IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-7 ~ July 2014

Abstract: Noise is one of the major local disturbances associated with road traffic. Despite its major importance in the urban environment, the problem of noise has received little attention from environmental economists. In this paper we estimate the willingness to pay for silence for a noise reduction program in Mumbai city. The chosen technique is contingent valuation method. The main objective of this paper is to study different social and economic factors affecting peoples' willingness to pay (WTP) and their attitudes toward the noise reduction programme in Mumbai. Through our estimations we have found, that Mumbai household is willing to pay approximately 287.46 per month to reduce noise levels.

Keywords: contingent valuation, noise, road traffic, willingness to pay

[1]. Vallet M, Gagneux J, Clairet JM et al.(2008) Heart rate reactivity to aircraft nois after a long-term exposure. In: Rossi G (ed) Noise as a Public Health Problem. Milan: Centro Recherche e Studio Amplifon, 965–78
[2]. BOLAÑOS, F., and J.M. OCHOA (1990). Medida y control del ruido, Ed. Boixareu, Barcelona.
[3]. Ising Hartmut, Krupa Barbaara (2010) Noise Induced endocrine effects and cardiovascular risks: Journal of Noise and Health, vol 1, issue 4, pp. 37-48
[4]. Duran, A.; González, A., (2009). Determination of lead, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene in street dust. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 6 (4), 663-670
[5]. European Commission (1996). Green Paper on Future Noise Policy. COM (96)540, European Commission, Brussels.
[6]. Hayashi, Y. and Morisugi, H. (2000). International comparison of background concept and methodology of transportation transport appraisal. Transport Policy, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 73-88.

Abstract: This study aims to map the environmental issues that occurred at the Sam Ratulangi International Airport of Manado, so those environmental issues can be seen where that has got the proper treatment and which ones still need more attention. This research uses Importance-Performance Analysis. This analysis used to compare between the respondent's assessments of the environmental quality importance with performance levels of environmental quality. Performance improvement priorities are determined by the relative value only, which is the average value of importance and performance. Outcome mapping environmental issues is Quadrant I indicated that issues related to air pollution, noise, organic waste, health and the society economy improvement still needs to get more intensive handling priority again. Quadrant II shows that issues of vibration, organic waste, hazardous waste, flora and fauna have to maintain its performance by management Sam Ratulangi Airport. Quadrant III shows that the issue of socio-cultural influence is felt less important by the respondents. Whereas in Quadrant IV, not found any environmental issues. By implication, necessary to conduct more intensive control operations impact the airport, among others, the reduction of resource consumption, air and sound pollution control and waste management/waste operations.

Keywords: Airport Environmental Issues, Importance-Performance Analysis.

[1]. Adisasmita, S.A, Achmad Zubair, 2010, "Aircraft Noise Level Impact At Airport And Its Surroundings, (Case Study: Djalaluddin Airport, Gorontalo, Indonesia)", Proceeding of Malaysian Universities Transportation Research Forum and Conferences 2010 (MUTRFC2010), 21 December 2010 Universiti Tenaga Nasional. ISBN 978-967-5770-08-1.
[2]. Ashraf, Jan, 2010, "Airport Systems: Planning, Design, and Management" American Planning Association. Journal of the American Planning Association· Autumn 2010; 70, 4; ProQuest.
[3]. Berry, F, Sarah Gillhespy, Jean Rogers, 2008, "Airport Sustainability Practices-A Synthesis of Airport Practice", Transportation Reasearch Board of The National Academies, Washington DC, © 2008 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

[4]. Doddy, H, 2012, Reduce Emissions, Go Green Aviation, Accessed: http://doddyhw. wordpress. com/2012/10/11/ reduce-emissions-go-green-aviation/.
[5]. Doganis, R, 1992,. "The Airport Business", Routledge, London.

Abstract: Monocrotophos is a synthetic organic compound, classified as organophosphate pesticide. It is widely used for pest control in a variety of crops except vegetables in India. It is widely sprayed in paddy fields. Exposure of Apple snails, Pila globosa the inhabitants of paddy field are a cause of concern, as they are eaten by the farm laborers and local village people. However, they are considered as hardy animals instead they are affected by the said pesticide and hence cannot be picked up for consumption after spray of pesticides. In the present investigation, Pila globosa is picked up from the pond adjacent to paddy fields. They were subjected to different concentrations of the Monodhan- 36% S. L., brand name of Monocrotophos. In 24 hours, animals show mortality at very high concentration. But with increase in exposure period they become more susceptible. Decrease in response to stimuli was observed which confirm disruption in acetyl cholinesterase activity as Monocrotophos is a well known acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor.

