IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-8 ~ August 2014

Abstract: With the economic development and population growth, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively to meet the rapidly growing demand for food, fresh water, shelter, fibres and fuel. This has led to a substantial and largely irreversible loss of the biodiversity on earth. The ecosystem approach is created as a new concept to understand the environmental problems in economic development. Therefore, it is important to develop an ecological sustainable approach to economic development especially in the areas of urbanization, industrialization, agricultural, tourism and river basin development. Despite social, economic and political barriers to proper ecological consideration, it is urgent and imperative for human society to read between the lines of the environment and act fast so as not to destroy the environment upon which his existence depends.

Key Words: Conservation, Ecosystem, Economic, Development, Resources, Projects.

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[4]. Brown, L. R. and Jacobson, J. L. (1987).The Future of Urbanization: Facing the Ecological and Economic Constraints.WorldwatchPaper 77.
[5]. Budowaki, G. (1976). Tourism and Environmental Conservation.Environmental conservation, 3(1): 27 -33.
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Abstract: This research paper is focused on the analysis and development of a land information system for the different soil types in Bauchi State and their capabilities in enhanced crop productivity, which covers the whole of Bauchi State .the execution of this project, was carried out in two different stages namely: The design stage and the implementation stage. The development of the LIS was facilitated by obtaining a clear and properly identified map of the study area, which was eventually scanned and saved in JPEG format. The scanned map was further geo-referenced and digitized on software and exported to the ARCVIEW GIS9.3 software. The graphics were linked with a created spatial database; the developed system was then put to the test by carrying out a number of GIS operation and analysis called queries (Kufoniyi, 1998). The queries were then generated to help in the identification and differentiation of the various soil types existing in Bauchi as well as their capabilities as regards to the types of crops planted in Bauchi state in other to device means for which production can further be enhanced.

Key words: LIS, GIS, Queries

[1]. Ariola, L. L. (1999); Digital Cadastral Survey and it is Potential for Revenue Generation. Paper presented at the survey coordination and advisory board of survey training conference Akure.
[2]. Dale, P. F and John D. M. (1999); Land Information Management; An introduction with special reference to cadastral problems in third world countries Clarendon press, London.
[3]. Olayele, J. B. (1999); Concept of multipurpose cadaster, in Ezeigo C. U. (ed) Principle and Application of Geographical Information System, Lagos Nigeria.
[4]. Kufoniyi, O. (1998); Database design and creation, First edition, Panat press, Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract: River periyar of Eloor-Edayar industrial stretch has been a subject of pollution study for many years but so far, indexing of water quality has never been attempted. Indexing of water quality variables was carried out using water quality index method developed by Canadian Council of Ministry of Environment (CCME). Statistical techniques like correlation and regression using SPSS software was used to understand the relation between parameters and water quality index. Overall water quality index showed "Poor" quality index in the river, with each sampling site coming under the "poor" quality index range. Correlation analysis showed that water quality index decreases with increase in parameter concentration and vice versa for parameters like calcium, sulphate, chloride, nitrate-nitrogen, total hardness, fluoride, and conductivity. From the analysis, it was found that the water quality index range increases with increase in pH and dissolved oxygen. Regression analysis was used to identify the extend to which each factor; scope, frequency and amplitude, used in the calculation, influenced the water quality index. From the analysis, it was observed that the number of parameters that exceeds the guideline (Scope, F1) and the number of times each parameter exceeding the guideline (Frequency, F2) affects the water quality index of the river. While the extend to which each parameter exceeding the standard limit (amplitude, F3) does not affect the water quality index.

Keywords: Amplitude, Correlation, Frequency, Regression, Scope, Water quality Index

[1]. R.M. Brown, N.I. Mc Clelland, R.A.Deininger, and R.G.Tozer, (1970), A water quality Index: Do we dare?' water sewage works, 117, 1970, 339-343.
[2]. W.R. Otto, Environmental Indices: Theory and Practice, Ann Arbor Science Publisher Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1978.
[3]. W.W. Miller, H.M. Jouny, C.N. Mahannah, and J.R. Garett, Identification of water aquatic difference in Nevada through index application, Journal of Environmental Quality, 15, 1986, 265-272.
[4]. A. A. Bordalo, W. Nilsumranchit, and K. Chalermwat, Water quality and uses of the Bangpakonk river (Eastern Thailand), Water Research, 35(15), 2001, 3635-3642.
[5]. C. Cude, (2001), Oregon water quality index: a tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness, Journal of American Water Resource Association, 37(1), 2001, 125-137.

