IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-7 ~ July 2014

Abstract: This study examined the seasonal variation in the physico-chemical characteristics of surface water in Etche River in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study area is a vast theatre for multiple petroleum development and cottage industries activity .Water samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons, from six sampling points, two samples along the river course. Grab (Catch) water sampling method was used in collection of water samples into PVC and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) bottles, during the two different seasons. The water samples were well labeled and stored at 4O C. Water Temperature (T), pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) were measured by mercury bulb thermometer, pH meter and Conductivity-total dissolved solids (TDS) Meter, respectively. Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Alkalinity (TA) and free Carbon Dioxide (CO2) were analyzed by standard methods (Eaton and Franson, 2005). Differences exist in observed physico-chemical properties of water samples collected during the two seasons. For instance, during the wet season, the level of magnesium, Calcium, and pH were 72.22(mg/l), 297.3 (mg/l)and 5.07 respectively, while values for dry season were 63.19(mg/l),260.1 (mg/l) and 6.11 respectively. Value for TDS in both seasons samples were relatively higher than the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) stipulated limits. Copper concentration was found to be between 0.09 and 0.06 mg/l. The study revealed the disposal of industrial, commercial and domestic waste into Etche River. Recommendations, preferred include, the need to control point source and non-point source contamination of the Etche River
Key Words: Physico-Chemical Parameters, seasonal variation, surface water, pollutants

[1]. Adejuwon J. O. and Adelakun M. A (2012) Physiochemical and bacteriological analysis of surface water in Ewekoro Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria: Case study of Lala, Yobo and Agodo Rivers. International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering. 4(3), 66-72,
[2]. Aina, E. O. A.; Adedipe, N. O., (1996). Water Quality Monitoring and Environmental Status in Nigeria. FEPA Monograph 6, FEPA, Abuja, Nigeria, 239.
[3]. Amadi , P. A ., Ofoegbu , C.O and Monison , T (1989) Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Parts of the Niger Delta, Nigeria , Environmental geology , pp 44-46
[4]. Anukool, S.; Shivani, S. (2011). Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties and Sewage Pollution Indicator Bacteria in Surface Water ofRiver Gomti in Uttar Pradesh. International Journal of Environmental Sciences 2 (1) 2
[5]. APHA (2005) : Standard Methods for the Examination ofWater and Waste Water

Abstract: Adopting the influence of situation approach, this study aims to unravel the reasons, why despite the large amount of funds expended by the Federal Government of Nigeria on the construction and provision of relatively modern facilities, the Calabar Sea Port has remained grossly underutilized.The analyses were very revealing, For instance the calabar port is located along a river, and is in fact a River Port. Thus there is the dire need for frequent dredging of the channel, and the use of pilot boats .Calabar Sea Port utilization is influenced by multidimensional factors, which sometimes can't be adequately controlled by port management. The negative situations of the calabar seaport also include its non-linkage to North Eastern Nigeria,by railway, a benefit enjoyed by Portharcourt and Lagos Sea ports as regards their own hinterlands ;the poor connectivity of Calabar, to the Aba-Ikot Ekpene-Calabar road (linking Aba, Onitsha, Uyo , Asaba and Benin industrial areas)and the Ikom-Calabar road (linking the North-Eastern Nigeria area).Overhead metal barricades at the Ikom bridge hinders the movement of very high vehicles; the immediate hinterland of the port is also characterized bythe lowest level of industrial activities, as well as some of the least paid civil servants in the country, resulting in low consumption levels ,in the distant hinterland area of North Eastern Nigeria , there are deep rooted religious and political imbroglios , the outcome of which arelow productivity and large scale emigration; the Calabar Free Trade Zone (CFTZ) and Export Processing Zone (CEPZ) presentlylack significant trickle-down effectsfor regional economic prosperity;port piracy and encroachment by Portharcourt and surprisingly Lagos Sea Ports,have resulted inloss of patronage,even from South-eastern areas of Nigeria, and to an extent from Akwa Ibom state , invariably due to poor road connectivityand more rigorous scrutiny of imports,. Along the Nigerian coastline, Calabar is not a thoroughfare to any English speaking country, or nation, with which Nigeria does much international trade. The suggested designation of Calabar sea port for large scale agricultural produce export, including, Cassava chips and pellets ,will separate it fromthe neck-breaking competitions, with other Nigerian sea ports. It is expected to culminate, in the improvement of the level of sea port utilization and regional employment situations, while assisting in the diversification of national economy
Keyword: Influence of Situation, Port Utilization, Cassava Chips and Pellets, Agricultural Produce

