IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-8 ~ August 2014

Abstract: Five Pandan species, namely Pandanus julianettii, Pandanus iwen, Pandanus brosimos, Pandanus sp.1 (owadak) and Pandanus sp.2 (woromo) from Jaya Wijaya Mountains, Papua have potential bioactive components. This study aimed to identify the bioactive components in Pandan's fleshy receptacle and seed from five Pandan species. Samples were obtained from fleshy receptacle and seed. Sample were mashed and dried for further proximate, minerals, and vitamins contents analysis. The study revealed that nutritive value compositions of food fiber per 100 grams in fleshy receptacle and seed of Pandanus julianettii were 23% and 12%; those of Pandanus sp.1 (owadak) were 17.59% and 18.38%; those of Pandanus sp.2 (woromo) were 30% and 23%; those of Pandanus iwen were 18% and 30%; those of Pandanus brosimos were 47.75 % and 17.40%. The nutritive value compositions of starch per 100 grams in pandan's fleshy receptacle and seed of Pandanus julianettii were 23 ppm and 0.24 ppm; those of Pandanus sp.1 (owadak) were 26 ppm and 0.96 ppm; those of Pandanus sp.2 (woromo) were 36 ppm and 18 ppm; those of Pandanus iwen were 21 ppm and 0.21 ppm; those of Pandanus brosimos were 35.88 ppm and 9.67 ppm. The nutritive value compositions of vitamin C per 100 grams in fleshy receptacle and seed of Pandanus julianettii were 8.10 mg and 6.40 mg; those of Pandanus sp.1 (owadak) were 16.88 mg and 9.74 mg; those of Pandanus sp.2 (woromo) were 20 mg and 1.72 mg; those of Pandanus iwen were 10 mg and 4 mg; those of Pandanus brosimos were 185.68 mg and 109.84 mg. The nutritive value compositions of vitamin E per 100 g in fleshy receptacle and seed of Pandanus julianettii were 0.19 mg and 0.46 mg; those of Pandanus sp.1 (owadak) were 3.18 mg and 15 mg; those of Pandanus sp.2 (woromo) were 6 mg and 0.07 mg; those of Pandanus iwen were 0.19 mg and 8 mg; those of Pandanus brosimos were 185.68 mg and 109.84 mg.

Keywords: Pandan, medicinal herbs, Papua biodiversity, conservation

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Abstract: It has been shown that heavy metals toxicity to humans is as a result of long term or high level exposure to pollutants common in the environment including the air, water, food and numerous consumer products such as the cosmetics and toiletries. In this study, we assessed the levels of toxic metals in different cosmetic products sold at local shops in Baghdad. The cosmetic items included Eye Shadow. These items were purchased from various shops at different locations in Baghdad. The cosmetics were analyzed for heavy metals (Copper, cadmium, lead, and nickel) after digestion with concentrated acids HNO3: HCl in ratio 1:3. The concentrations of the selected toxic heavy metals were determined in duplicate using aflame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The samples analyzed contained a detectable amount of the metals of interest. The concentration of the heavy metals in the samples ranged from 0.092 to 25.57 ppm. It is obvious from the present study that the use of some cosmetic products exposes users to low concentrations of toxic heavy metals which could constitute potential health risk to users since it has been known that heavy metals can accumulate in the biological system over time and are known to induce skin problems or diseases such as cancer. Further research to better understand the sources of heavy metals in cosmetic product is recommended.
Keywords: cosmetics,Heavy metal, Eye shadow.

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Abstract: Sequential extraction by Tessier et al; 1979 was used to study the geochemical fractionation of the following heavy metals; cadmium, chromium, Nickel, lead and zinc in the sediments collected at the point of discharge of Iyalaro stream into Lagos Lagoon to understand their mobility and bioavailability. The highest percentage (%) of all heavy metals studied were observed in the oxidisible fraction; Cd (40.3) %, Cr (35.9) %, Pb (42.6) %, Zn (41.8) % except Ni (42.6) % which was observed at residual / lithogenous (crystal lattice or silicates bound) fraction of the sediment. High Cr (31.2) % contribution was also observed in the residual fraction, this is an indication that rock / soil weathering / formation is also playing meaningful contribution to the presence of Ni and Cr in the studied area. Sequential extraction for the speciation of elements among the geochemical phases in this study indicated that most of the metals studied were in exchangeable, carbonate bound, reducible (Fe-Mn oxides) and oxidisable (organic matter/sulphide bound) fractions which are potentially available fractions, and contributed by anthropogenic activities. The order of reducing availability of the studied heavy metals were as follow; Zn (93.2) % >Pb (81.6) % > Cd (73.1) % > Cr (68.8) % > Ni (57) %. Therefore, under favourable biogeochemical processes for remobilization of the studied metals from the sediment, the studied metals can get the water body heavily polluted, impact food chain and become an environmental risk.