Keywords: Monocrotophos, Pila globosa, Monodhan- 36% S. L., mortality

[1] J.T. Jagtap, K.B. Shejule and S.B. Ubarhande. Acute effect of TBTCL on protein alteration in freshwater bivalve, Lamellidens marginalis, International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 1(8), 2011 13-16

[2] Menzel, D.W.. Summary of experimental results controlled ecosystem pollution experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27, 1977, 142-145.

[3] Buikema, A.L. and Benfield, E.F.. Effect of pollutant on freshwater invertebrates. J. Water. Pollu. Cont. Fed. 54, 1982, 862-868.

[4] Sivaramakrishna, B., Surehs, A. and Radhakrishnaiah, K.. Assessment of mercury toxicity by the changes in oxygen consumption and ion levels in the freshwater snail, P. globosa and the mussel Lamellidens marginalis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 46, 1991, 913-920

[5] Schmitt, C.J., Zajicek, J.L., May, T.W. and Courmum, D.F. Organochlorine residues and elemental contaminants in U. S. Freshwater fish. National contaminants Biomonitoring Programme. Review of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 162, 1999, 43-102.

Abstract: In an effort to find suitable starter cultures for enhancing the nutrient compositions of spent sorghum grains (SSG) and sweet potato leaves (SPL), three microorganisms, Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used in singles and in combinations to ferment SSG and SPL for 21 days at a temperature of 25 ± 2oC. All the microbial treatments brought about increases in crude protein, crude fat and energy contents of both substrates, with accompanying reductions in crude fibre contents. SPL fermented with the combination of C. globosum and S. cerevisiae had the highest protein, fat and energy increases observed (96%, 368% and 10.2% respectively). The combination of C. globosum and S. cerevisiae also caused the highest crude fibre reduction in SSG (33.86%) while the combination of all three test organisms caused the highest crude fibre reduction in SPL (37.44%). Ash content increased in most cases while nitrogen free extract (NFE) values generally declined. The consortium of the three test organisms was concluded to be the best starter culture for enhancing the nutrient composition of SSG while the combination of C. globosum and S. cerevisiae was best for SPL.

Keywords: nutrient composition, sorghum, spent grains, starter cultures, sweet potato leaves

[1] T. K.. Tan, and W. F. Leong, Screening for extracellular enzymes of fungi from manufacturing wastes, MIRCEN Journal 2, 1986, 445-452.

[2] M.A.P. Saquido, V.A. Cayabyab and F.R.Uyenco, The Use of Organic Residues in Rural Communities, (Tokyo: United Nations University, 1983)

[3] O.K. Achi, Traditional fermented protein condiments in Nigeria, African Journal of Biotechnology. 11, 2005, 511-517.

[4] Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Official methods of analysis (Arlington: AOAC, 1980).

[5] Food and Agricultural Organisation, Food energy – methods of analysis and conversion factors (Rome: Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, 2003)..

Abstract: This Multifunctional Power Plant will have unique features. Sea water which is available in abundance in nature is used as a source of energy by utilising solar radiation through the method of photolysis of water. in this multifunctional plant all types of Bio-Waste e.g. agricultural , forest, domestic etc. are also used for production of fertiliser & biofuel Thus we are able to manage our Bio Wastes.As a byproducts pure water & salt are also generated which can be used in our society. In the process of power generation there is no emission of Green House Gasses and hence no Green House Effect.

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Abstract: The industrial activities and technology development lead to a significant release of important quantities of heavy metal ions to the environment. Batch experiments were conducted to know the influence of various parameters of adsorption on removal of lead metal ions by agricultural byproducts (Groundnut shell, Rice husk and combined adsorbents). It has been found that the percentage of adsorption increases with increase in pH (in acidic range) and decreases with the increase in metal ions concentration. Equilibrium time required for the adsorption of lead by agricultural byproducts was found to be 2 hrs. The obtained results showed that the adsorption of lead by rice husk and Groundnut shell are of second order reaction.