[1]. Abasiattai., B.M (1987) AkwaIbom and Cross River State: The Land , the People and theirCulture,Wusen Press Ltd. , Calabar.
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Abstract: Introduction: Microwaves violently vibrate the water molecules in food, thus creating internal friction. The radiation, created by microwaves results in the destruction and deformation of food molecules, plus the formation of new radiolytic compounds..
Methods: In our present study, the susceptibility of microwave radiations on food fed to rats is studied by measuring antioxidant enzymes catalase, reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase as well as measuring the level of TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reacting Substances).
Results: It was observed from the result that the activities of antioxidant enzymes decreased drastically (p<0.05) in rats fed the microwaved food as compared to their controls.
Conclusion: Microwave radiation affects the oxidative state of the liver and brain macromolecules. Damage caused by free radicals is aggravated by a reduction in protective antioxidant enzymes caused by the MW interactions in biological tissues leads to production of ROS that eventually affect the status of the measured physiological parameters.

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Abstract: Pakistan's energy requirements are increasing day by day and not only economic growth but political stability is linked with the availability of energy resources. At present the total generation installed capacity is 21,000 MW. The peak demand is 15,000 MW, but the production is only 9,000-10,000 MW, resulting in 10-12 hours of load shedding. The root cause of the faulty fuel mix is the use of furnace oil as the main fuel to produce thermal electricity. This energy crisis has destroyed at least 50 percent of the industrial sector that has led to increase in the rate of unemployment. It has badly affected the fixed income group because costs of goods and services have increased. Due to the electricity crises a common man look to the available short term alternatives such as generators and Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) units but they are not environmental friendly nor have enough storing capacity to provide continuous energy. Due to above problems, the report has been formulated which divert the attention of the policy makers of Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam for bringing the university to the solar system. This process was done using both software and manual analysis, to determine the tilt angle, azimuth degrees, Photovoltaic module size, size of the inverters, batteries and charge controller. At the other hand we also estimated the cost efficiency of solar power system as compare to HESCO in which we analyze the basic appliances like tube lights, savers, fans and computers. The total load of the all faculties and departments are 3, 51,498 Watts per month and the monthly expenditure are paid by university is Rs.11,59,943. But as compare to solar power system the monthly expenditure for same load is just Rs.2, 68,504 and it has a 25 years life as well. If we compare the HESCO and solar power system we would save approximately 76.8% monthly cost. The result of this study can be referred by the policy makers and decision takers of Government and as well as private sectors. We all are causing the problem of pollution, but we need to realize that there are many other power sources for running appliances, and that these options need to be taken advantages.

[1]. Department of Energy Solar Site
[2]. www.eren.doe.gov/RE/solar.html
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[4]. EU PV Technology Platform: "A Strategic Research Agenda for Photovoltaic Solar Energy Technology". European Communities, 2007.
[5]. Florida Solar Energy Center www.fsec.ucf.edu
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Abstract: The efficacy of pulverized and extracts of Dennettia tripetala and Piper gunieense indigenous to Nigeria on larvicidal and adult deterrents of fish beetle Dermestes maculatus on stored dried smoked catfish was investigated. The beetles were reared separately in the laboratory at ambient temperature 30±2oC and relative humidity of (65±5%). The pulverized plants parts at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0g and 0.100, 0.125 and 0.150ml of extracts were used against 20g of smoked fish. Adults and larvae stages of D. maculatus were introduced into different aerated jars containing smoked catfish treated with pulverized plant parts and extracts. The jars were left in the laboratory for 168hours. Results showed that the two plants had varying degree of insecticidal activities but were both effective against the beetles. It was observed that the extracts were more effective than pulverized powder when the results were compared. The plants materials can therefore serve as alternative to synthetic chemicals because of they were effective.