Abstract: Three cultivars of Xanthosomasagittifolium; White (XCw)-, Red (XCr)-, and Yellow (XCy) fleshed were studied for their proximate composition and carotene content. The proximate composition showed that the moisture content was highest in XCr (12.50%) followed next by XCy (11.25%) and 10.00% in XCw. Fat content was 0.55% in both XCy and XCr but 0.25% in XCw. Crude protein composition was 4.21% in XCw 5.10% in XCr and 3.71% in XCy, showing that the red cultivar in higher in protein content. Carbohydrate content was high in all three cultivars – XCw (79.49%), XCy (79.14%) and XCr (76.75%). β-Carotene content of 1920μg/100gm 16μg/100g and 8μ/100g was obtained from XCy, XCr and XCw respectively and the vitamin A equivalent of 3200i.u, 26.67i.u and 13.33i.u from XCy, XCr and XCw respectively. Thus, result indicated that the colour pigments in these cultivars were mainly-carotene. Since the yellow-fleshed cultivar is rich in carotene leading to good source of vitamin A, it means that the yellow cultivar can support good nutrition as far as energy and vitamin A is concerned.

Keyword: Proximate composition, carotene content, XanthosomaSagittifolium

[1]. Agboola, S.A (1979). An Agricultural atlas of Nigeria. Oxford University Press, England. Pp 65 – 68.
[2]. Akahosi, N. (1977). A report to the Department of Food Science and Tech; University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
[3]. AOAC.(1990). Official Method of Analysis.15thedn.Association of Official Analytical chemists (AOAC). Washington, D.C
[4]. AOCS.(1990). Officialand Tentative Methods of Analysis.American Oil Chemists Society. Champaign, III.
[5]. Arene, O.B Ene, L.S.O, Odurukwe, S.O; and Eze, N.O.A (1987). Proc of the 1st Nat. W/shop on cocoyam.Aug 16 – 21 1987 NRCRI, Umudike Nig. Caused by Corticuimrolfsii. In: Tropical Root Crops: Research strategies for the 1980s. (Terry, E. R., Oduro, K.A and Caveness, F eds). Int'l Soc. For Trop. Roots crops, Afr. Branch Ibadan, Nig pp. 239 – 246.

Abstract: Interactions between microorganisms and plants have undoubtedly had major effects on the development of civilization since humans began to rely extensively on cultivated crops for food. Positive and negative interactions take place not only between microbes but also between microbes and plants. The rhizosphere is a zone of predominantly commensal and mutualistic interactions between plants and microbes. Rhizospheric microbes can degrade the majority of environmental pollutants and degradation process stops when the microbe is deprived of food. These microbes have access to the best food source available in soil, namely root exudates. Microbial degradation of contaminants in the rhizosphere provides a positive effect for the plant; the pollutant concentration is decreased in the area near the roots and the plant can grow better than those in contaminated areas. Worldwide, contamination of soil and ground water is a severe problem. The negative effects of pollutants on the environment and on human health are diverse and depend on the nature of the pollution. Awareness about harms of pollution in the scientific world has aroused in 1990s but now even general public is highly concerned about this issue. The search for alternative methods for excavation and incineration to clean polluted sites resulted in the application of bioremediation techniques. A cost effective and highly ethical method Rhizoremediation which involves the breakdown of contaminants in soil resulting from microbial activity that is enhanced in rhizosphere. So, an effort is made to review the recent advancements on rhizoremediation-based abolition of heavy metals.

Key words: rhizosphere; rhizoremediation; heavy metals.

[1]. Abd El Haleem, D., von Wintzingerode, F., Moter, A., Moawad, H., and Gobel, U. B. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of rhizosphere-associated beta-subclass proteobacterial ammonia oxidizers in a municipal waste water treatment plant based on rhizoremediation technology. Lett.Appl. Microbiol. 31:34-38.
[2]. Alberty, R.A. 2006 Biochemical reactions at specified temperature and various pHs. In Biochemical thermodynamics.
[3]. Amos, P.W., and Younger, P.L. 2003 Substrate characterisation for a subsurface reactive barrier to treat colliery spoil leachate. Water Res., 37, 108–120.
[4]. Anderson, T. A., Guthrie, E. A., and Walton, B. T. 1993. Bioremediation in the rhizosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:2630-2636.
[5]. Anderson J.A., Kruger E.R., Coats J.R. 1994 Enhanced degradation of a mixture of three herbicides in the rhizosphere of a herbicide tolerant plant. Chemosphere 28: 1551–1557