Keywords: Adsorption, Agricultural byproducts, Heavy metals, Isotherms, Kinetics

[1] O. E. A. Salam , N. A. Reiad , M. M. ElShafei , A study of the removal characteristics of heavy metals from wastewater by low-cost adsorbents, Journal of Advanced Research, 2, 2011, 297-303.

[2] A.O. Dada, J. O. Ojediran, and A. P. Olalekan, Sorption of Pb2+ from Aqueous Solution unto Modified Rice Husk: Isotherms Studies, Journal of Advances in Physical Chemistry, 2013, 2013, 1-6.

[3] Suleman Qaiser, Anwar R. Saleemi, Muhammad Umar, Biosorption of lead (II) and chromium(VI) on groundnut hull: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics study, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 12(4), 2009, 1-17.

[4] S. Mohan, G. Sreelakshmi, Fixed bed column study for heavy metal removal using phosphate treated rice husk, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153, 2008, 75-82.

[5] U. Kumar, M. Bandyopadhyay, Sorption of cadmium from aqueous solution using pretreated rice husk, Journal of Bioresource Technology, 97, 2006, 104-109.

Abstract: The research based on deforestation of Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan government has being published 2011-2030 National physical plane policy (National physical plane, 2002). The government is conducting developments base on national physical plane. This research paper is concerned about the developments are conducting and those effects in destruction of Forest cover in the country.

[1]. AriyarathnaGanegoda ,(2011),Construction Of Road Across SinharajaHalted ,CeyonToday ,Colombo ,Sri Lanka.
[2]. Bogahawatta, C.(1999), Sri Lanka-Forestry Policy, Non-Timber Forest Products And The Rural Economy In The Wet Zone Forests Environment And Economics Programe For Southeast Asia(EEPSEA)Research Report,Ottawa. [3]. Bringer Leon ,(2013),Water Holes Around MattalaClosed To Keep Away Birds And Animals, Sunday Times ,Http://Www.Sundaytimes.Lk/130407/News/Water-Holes-Around-Mattala-Closed-To-Keep-Away-Birds-And-Animals-40385.Html.
[4]. CI Fact, (2011), Conservation International, Sri Lanka.
[5]. Daily News , (2014),Herbal Forest Destroyed ,Http://Www.Dailynews.Lk/Local/Herbal-Forest-Destroyed.
[6]. IUCN,(2014).World Bio diversity hotspot ,www.IUCN.com

Abstract: This study examined microbial population (MP) and heavy metal load in the soil and mango leaf, along Ogbomoso-Oyo road (high traffic density) and Ogbomoso-Ifeodan (low traffic density). Mango leaves (about 3m from the ground) were sampled at three spots (10km intervals) and three distances of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30m from the edge of the road. Soil was sampled at 0-15 and 15-30cm depth under mango trees. The samples were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn with atomic absorption spectrophotometer and total MP using nutrient media preparations. On the High Traffic Density (HTD) road, 20-30m distance, the soil contained higher amount of Lead (7.71±0.76), Cadmium (8.36±0.59), Chromium (0.48±0.02) and Zinc (5.58±0.37mg/kg). MP was higher at 0-10m with Total microbial count of 10.5±1.46×105 Cfug-1 and Total fungi count of 0.83±0.23×105 Cfug-1. Microbial population was higher along LTD than HTD road. Mango leaf contained significantly higher metal content along HTD road Pb (4.31), Cd (4.63), Cr (0.03) and Zn (5.04mg/kg) than LTD road. Microbial population was higher at LTD than HTD, and Mango accumulated higher heavy metals at HTD than LTD. Implications of heavy metals and microbial populations on food chain were discussed.

Keywords: Heavy metal, microbial population, Mango, Nutrient media, traffic densities

[1]. R., D. Strivastava, Kumar and S.K. Gupta. Municipal Sludge-induced Phytotoxicity. ATLA., 33,2005, 501-508.
[2]. S.V. Avery. Metal toxicity in yeasts and the role of oxidative stress. Adv Appl Microbiol. 49, 2001, 111-142.
[3]. J.C., Igwe, Nnorom, B, and B.C.G. Gbaruko. Kinetics of radionuclide and heavy metals Behavior in soils: Implications for plant growth. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(B), 2005,1541-1547.
[4]. K., H. Kandori, Nakashima and T. Ishikawa. Inner structure of uniform spherical metal phosphate particles, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1993, 160: 499.
[5]. B. Volesky. Biosorption of heavy metals. CRS Press, Boston, 1990