Keyword: black pepper, dermestid beetle, catfish, Pepper fruit, insecticides

[1]. R. Signh, P. J. Rup, O Koul, Bioeficacy of 1,8-cineole from Eucalptus camaiduslensis var. Obtusa and linalool from Luvangas scandans against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) and combination effects with some other monoterpenoid. Biopestic. Int. 4, 2008, 128–137.
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[3]. K. D. Ileke, O. O. Odeyemi, M. O. Ashamo, Entomotoxic Effect of Cheese Wood, AlstoniabooneiDe Wild against Cowpea Bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae], Attacking Cowpea Seeds in Storage. Molecular Entomology 5 (2), 2014, 10-17.
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Abstract: Bioremediation is considered as one of the safer, cleaner, cost effective and environmental friendly technology for decontaminating sites which are contaminated with wide range of pollutants. The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological agent to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted environment and recover contaminated soil.

[1]. S.P.B.K. Kamaludeen, K.R. Arunkumar, S. Avudainayagam, K. Ramasamy, Bioremediation of chromium contaminated environments, Ind. J. Exp Bio. 41, 2003, 927-985.
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Abstract: The length-weight relationship and seasonal abundance of the indigenous Clariasgariepinus from Oluwa River, Nigeria was evaluated. The total length and the weight of the fish ranged between 31.70-70.70cm (mean of 51.76±3.04cm) 100.00-2,200.00g (mean of 1284.53±168.14g) respectively. All allometric coefficients (b) for length-weight relationship showed isometry and negative allometry patterns. Correlation Coefficient 'r' between length and weight of males, female and both sexes for year 2010/2011 was 0.80, 0.28 and 0.63 respectively while that for year 2011/2012 was 0.30, 0.60 and 0.26 respectively.

[1]. Abdurahiman KP, Harishnayak T, Zacharia PU, Mohamed KS. 2004. Length-weight relationship of commercially important marine fishes and shellfishes of the Southern coast of Karnataka, India. NAGA World Fish Cent.Quartenary27(1 & 2): 9-14.
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Abstract:Sesamum indicum L. seed cake was analysed for proximate composition, mineral element content and phytochemical properties after which toxicological assessment was carried out on it. The result of the proximate composition showed that the seed cake contained 8.26±0.04% moisture, 28.96±0.12% crude protein, 9.58±0.03% ash, 13.90±0.04% crude fibre, 23.28±0.02% fat and 29.91% carbohydrate. The cake was found to be a good source of mineral elements. Calcium (1.5%) was the highest, followed by magnesium (0.4%), phosphorus (0.06%), iron (0.04%) and lead (0.02%). The qualitative phytochemical screening carried out on the seed cake revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenol, carbohydrate and steroids. This suggests its usefulness in drug manufacture.

[1]. Abou-Garbia, H. A., Shehata, A. A. Y., and Shahidi, F. 2000. Effect of processing on oxidative stability and lipid classes of sesame oil. Food Research International 33: 331-340. http:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/so963-9969 (00)00052.1
[2]. Abu-Jdajil, B., Al-Malah, K., and Asoud, H. 2002. Rheological characterization of milled sesame (Tahineh). Food Hydrocolloids 16: 55-61. http:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X (01) 00040-6
[3]. Afolabi, W. A. O., Oguntona, C. R. B., and Fakunmoju, B. B. 2001. Acceptability and chemical composition of bread from beniseed composite flour. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences 31(6): 310-313.
[4]. Akanji, A. M., Ologhobo, A. D., Emiola, I. A., and Oladunjoye, I. O. 2003. Effect of raw and differently processed sesame seeds and performance and nutrition utilization of broiler chickens. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society of Animal Production 23: 184-186.

Abstract: The aim of the present study involves the biosorption of Pb (II) by using the leaves Araucaria cookii from aqueous solution and industrial effluent. The batch studies were performed to evaluate the different parameters like pH, contact time, metal ion concentration, adsorbent mass and size variation. Characterization of biosorbent was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM). Experimental results shows that at pH 5 the biosorption efficiency reached a maximum removal of 98.52% with a contact time of 60 min and an initial ion concentration 200 mg/L. Kinetic models are described and fitted good with Pseudo- second order reaction. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were also applied and evaluated.

