzymes and (b) the response exhibits an organ specific effect of the toxicant. The results revealed both significant exposure duration dependent and organ specific effects on the activities of lysosomal enzymes.

[1]. Schantz, J.C. Gardiner, D.M. Gasior et al., Fine motor function in aging Great Lakes fish eaters, Health conference '97 Great Lakes & St. Lawrence, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1997.
[2]. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Toxicological profile for polychlorinated biphenyls (update), Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000a.
[3]. S. Pathak and R. Kundu, Aroclor 1254 toxicity to mice liver membrane ATPases, Am. J. Pharma. Tox., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 78-82, 2013d.
[4]. S. Iwamoto, Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on reproductive performance, Yamaguchi Igaku, vol. 31, pp. 193, 1982.
[5]. T. Ahmed, G.H. Arscott and I.J. Tinsley, Effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons on reproductive performance of adult white Leghorn male chickens, Sci., vol. 57, pp. 1594, 1978.
[6]. M. Perez-Lopez, M.C. Novoa-Valinas and M.J. Melgar-Riol, Glutathione S-transferase cytosolic isoforms as biomarkers of polychlorinated biphenyl (Arochlor 1254) experimental contamination in rainbow trout, Tox. Lett., vol. 136, pp. 97–106, 2002.
[7]. J. Jigyasi and R. Kundu, In vivo dose and duration dependent effects of Dioxin (2,3,7,8- TCDD) on few lysosomal enzymes in mice brain, IOSR J. Env. Sci. Tox. Food Tech., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 69-73, 2013.

Abstract: The origin of some chemical compounds of sugarcane wine of Saccharum officinarum Linn were studied. The phytochemical analyses showed that alkaloids and tannins come from sugarcane juice and barks of Garcinia sp. The origin of reductor compounds is the sugarcane juice. Flavonoids and saponins come from stem barks of the plant. The pH of the wine increases when the quantity of barks increases.
Keywords: Phytochemical compounds, sugarcane wine, Garcinia sp, Saccharum officinarum Linn.

[1] A. Raponda-Walker and R. Sillans. Les plantes utiles du Gabon. Fondation Raponda-Walker. Edition Sépia. 1995; 197-198.
[2] N. Luzietoso, P.C. Bom Khonde, J.J.M. Bazabana. Utilisation, transmission et amélioration d'un savoir-faire traditionel: le cas du vin de canne à sucre. Notes CA. 2000 ; 24, 1-4.
[3] A.J. Abogo Mebale, F.C. Suébang, A.S. Ondo Azi, J.N. Yemelong, J.A. Ondo, E. Nsi Emvo, F. Eba. Chemical composition of a standard sugarcane wine of Saccharum officinarum Linn from Woleu-Ntem, Gabon. Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability. Vol.3 (2); 216-222.
[4] B.H. Havsteen. The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacol. Therapeutics. 2002; 96, 67-202.
[5] A.P. Bidié, B.B. N'guessan, A.F. Yapo, J.D. N'guessan and A.J. Djaman. Activités antioxydantes de dix plantes medicinales de la pharmacopée ivoirienne. Sciences &Nature. 2013. Vol 8(1-2); 1-12.

Abstract: Benzidine biodegradation was studied for 48 hr. using Bacillus badius D1. Various concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 mg/L of benzidine were used to judge the biodegradation percentage. The effect of different parameters like pH, temperature, salinity, carbon and nitrogen sources was also studied. The enzyme activities of certain biotransformation enzymes like CYP450, SOD, Acetanilide hydroxylase, Aminopyrine N-demethylase were carried by standard methods and were found induced during biodegradation. Complete degradation observed at 100 mg/L. 92% benzidine (500 mg/L) was degraded at 32 oC, pH 9.00 in shaking incubator with 110 rpm.
Key Words: Biodegradation, Benzidine, Bacillus badius D1 Abbreviations: SOD- Superoxide dismutase, CYP450- Cytochrome P450

[1]. Ewelina Weglarz-Tomczak, Azo dyes – biological activity and synthetic Strategy, Chemik nr (66),1298-1307, 2012.
[2]. Report on 'Addendum to the toxicological profile for Benzidine', Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine Atlanta, GA 30333, 2009 pp-8-18
[3]. Albrecht Seidel, Gernot Grmmer foundation, Bochum Germany, Exposere to aromatic amines- Overview on Chemistry, Biotransformation and possible mode of action, Symposium on Occupation ,Aromatic amines, PAH and Bladder cancer,2009
[4]. Ruth M Lunn, Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition (2011), National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services,pp-38-41, lunn@niehs.nih.gov
[5]. Puvaneshwari, Muthukrishnan and Gunshekharan, Biodegradation of Benzedine based azo dyes Direct Red and Direct Blue by immobilized cells of Pseudomonas fluorescence D41, Indian journal of experimental Biology,2002,1131-1136