Keywords: Sequential extraction, geochemical fractionation, sediments, food chain

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Abstract: The data in table 1 and 2 showed changes in the total respiration and unit oxygen consumption of the developmental stages of fresh water fish during short-term exposure and acclimation to sub lethal acidic (pH 5.5) media. The oxygen consumption of fry significantly depleted in all the days of exposure to sub lethal acidic pH 5.5 starting from first day to fourteen days of exposure. The rate of total oxygen consumption depletion was higher in second day followed by fourth and sixth day with a gradual decreased trend was observed in the depletion up to fourteenth day of exposure. Similarly it is also observed significant decrease of total oxygen consumption and also rate of oxygen consumption of fingerling on exposure to sub lethal acidic pH in all the days of exposure, i.e., first day to fourteenth day when compared to control. The unit oxygen consumption of fry and fingerling on exposure to sub lethal pH media exhibited significant depletion when compared to control. The rate of depletion was more in the initial days of exposure and it was reduced gradually in 12th and 14thdays of exposure. Further, the animal excretion was highly depleted in acclimated fry to sub lethal acidic media when compared to control. Similarly, excretory pattern of the fingerling also showed significant reduction on acclimation to sub lethal acidic medium over control. The tissue ammonia levels were also significantly depleted in both fry and fingerlings on acclimation to sub lethal acidic medium when compared to control (table 3). But the rate of depletion was more in fingerlings than to fry stage. It is concluded that the acclimation processes to sub lethal acidic medium induced compensatory changes in nitrogenous end products metabolism of fry and fingerlings while providing positive survival capacity under acidic stress conditions.

Key words: Acidic pH, Ammonia, Cyprinuscarpio(L),Oxygen consumption and Sub lethal

[1]. BijayBhushan Prasad, Mandip, and K.R Roy, Effect of copper sulphate and potassium dichromate on oxygen consumption of the air breathing fish, Channagachua, J.Ecotoxicol . Environ .Monit. 16(1),2003,71-76.
[2]. M Bhaskar, and S. Govindappa , Acclimation to sublethal acidic and alkaline media of Tilapia mossambica (peters); changes in glycogen metabolism of Red muscle, Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol., 37,1986,113.
[3]. A Sreenivasa Reddy, M. Venkata Reddy, and K. Radhakrishnaiah, Impact of copper on the oxidative metabolism of the fry of commom carp, Cyprinuscarpio (Linn) at differentPH. , Journal of Environmental Biology, 29(5),2008, 721-724.
[4]. U Srineetha, M. Venkata Reddy, and M. Bhaskar, Effect of environmental acidic pH on protein metabolism of freshwater fish, Cyprinuscarpio(L).,Eco. Envi.and Con,. 20(1),2014b, 125-129.
[5]. M.Venkata Reddy, M. Haranadha Reddy, and K. Radhakrishnaiah, Changes in protein metabolism and histology of the hepatopancreas of the snail Pilaglobosa (Swainson) on the exposure to the lethal and sublethal concentrations of nickel, Indian J. Fish., 58(3),2011,103-107.

Abstract: To obtain much better information about the medicinally use of various extracts of Canna indica Linn. investigations were conducted. The extract shows good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and mild active against Escherichia coli. The results show the inhibition of microbial growth decreased with decreasing in concentration of the plant extracts. The extract material from the rhizomes of the Canna indica shows good antimicrobial activity.

Keywords: 1. Canna Indica Linn 2. Various extracted material 3. Antimicrobiological activity

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Abstract: Field study was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of various concentrations of cypermethrin 25EC and chlorpyrifos 20EC against gram pod borer or bollworm Helicoverpa armigera on pigeonpea in the experimental research area of Nagpur region. Randomized block design was subjected in designing the field experiment to study pesticidal effect on H. armigera on pigeon pea. Three concentrations of each cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos along with one untreated / control treatments were evaluated in replicated trials. In order to make comparison of effectiveness of pesticide treatment more valid, the Randomized block design can be effectively used.