Abstract: The biochemical and histopathological alterations in the blood and liver of the teleost fish, Anabas testudineus subjected to two sub-lethal concentrations of copper and the capacity of vitamin C to counteract the toxicity induced perturbations were investigated. The 96 hour LC 50 value of copper for A. testudineus was determined by Probit method and was found to be 1.74 mg/L. The blood and liver samples were collected from copper exposed and vitamin supplemented media on the 7th,14th,21stand 28thday of exposure. Copper exposure significantly increased (p˃0.0001) the activity of biomarkers of hepatotoxicity such as GOT (Glutamate oxalate transaminase) and GPT (Glutamate pyruvate transaminase) in serum and liver compared to vitamin supplemented fishes.The decrease in serum and liver protein of copper exposed fishes justifies increased energy demand due to copper induced oxidative stress. The liver of copper treated fish showed histopathological alterations such as degeneration of hepatocytes,cell necrosis, inflammation with sinusoid dilation,increased incidence of kupffer cells and vacuole formation. Vitamin administration was effective in improving the physiological and histological integrity in copper intoxicated fishes.The present study shows that copper is harmful to Anabas testudineus even at sub-lethal concentrations and it's enrichment in water and sediment is a dangerous threat to aquatic life.

Keywords: Copper,GOT,GPT, histopathology, Vitamin C

[1]. Abdel-Meguid.,N,A.M.Kheiralleh.,Abu-Shaban,K.,Adham,A. and Abdel-Moneim, Histochemical and biochemical changes in liver of Tilapia Zilli: as a consequence of water pollution. Journal of Biological Science, 2, 2002, 224 – 229.

[2]. S.S.Vutukuru, Acute effects of hexavalent chromium on survival, oxygen consumption, haematological parameters and some biochemical profiles of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2(3), 2005, 456 – 462.

[3]. Randall,D.J. and S.F. Perry, Catecholamine In. Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J. and T.P.Farrell, (Ed.), Fish physiology, Vol. XII, (Academic press, New York, 1992)

[4]. Barton, B.A. and G.K.Iwama, Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Annual Reviews of Fish Diseases (1), 1991, 3-26.

[5]. Beggs, K. and N.W..Pankhurst, Endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in a laboratory population of the tropical damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Journal of Fish Biology. (64),2004, 133-145.

Abstract: Anti-diabetic effect of a herbal tea processed from Ocimum gratissimum was evaluated on five groups of rats; N, D, C1, C2 and C3. Group N and D were non-diabetic and diabetic rat groups fed with rat feed and tap water while groups C1, C2, and C3 were diabetic rats fed with rat feed and different concentrations of the herbal tea; 2g/200ml, 4g/200ml and 6g/200ml respectively. The feed, water and the herbal tea were provided adlibitum for the respective groups for a period of 21 days. The herbal tea contained 17.29% moisture, 1.70% crude fat, 28.9% crude protein, 11.1% fibre, 5.9% ash and 35.93% carbohydrate. At the end of the treatment period, groups C1, C2 and C3 had 50.2%, 70.1% and 25.4% reduction while groups N and D had 1% and 18.8% increment in their fasting blood glucose concentrations respectively. The histological result showed that all the groups that took different concentrations of the herbal tea had larger sizes of islet cells when compared with that of the diabetic group D; suggesting that the herbal tea at these different concentrations may have induced proliferation of the remnant of the islet cells that escaped the damage caused by the alloxan injection. Keywords: alloxan, anti-diabetic, herbal tea, histology, Ocimum gratissimum

[1]. R. N. Okigbo, U. E. Eme and S. Ogbogu, Biodiversity and conservation of medical and aromatic plants in Africa, Biotechnology and Molecular Biological Review. 3(6), 2008, 127-134.
[2]. K. H. Schmincke, Medicinal plants for forest conservation and healthcare. Non-wood forest products 11 (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2003)
[3]. A. A. Elujuba, O. M. Odeleye, and C. M. Ogunyemi, Traditional medical development for medical and dental primary health care delivery system in African, African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2(1), 2005, 46-61.
[4]. M. W. Iwu, A. R. Duncan and C. O. Okunji, In Perspective on new crops and new uses (ASHS Press, Alexandria, V A, 1999).
[5]. R. N. Okigbo, N. Mbajiuka and C. O. Njoku, Anti-microbial potentials of (uda) Xylopia aethiopica and Ocimum gratissimum on some pathogens of man, International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advanced Sciences, 1(4), 2005, 392-397.