Abstract: There is a growing public concern over the potential accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils owing to rapid urban and industrial development and increasing reliance on agrochemicals in the last several decades Excessive accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils may not only result in environmental contamination, but elevated heavy metal uptake by crops may also affect food quality and safety. The present study is aimed at studying heavy metal concentrations of soils in different agrochemicals applying land uses in Dimoria Tribal Development Block, Kamrup(M), Assam to assess its soil quality in terms of its physic-chemical properties. Six heavy metals were analyzed (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The average contents of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in surface soils (0-15 cm depth) ranges in the following order; Cd (0.16-0.83) < Ni (2.56-29.06) < Cu (4.66-27.16) < Cr (8.03-46.06) < Zn (35.13-99.83). In terms of NPK availability the soil status can be regarded as of moderate quality. The soils could not be said to be contaminated for now because metal content levels conformed to the world-wide background content of metals range in the soil.

Keywords: Agrochemicals, Agricultural soils, Heavy Metals, Soil Quality

[1] S.R Gliessman, Agroecology: Ecological processes in sustainable agriculture. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, 1998.
[2] A.J. Alloway, Contamination of soils in domestic gardens and allotments: A brief overview, Land Contam. &Reclam, 12(3), 2004, 179-188.
[3] O. Abollino, M. Aceto, M. Malandrino, E. Mentasti, C. Sarzanini and F. Petrella, Heavy metals in agricultural soils from Piedmont, Italy, Distribution, speciation and chemometric data treatment, Chemosphere, 49, 2002, 545–557.
[4] A. Kabata-Pendias, Agricultural problems related to excessive trace metal contents in soils. In: Salomons, W., Forstner, U., and Mader, P., (Eds.), Heavy Metals: Problems and Solutions. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1995, 3-18.
[5] T. Makino, Y. Luo, L. Wu, Y. Sakurai, Y. Maejima, I. Akahane and T. Arao, Heavy metal pollution of soil and risk alleviation methods based on soil chemistry, Pedologist, 2010, 38- 49.

Abstract: Urbanization and loss of natural habitat has resulted in cities being identified as ecosystems capable of sustaining biotic communities and diversity. This study measured bird species diversity at Vadakkechira pond and surrounding areas during the period 2002-2009. This habitat is situated right in the heart of the city of Thrissur which is renowned for its historic importance and cultural extravaganzas. Data was collected by line transect method and point transect method. Birds of 29 different species were recorded. Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and Simpson's Diversity Index were calculated. Dominant species of the area were identified and their population over the years was studied. The abundance and diversity of avian species in a specific habitat could serve as a useful barometer of its ecological status.

Keywords: Avifauna, Bird census, Diversity, Habitat, Vadakkechira

[1]. B.Czech, P.R.Krausman, and P.K.Devers, Economic associations among causes of species endangerment in the United States,
Bioscience, 50, 2000, 593-601.
[2]. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division, World urbanization prospects 2004.
[3]. P.Clergeau, G.Mennechez, A. Sauvage and A. Lemoine, Human perception and appreciation of birds: A motivation for wildlife
conservation in urban environments of France, in J.M.Marzluff, R.Bowman and R. Donnelly (Ed.), Avian ecology in an urbanizing
world, (Norwell, Kluwer Academic publisher, 2001) 69-88.
[4]. J.B.Sale, and K.Berkmuller, Manual of wildlife techniques for India. Field document No.11 (FAO, United Nations, Dhera Dun,
India, 1988).
[5]. J.Altman, Observational study of behaviour, sampling methods, Behaviour, 49, 1974, 227-267.

Abstract: Air pollution is one of the serious problems faced globally today due to increased industrialization. Air pollution has been described as an additional stress on plants since they respond to it in the same way as they respond to drought and any other environmental stress. This paper studied the effect of air pollution on some physiological properties of some plants growing in the vicinity of the Delta steel company, Ovwian-Aladja, Delta State, Nigeria, using two sites; control(unpolluted ) and within the vicinity of the steel company (polluted). The physiological parameters studied includes; leaf extract pH, total chlorophyll, relative water content, ascorbic acid content, soluble sugar and proline content. These variations can be used as indicators of air pollution for early diagnosis of stress as well as a marker for physiological damage to plants prior to the onset of visible injury symptoms. Plants at the polluted site showed higher physiological properties which is indicative of the fact that the plants made physiological adjustments to compensate for the environmental stress.