Abstract: This manuscript assesses the effectiveness of KCCA in management of solid waste in Uganda through a theoretical framework of 'social welfare', 'standardization', 'effectiveness', 'efficiency', 'equity', 'economies of scale and scope', 'cost', 'quality' and 'quantity' (SSEEEECQQ). This study attempted to assess the relationship between sharing and the effectiveness of solid waste management services without considering other variables listed in the framework domain. The main instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire though informal discussions were included to supplement quantified results. Two categories were investigated i.e., (a) staff of KCCA at operational and senior level, and (b) town dwellers. The overall results indicate that sharing solid waste services significantly affects the implementation process, the supervision, trust between the community members and partnerships since the p –values are all less than 0.05. Moreover, the approach of sharing waste management resources among divisions i.e., (a) refuse trucks, (b) casual workers, and (c) heavy equipments has helped to improve service delivery in waste management. Hopefully the findings will help dwellers appreciate a shared responsibility of maintaining a clean city and policy makers will appreciate the need to draft a policy that will guide shared service operations which model can be replicated in many municipalities in Uganda to nurse the desire of achieving a competent and enterprising public service at the same time maintaining a clean city.

[1]. Andrew, S. A. (2009). Regional Integration Through Contracting Networks An Empirical Analysis of Institutional Collection Action Framework. Urban Affairs Review, 44(3), 378-402.
[2]. Andrews, R., & Entwistle, T. (2010). Does Cross-Sectoral Partnership Deliver? An Empirical Exploration of Public Service Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity. Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory, 20(3), 679-701. doi: 10.1093/jopart/mup045
[3]. Belloc, M., & Pagano, U. (2005). Co-evolution paths of politics, technology and corporate governance: ECGI Working Paper Series in Law.
[4]. Bergeron, B. (2003a). Essentials of Shared Services, John Wiley&Sons. Inc., New Jersey, 93-95.
[5]. Bergeron, B. (2003b). Essentials of Shared Services. 2003: John Wiley & Sons.

Abstract: Approximately 1500 tonnes are dumped at Kitezi landfill presently in Uganda, due to increased daily generation of solid waste. Although this state of affairs calls for improvement of the practices at the landfill in a sustainable manner to safeguard the environment and uphold public health, the required technology for the landfill is yet to be attained. The aim of this paper is to ascertain and assess the growth and tendencies in landfil utilization in Uganda. In 1970s management of solid was characterized by the use of the traditional open dumping sites normally found in the suburbs of the city, an approach that was suitable since the population was still low. The period from 1986 embraced a decentralized system of management that was accompanied with rapid construction of residential structures and a reduction in spaces for open dumping. This called for a more organized system for solid waste management. Thus waste management became a responsibility of the five divisions under Kampala Capital City Authority. In early1990s, outsourcing of solid waste management services in all divisions of KCCA was witnessed and in 1996 the first sanitary landfill was launched at Kitezi as the only engineered landfill (called 'Kitezi Landfill') for municipal waste. In 2005 the landfill became a nuisance because of bad odour, vermin and this was made worse by scavengers who scattered waste in the neighborhood. In 1999 the National environment regulation for Uganda was implemented for municipal waste to enable cleaner production methods, licenses and to devolve power for inspecting the environment. Although implementation of the regulations is yet to yield modest results, it is clear that it was big step towards a positive foundation establishing a sustainable disposal and solid waste management system in Uganda.
Key words: Landfill Sustainability, Municipal Solid Waste, Backlogs, Privatization, Legal framework, Kampala Capital City Authority, Uganda.

[1]. Adewale, M. T. (2011). Composting as a Sustainable Waste Management Technique in Devel-
[2]. loping Countries. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4 (2), 93-102. doi: DOI: 10.3923
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[4]. Ahmed, S. A., & Ali, S. M. (2006). People as partners: Facilitating people's participation in public–private partnerships for solid waste management. Habitat International, 30(4), 781-796.
[5]. Batley, R. (2001). Public-private partnerships for urban services. The challenge of urban government: Policies and practices, 199-214.