1] B Volesky, Advances in biosorption of metals: selection of biomass types. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 14, 1994, 291-302.
[2] B Volesky, and Z R Holan,. Biosorption of heavy metals Biotechnology Progress, 11, 2005, 235-250.
[3] M Kobya, E. Demirbas, and E. Senturk, Ince M, Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from apricot stone. Bioresour. Technol, 96 (13), 2005, 1518-1512.
[4] Phussadee Patnukao, Apipreeya Kongsuwan, and Prasert Pavasant, Batch studies of adsorption of copper and lead on activated carbon from. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Bark, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20, 2008, 1028-1034.
[5] Asma Saeed, Muhammed Iqbal, and Waheed Akhtar M, Removal and recovery of lead (II) from single and multimetal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) solutions by crop milling waste (black gram husk), Journal of Hazardous Materials, 117, 2005, 65-73.

Abstract: The present study was carried out to investigate the impact of industrial effluent discharges on the water quality of Asa River, Ilorin, Nigeria. Sections of Asa River along its course were studied over the period of twenty four months (between April, 2011 and March, 2013) to determine the effects of effluents discharges on water qualities in term of its physical and chemical parameters, and heavy metal. Water samples were collected and analyzed monthly from three different sites along the river course for physical, chemical and heavy metals using standard laboratory procedures and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).

[1]. Adekeye, A. O. (2004): Feasibility report for ECOWAS fund loan for accelerated fish production project. A paper presented at ministry of Agricultural and natural resources (M.A.N.R), Kwara State Nigeria.
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[3]. Adewoye, S. O. (2007). Effects of Detergent Effluents on Asa River and its Toxicity on Juvenile of Clarias Gariepinus. Ph.D Thesis. University of Ilorin, Nigeria. 274pp.
[4]. Ajoa, E. A. (1990): The influence of domestic and industrial effluents on populations of sessile and benthic organisms in Lagos lagoon. Ph.D Thesis. University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 413pp.
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Abstract: Different ethnic tribes follow unique indigenous method for preparation of rice beer using different starter cultures. Jou is a very popular homebrewed rice beer and an integral part of the socio-cultural life of the Boros. The physicochemical and biochemical properties of jou such as solid contents (0.306 ± 0.03), pH (4.21 ±0.04), carbohydrate (48 ±3.02 mg/ml), reducing sugar (3.47 ± 0.24 mg/ml), protein (1.26 ±0.10 mg/ml) and free available amino acids (3.1 ±0.18mg/ml), total acidity (1.48% ±0.24) and volatile acidity (1.18 ±0.19), total alcohol content (% v/v) (18.53±6.17%) were determined by standard protocols.

[1]. R Endle, The kacharis (Panbazar, Bina Library, 1911)
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[4]. TK Basumatary, R. Terangpi, C. Brahma et.al., Jou: the traditional drink of the Boro tribe of Assam and North East India, Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research, 3 (2), 2014, 239-24.
[5]. DJ Bhuyan, MS Barooah, SS Bora and S Singaravadivel, Biochemical and nutritional analysis of rice Beer of North East India, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 13(1), 2014, 142-148.