Key words: Air pollution, physiological properties, soluble sugar, proline, environmental stress.

[1]. Agrawal, S and Tiwari, S. L (1997) Susceptibility level of few plants on the basis of Air Pollution Tolerance Index. India Forester 123:319-322.
[2]. Aksoy, A and Ozturk, M.A (1997) Nerium oleander L as a biomonitor of lead and other heavy metal pollution in the Mediterranean environments. Sci. Total Environ. 05; 145-155.
[3]. Assadi, A., Pirbalouti, G. A., Malekpoor, F., Teimori, N and Assadi, L (2011) Impact of air Pollution on Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Den. J. Food, Agric. And Environ. 9 (2) 676-679.
[4]. Bajaj, K. L and Kaur, G ( 1981) Spectrophotometric Determination of L Ascorbic acid in Vegetables and Fruits. Anal. 106:117-120.
[5]. Bates, L. S., Waldern, R. P and Teare,D(1973) Rapid determination of free proline for waterstress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.

Abstract: The quality properties of crude oils of Treculia africana (breadfruit), Artocarpus communis (breadnut), Glycine max (soybean) and Zea mays (maize) were evaluated. The results indicated that crude maize oil had the highest (6.7mgKOH/g oil) acid value and breadfruit was the lowest (2.63mgKOH/g oil) in acid value. Breadfruit had the highest (83.18% and 41.28MJ/L) values in terms of unsaponifiables. The value of biofuel potentials of crude soybean oil was the lowest (39.81MJ/L). The analysis also revealed that crude soybean oil was significantly different (P<0.05) from the crude breadfruit and maize oils in density. Crude soybean oil also differed significantly (P<0.05) from crude breadfruit, breadfruit and maize in melting point, acid value, saponification value, iodine value, unsaponifiables and biofuel potentials but compared well (P>0.05) in density and specific gravity with breadnut. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in specific gravity between crude soybean and maize oils but difference existed significantly (P<0.05) in specific gravity between it and crude breadfruit oil.

Keywords: Quality characteristics, Legumes, Crude oil.

[1]. Adebayo, B. F. (1979). Processing of Palm Kernel Focus on Vegetable Fats and Oil Industry. 2nd Symposium, Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. pp. 21- 27.
[2]. Aigodion, A. I., Ikehuoria, E. U. and Okiemien (2004). Extraction and Characteristics of Vegetable Oil from Indigenous Sources. Proc. of 27th Int. Conf. Chem. Soc. of Nig. pp. 208- 210.
[3]. Alia, J. C. and Linden, A. G. (1999). Oil and Fat Analysis. Aspen Publication Inc. Gaithersburg, Maryland. pp. 65- 69.
[4]. AOAC (2005). The Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 17th edition. Washington D. C.
[5]. David, A. A., Bailey, R. A., Moore, J. A. and Tomkins, R. P. T. (1978). Integrated Experimental Chemistry. Principles and Techniques. Allyn and Bacon, Inc. pp. 76- 79.

Abstract: Fresh Cyperusesculentus (Tigernut) Nut Were Purchased From Karaworo Market, Lokoja In Kogi State, Nigeria. The Nuts Were Processed And Used For Analysis. Fresh Nut Samples Were Divided Into Two Portions. One Portion Of The Nuts Was Cooked (Boiled) For 40mins After Which They Were Dried In An Oven And Ground Using A Moulinex Blender Into Powder. The Powder Was Packaged In A Labeled Polyethylene Bag And Kept In A Freezer (20oc) For Analysis. The Remaining Portion (Raw) Was Directly Ground Using The Same Blender And Analyzed. The Result From The Investigation Indicated That Boiling Reduced The Proximate Composition And The Anti-Nutritional Factors In Tigernut. The Fat Content, Protein Content, Crude Content, Ash Content And Carbohydrate Reduced Significantly (P<0.05) From 12.21%, 4.13%, 8.13%, 1.80% And 33.64% To 4.53%, 1.53%, 7.79%, 0.142% And 23.96% Respectively Except Moisture Content Which Increased From 50.66% To 51.41%. Tannin, Oxalate, Alkaloid Hydrogen Cyanide (Cn) And Saponin Reduced Considerably From 0.536mg/G, 2.75mg/G, 1.54%, 4.01x10-3mg/Kg And 0.594% To 0.345mg/G, 2.64mg/G, 1.25%, 1.90x10-5 And Respectively. Energy Decreased As A Result Of Boiling From 1096kj To 599kj.