Key words: RBD, field experiment, pesticidal effect.

[1]. Kumar and Nath, 2002): Kumar A. and Nath P.(2002). Effect of insecticides on loss in seed mass and yield of pigeonpea by pod borer. International chickpea and pigeonpea Newsletter. 10:50-51.
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[3]. Lal and Singh, 1998).:Lal S.S.and Singh N.B.(1998). In Proceedings of National Symposium on Management of Biotic and Abiotic Stressesin Pulse Crops. Indian institute of Pulse Research, Kanpur, India, pp65-80.
[4]. Lal et. al., 1992).: Lal C., Sharma S.K.and Chahota R.K. (1992). Oviposition responseof pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa) on resistant pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)selections.Indian Journal of Agricultural science. 64:658-660.
[5]. Anonymous,1998 Plant Protection Recommendations. Commisionarate of Agriculture, Maharashtra State, Pune (Information Bulletion No.1483)

Abstract: The removal of theorangeaciddye7was carried out byadsorptionusing a mixedoxide obtainedaftercalcinationof alayered double hydroxide(LDH) also calledanionicclay. This work requires the control and optimization of variousparameters such as the contact time, thepH, the mass of adsorbentandthe initial concentrationofdye. The removal of the orange acid dye 7 is arapidadsorptionprocess, theequilibriumtemperature isreached after34min. the kinetic data were analyzed using the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models and they were found to fit very well the pseudo second order. Thisis confirmedwithfast kineticsmodeling ofexperimental dataaccording to thepseudosecond-order.Furthermore, the adsorption ofthedye follows theLangmuir isotherm, withan adsorptionof about328.94mg/gcapacity. This retentionfar exceedsthat obtainedby unburned HDL. In order to clarifythe adsorptionmechanism, we havealso studiedtheintraparticlediffusion. The useof a mixed oxideasadsorbent hasallowed us toregeneratea newdye-precursor HDL.

Keywords: Layered Double Hydroxides, Mixed Oxide,OrangeAciddye7, Adsorption, Kinetic.

[1]. V.K. Gupta, Suhas, Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal – a review, J. Environ. Manage. 90 (2009) 2313–2342.
[2]. D. Shen, J. Fan, W. Zhou, B. Gao, Q. Yue, Q. Kang, Adsorption kinetics and isotherm of anionic dyes onto organo-bentonite from single and multisolutesystems, J. Hazard. Mater. 172 (2009) 99–107.
[3]. M. Rafatullaha, O. Sulaimana, R. Hashima, A. Ahmad, Adsorption of methylene blue on low-cost adsorbents: a review, J. Hazard. Mater. 177 (2010) 70–80.
[4]. A. Zahrim, C. Tizaoui, N. Hilal, Evaluation of several commercial synthetic polymers as flocculant aids for removal of highly concentrated C.I. Acid Black210 dye, J. Hazard. Mater. 182 (2010) 624–630.
[5]. E. Haque, J.W. Jun, S.H. Jhung, Adsorptive removal of methyl orange and methylene blue from aqueous solution with a metal-organic frameworkmaterial, iron terephthalate (MOF-235), J. Hazard. Mater. 185 (2011) 507–511.

Abstract: Forty-six fungal species belonging to thirty genera were isolated from sixty samples of Saccharrum officinarum collected from Sabo Sugarcane market, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Mucor and Pythium were the most common genera on the two isolation media. The dominant species of Aspergillus were A. niger, A. flavus, A. ustus, A. terreus and A. wentii. Some species were dominant on 60g/l sucrose such as Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Emericella nidulans, Trichoderma viride, Torula herbarum and Mamaria echinoeotryoides, while the dominant species on 20 g/l glucose were Mucor circinelloides, Aspergillus niger, Torula herbarum and Trichoderma viride. Mycotoxins including aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, zearalenone and diacetoxyscirpenol were detected in the examined samples of Saccharrum officinarum. The mycelial growth of A. flavus, A. niger, Fusarium moniliforme and Torula herbarum decreased significantly (P≥0.05) with the increase in Chlopyriphos concentrations, although 10 Part per millim (ppm) was less effective than the higher levels of the insecticide (50-250 ppm). Chlopyriphos stimulated the activity of Glutamic-oxaloacetic acid (Go-T) in A. flavus, F. moniliforme and T. harbarum, while the Go-T activity was inhibited in A. fumigatus with the Chlopyriphos treatments. The significant of the incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi associated with decayed samples of Saccharrum offioinarum and the effect of chlopyripos insecticide on their mycelia growth and Glutamic-oxaloacetic acid is herein discussed.