Abstract: Yams (Dioscorea species) and cocoyam (ariods) are major staples that are widely consumed in tropical and subtropical countries, especially Nigeria.Up till now, there is limited information on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of yams and cocoyam species in this tropical region.Three under-utilized Nigerian yams (Dioscoreacayenensis, Dioscoreadumetorum, Dioscoreabulbifera) and cocoyam (Xanthosomamaffa (Scoth)) were analyzed for total polyphenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activities applying three commonly used assays: DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC. Correlation analysis wasperformed to determine the contribution of polyphenols and flavonoids toantioxidant activities. The total polyphenol content of the samples ranged from 7.02 to 163.37mg Gallic Acid Equivalent(GAE/100gFW), while the total flavonoid content of the samples ranged from 3.14 to 155.38mg Catechin Equivalent(CE/100gFW). The antioxidant activities evaluated by DPPHassay ranged from 88.17 to 729.39 Trolox Equivalent (TE/100gFW), whileABTSvalues ranged from 32.49 to 756.0 Trolox Equivalent (TE/100gFW)and ORAC assay ranged from 459.29 to 669.45mg Trolox Equivalent (TE/100gFW) respectively. Significant correlation was observed between total polyphenols and DPPH radical scavenging activity (R2=0.897);total polyphenols and ABTS(R2=0.931),andbetween total polyphenols and ORAC (R2=0.707). The correlation between total flavonoid and DPPH(R2=0.992), and between total flavonoidand ABTS(R2=0.744) respectively. The polyphenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity of Xanthosomamaffa (Scoth) were higher and significantly different (P<0.05) from the yamsDioscoreaspecies. Extracts from these under-utilized yams and cocoyam tubers can play a considerable role in boosting immunity against human diseases caused by free radical reactions like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and aging.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Dioscoreaspp, Flavonoids, Polyphenol, Xanthosomamaffa (Scoth).

[1]. O. N. Ozo, J.C. Caygill, and D.G. Coursey,Phenolicsof five yam (Dioscorea) species,Phytochemistry, vol. 23, No. 2, 1984,pp 329 – 331.

[2]. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistic database,1999,htt://apps.fao.org.

[3]. G.I Scott, M.W Rosegrant, and D.C. Ringler, Roots and tubers for the 21st century: Trends, Projections and Policy Options. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington D.C, 2000.

[4]. U.J. Ukpabi, Roots and tubers in Nigeria as sources of industrial raw materials: ,Some industrial crops and salient issue, in P.A. Onwualu, S.C. Obasi, and U.J. Ukpabi, (Ed),In Nigeria Agro Raw Materials Development Vol.1,2009, pp1-19.

[5]. L. Huang, P.Y. Chiang,Y.Y.Chen, andC.R.Wang, Chemical composition and enzyme activity changes occurring in yam ( Dioscoreaalata L.) tubers during growth, LWT 40, 2007, 1498-1506

Abstract: The significance of natural food colorants such as Roselle anthocyanins had been known for decades. However their stability in and out of food systems is still a challenge. This work was aimed at mitigating this phenomenon. Various solvent extracted, microencapsulated in native corn starch and freeze dried samples[ethanol acidified with 1% citric acid (FDMEE), 2% citric acid solution (FDMCE) as well as distilled water (FDMWE) ] were prepared using standard techniques. These were kept under room temperature conditions for eight weeks and physicochemical evaluations conducted periodically. Some of these were utilized (1% inclusion) in the production of jam and evaluated by a 30 man sensory panel. Colour intensity indicated by Chroma Values (a*) of microencapsulated samples were: FDMEE (2.20 + 0.01), FDMCE (3.05 + 0.02) and FDMWE (1.98 + 0.00). Analysis of total soluble solids (0Brix), titratable acidity (% citric acid) and anthocyanins (mg/100g) in this order gave the following FDMEE (5.1+0.00, 15.35+0.2, 968.53+0.26); FDMCE (5.5+0.00, 18.41+0.16, 1217.13); FDMWE (4.8 + 0.00, 13.93 + 0.14, 882.51 + 0.44). These values were significantly different from their non-encapsulated equivalents (p<0.05). Sensory scores for jam containing microencapsulated extract compared favourably with the non-encapsulated inclusive samples. Freeze dried microencapsulated anthocyanins in native corn starch is colour stable and valuable in the production of acceptable jam.

Keywords: Roselle, Anthocyanins, colour-extract, microcapsulation, freeze drying

[1]. Abou-Arab, A.A., Abu-Salem, F.M. and Abou-Arab, E.A. Physico-chemical properties of natural pigments (anthocyanin) extracted from Roselle calyces (Hibiscus subdariffa). Journal of American Science. 7(7) 2011, 445-456
[2]. Adenipeku, I.T. Extraction and colours of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) juice. Ibadan, Nigeria: University of Ibadan, M.Sc. Thesis,1978.
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[5]. Bridle, P and Timberlake, C.F. Anthocyanins as natural food colours – Selected aspects. Food Chemistry 58 (12) 1997, 103-109