Keywords: Antinutritional Factors, Cyperusesculentus(Tigernut), Processing And Proximate Composition

[1] Lowe, J. (1973). Nigeria Sedge.2nd Ed., Ibadan, Nigeria.Pp. 83- 84.

[2] Chevalier, G.E. (1990). The Nut As A Medicinal Plant. J. Agric. Sci., 17: 188 – 201.

[3] Oguntona, E. B. And Akinyele, I. O. (1995). Nutrient Composition Of Commonly Eaten Food In Nigeria.Food Basket Foundation Publication Series.Obt Printing Ventures, Ibadan.Oyo State.

[4] Barko, J.W And Smart, R.M. (1979). The Nutritional Ecology Of Cyperusesculentus, An Emergent Plant, "Aquatic Botany". 6: 13- 28.

[5] Okafor, J. C. And Okolo, H. C. (2003). Nutritive Value Of A Mixture Of Tigernut Tubers And Baobab Seeds.J. Sc. Food Agric., 35: 437- 440.

Abstract: Suicide is taking away someone's own life. Attempt to commit suicide or commission of suicide is a crime and should be punished as per Sec.309 of IPC [1]. A successful suicidal attempt is that rarest crime where victim and accused is same individual and court becomes helpless to punish the accused. Suicide among teenagers is becoming a major problem day by day. Young boys and girls often choose it as a way to get rid of their sufferings. Such a case when brought to mortuary of NRSMC&H for post mortem examination, there was no history regarding cause and manner of death. A 14 years old girl was found lying unconscious on her bed in her residence .She was declared brought dead in the emergency ward of hospital. A meticulous post mortem examination revealed that it was a case of suicide with two suicidal attempts (hanging and poisoning). Autopsy focussed the first ray of light to the investigation which was later confirmed by the investigators by chemical examination report and suicide note. Here lies the success of a medicolegal expert in solving mystery of a death.

Key Words: Suicide, Hanging, Poisoning, Autopsy

[1]. Reddy KSN. The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 32nd Ed. K.Saguna Devi, Hyderabad, 2013; p 205-206, 277-278
[2]. Sadock BJ,Sadock VA. Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry:Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 10th Ed, chapter-
[3]. New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, p 951-978
[4]. www.ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADS12011/suicides-11.pdf
[5]. Casey P, Kelly B. Fish's Clinical Psychopathology: Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry, 3rd Ed. p 65-75
[6]. WHO suicide prevention strategy.pdf (www.euro.who.int/Document/E83583.pdf)

Abstract: An experiment was designed to screen the various adulterants in the market milk sold in central zone (vicinity of Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas and Shaheed Benazirabad districts) of Sindh province at the end of year 2013. A total of 300 milk samples were collected each of 100 from vicinity of Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas and Shaheed Benazirabad. Twenty milk samples (n=20) from each of milk producer (MP), milk collector (MC), middlemen (MM), processor (P) and dairy shop (DS) were examined for different adulterants (water, urea, starch, arrowroot, rice flour, sorbitol, glucose, cane sugar, ammonium sulfate, caustic soda, sodium chloride, skimmed milk powder, vegetable oil, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, boric acid, salicylic acid, detergent and hypochlorite). Among these adulterants extraneous water was found in majority of milk samples. Freezing point of 39% milk samples of MP, 47% of MC, 50% of MM, 46% of P and 56% of DS appeared towards 0 oC rather than that of control milk, and assumed to be adulterated with added water. Among all 300 milk samples water (79.3%) was common adulterant found in majority of milk samples followed by detergent (30.3%), cane sugar (22%), starch (18.3%), rice flour (17.7%), skimmed milk powder (15.3%), caustic soda sodium chloride and formalin (14%), hydrogen peroxide (12%), urea and vegetable oil (10.7%), ammonium sulfate and boric acid (8.3%), glucose (6.3%), arrowroot (3.3%), sorbitol (2.7%) hypochlorite (1.7%) and salicylic acid (1.3%), respectively. The extent of extraneous water found to be comparatively higher (P<0.05) in milk sold by different milk dealers; DS, MC, MM and P than that of milk producers. The percentage of adulteration at DS, MC and MM was statistically non-significant (P>0.05) with each other, but found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of P and MP. . The proportion of milk adulteration was found comparatively higher (P<0.05) at Hyderabad (4.00±0.460%), followed by Mirpurkhas (2.87±0.357%) and Shaheed Benazirabad (2.27±0.354%) districts of Sindh, Pakistan.