Keywords: Fungi, Mycotoxin, Saccharrum officinarum, Chlopyriphos

[1] Onwueme, 1. C. and Sinha, T.D. (1999), ―CTA — Field Crop Production in Tropical Africa‖. CTA, Wageningen, Netheflands, pp401-411

[2] Onwueme, LC. and Sinha T. D. (1993), ―CTA — Field Crop Production in Tropical Africa‖. CTA, Wageningen, Netherlands .Pp401-411

[3] Girei A.A. and Giroh (2012); Analysis of the Factors affecting Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Production under the Out growers Scheme in Numan Local Government Area Adamawa State, Nigeria; Journal of education and practice vol. 3, NO 8:195-200

[4] Onwueme, I. C. (1978), ― Crop Science: Tropical Agricultural Series‖. Cessel, London, pp89-90

[5] Mohawed, S. M., Abdel Hafez, S. I. I., EL-Said, A. H. M. and Gherbawy, Y. A. M. H. 2001. Seasonal fluctuations of soil and root surface fungi of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) inUpper Egypt. Egyptian J. Microbiol. 34: 595-611

Abstract: Food condiments "Iru powder‟ and "Ogiri-isi‟ were produced from African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and Castor oil seed (Ricinus communis) respectively,using traditional method. Raw samples were dehulled and fermented for 96hours, dried and packaged.The organisms associated with the fermented products were identified as Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Penicillium spp, Rhizopus stolonifer and Saccharomyces cerevisiae var ellipsoideus. The PH changes occurring during the fermentation of the seeds were monitored. The pH increased proportionately with the fermentation period, ranging from 6.31 to 7.20 in African locust bean and 6.36 to 7.15 in Castor seed within the 96hrs. The total microbial counts of "Iru" on Nutrient Agar (NA) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) were 5.50 × 109cfu/g and 2.45 × 1010cfu/g respectively while the total microbial counts of "Ogiri-isi" on NA and PDA were 3.07 × 1012cfu/g and 2.41 × 1010cfu/grespectively. Keywords: Castor, fermentation, "iru‟, microorganisms "ogiri-isi‟, locust bean.

[1] B.O. Omafuvbe,S.F. Olumuyiwa, B.A. Osuntogu, and R.A. Adewusi, Chemical and Biochemical changes in African Locust Bean (Parkia-biglobose) and melon (Citrullus vulgaris) seeds During Fermentation to condiments. Parkistan Journal of Nutrition 3(3), 2004, 140- 145.

[2] L.J. Ogbadu, and R.N. Okagbue, Fermentation of African locust beans (Parkia biglobost) involvement of different species of Bacillus. J.Food Microbiology 5, 1988, 195-199.

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Abstract: The concentration of tartrazine in a package of locally processed plantain chips (of about 2mm thickness and 150-200g) within the five South Eastern states of Nigeria was investigated. Twenty five plantain chips products from different manufacturers were purchased from IMO, ABIA, ANAMBRA, ENUGU, and EBONYI STATES. The plantain chips were subsequently subjected to spectrophotometric analysis to determine the concentration of tartrazine in them. The weights of several healthy individuals were collected using a standard weight balance. The individuals were subsequently grouped into different age groups and further categorized according to their sex in cases where wide differences were observed in their ages. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) of tartrazine as recommended by the FAO/WHO Experts was calculated for each age group and was used to match with the concentration obtained. The calculation was purely based on the average body weight of each group. The result showed that eight (32%) of the samples contained more than the ADI of tartrazine for all the groups used in this work and with average body weight range between 25kg and 105kg. The result further suggested that school age children and teenagers were most endangered to the abuse of the substance and therefore most likely to suffer from abuse of this substance.

Keywords: PLANTAIN CHIPS, CONCENTRATION, ADI, TARTRAZINE, ABUSE, EFFECT

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