Key words: Adulterants, extent of added water, market milk and proportion of adulteration.

[1] Neumann, C.G., D.M. Harris and L.M. Rogers. Contribution of animal source foods in improving diet quality and function in children in the developing world. Nutrition Research, (22), 2002, 193-220.

[2] Farooq, O. Agriculture. In: Pakistan economic survey, 2012-2013. Economic Advisers Wing, Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

[3] Zia, U. (2006). Analysis of milk marketing chain, Pakistan. FAO. Food Laws Manual. 2006.

[4] Lateef, M., A. Faraz, M.I. Mustafa, P. Akhtar, and M.K. Bashir. Detection of adulterants and chemical composition of milk supplied to canteens of various hospitals in Faisalabad city. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, (9), 2009, 139-142.

[5] Haasnoot, W., N.G. Smits, A.E.K. Voncken and M.G. Bremer. Fast biosensor immunoassays for the detection of cows' milk in the milk of ewes and goats. Journal of Dairy Research, 71, 2004, 322-329.

Abstract: This study was aimed to know the effect of cement industry pollutants viz. SO2, NOx and PM, on morphological as well as yield characteristics of wheat (Triticum sp.) plants grown at different distance from the cement industry at Kodinar, Gujarat, India. The wheat plant near the industry showed deterioration in morphological characteristics. The study indicated that parameters reductions in wheat correlated directly with particulate pollutant which led to lower yield at more polluted site. Increased concentration of cement dust pollutant causes invisible injuries like progressive decline in photosynthetic ability and closure of leaf stomata and it affect the growth and productivity of plant. It was observed that wheat plants near the cement industry were having morphological reduction in growth and yield and as the distance from industry increases growth and yield also increases. Overall study shows that control plants were healthier in term of morphological and yield parameter. It was found that wheat plant growing near the cement industry was adversely affected.

Keywords: Air pollutants, Chlorophyll, Growth parameters and Yield.

[1]. Addo. M.A., Darko E. O., Gordon C. and Nyarko B.J.B. (2013) Contamination of soils and loss of productivity of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) caused by cement dust pollution, Inter. J. Res. In Chem. and Env. 3(1): 272-282.
[2]. Central Pollution Control Board, Central Labotratory Test Method, DOC: CB/CL/TM/9, Issue No.1: 2001.
[3]. Chauhan A. and Joshi P.C. (2010) Effect of ambient air pollutants on wheat and mustard crops growing in the vicinity of urban and industrial areas, New York science J. 3(2): 52-60.
[4]. Czaja A.T. (1962) Uber das problem der zementstaubwirkungen auf Pflanzen von zementofenstaub auf pflanzen, Angew. Bot.40: 106-120.
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Abstract: In the aim to test the temporal vulnerability variability, assessed by TCR method, we have considered in this work data on R'Mel aquifer for two different hydrological years. The TCR is an indexing and weighting method, taking into account three parameters characterizing the transfer of a contaminant from the Soil Interface Zone (SIZ) to the water table: the transit time (T) of a pollutant through the Unsaturated Zone (UZ), the purification degree (C'p/Cp) and the recharge degree (R'/R).Assessment and vulnerability mapping of the R'Mel aquifer for the years 2003 and 2005 considered as wet and dry respectively, allowed us to get two maps. These vulnerability maps are slightly different, while the maps of the three parameters have significant variations. Indeed, the range vulnerability index obtained is between 0.14 and 7.9 for 2003 and between 0.067 and 8.5 for 2005. This index variation is reflected on 8% of the total area of the study zone. However, the weights of the three parameters determined by the sensitivity tests are the same. Keywords: Dynamic Vulnerability; TCR; susceptibility tests; R'Mel (Morocco)

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