Abstract: Evaluation of the proximate, Cyanide and Mineral element composition were carried out on sweet cassava specie (Mannihot esculenta Crantz) from Ohaukwu and Iboko communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Proximate analysis results of cassava specie from Ohaukwu gives: Crude protein (0.96%), moisture (5.00%), carbohydrate (83.84%), Crude fibre (7.60%), Ash (2.00%), and Lipids (0.60%). Its cyanide content was obtained as 1.91mg/kg, while the mineral elements composition were as follows, Ca (0.28mg/kg), Cu(1.49mg/kg), Mn(6.20mg/kg), Mg (0.50mg/kg), Na(0.04mg/kg), Fe(7.88mg/kg), Zn(10.01mg/kg), Pb(0.25mg/kg), Cd(0.006mg/kg) and K(5.28mg/kg). The cassava specie from Iboko had its proximate composition as follows: Crude protein (0.8%), moisture (6.4%), Crude fibre (7.35%), Ash (2.40%), Lipids (0.34%), and Carbohydrate (82.33%). While the Cyanide content was (2.02mg/kg). its mineral element compositions were as follows; Ca (0.32mg/kg), Mg (0.54mg/kg), Na (0.03mg/kg), Fe (7.31mg/kg), Zn (8.03mg/kg), Mn (6.75mg/kg), K (5.04mg/kg), Pb (0.23mg/kg), Cd (0.011mg/kg), and Cu (1.50mg/kg).

Key Words: Mannihot esculenta Crantz, Proximate analysis and mineral compositions.

[1] Bernardo Ospina, I.A, Hernan Ceballes. (CIAT) 2002. Ha Yuca enel Tercer Milenie, Sistermas Modernes de Produccion procesaminento, Utilizacion and Commercialization. Bolivia Journal of Chem. Vol. 24(3)10.

[2] Hillocks R.J., Thresh J.M and Belloti A.C. (2002). Cassava: Biology production and Utilization CAB International., Vol 3 (41),50. [3] Nartey F.,Vennesland B.,CONNEE., Knowles C.J., Wesley J.,Wissing F.,(1981), Cyanogensis in tropical feeds and feed stuffs, Academic press, London.pp 115-32.

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Abstract: As the link between health and environmental quality is receiving due attention, the commitment to safeguard the environment from both the physical and social impacts associated with hospital waste is growing. Many aspects of human well-being are influenced by the environment and many diseases can be initiated, promoted, sustained or stimulated by environmental factors. Environmental health is a segment of public health and thus the environmental health professionals need to formulate policies which would check the indiscriminate dumping of infectious waste and incorporate the element of accountability. Although the Notification of rules to regulate hospital waste was issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India in 1998 and subsequently revised in 2012, hospitals and nursing homes are yet to react to it seriously thus posing constraints to the safe and rational management of hospital waste. This paper focuses on the Indian and international legal scenario with respect to hospital waste. It is clear that there is a lacuna in the implementation of policies and gross violation of human rights.
Keywords: environmental health, hospital waste, environmental health, human rights

[1] WHO, Regional Workshop on Hospital Waste Management and Hospital Infection Control. WHO Project: INDEHH001. Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur, India, Nov. 18-20, 1999, p.6

[2] A. Pruss, E.Giroult, P. Rushbrook, Safe Management of Wastes from health-care activities, World Health Organisation,Geneva, 1999.

[3] Government of India, Report of the High Powered Committee on Management of Hazardous Waste, Volume I, Research Foundation for Science, Technology and National Research Policy, New Delhi, India, 1997.

[4] J. Kishore, National Health Programmes of India-National Policies and Legislations relating to Health. Second Edition. Century Publications, Delhi, India, 1999.

Abstract: Agricultural production in Niger State like other states in Nigeria is highly vulnerable to climate changeability. Climate change is predicted to have adverse effects on the agricultural sector of the poorer parts of the world especially sub-Saharan Africa, The aim of the study was to assess the influence of rainfall variability on yam production in Kuta community of Niger state. For the purpose of this research, data was collected from 100 respondents through the administration of questionnaires. Rainfall data covering a period of ten years (2001-2010) was also obtained from Shiroro dam, Niger State, while the yearly yam yield for about ten years (2001 – 2010) was obtained from Niger State Ministry of Agriculture. The study evaluates the effect of rainfall variation on yam production and analysed the variability in the rainfall pattern within the study area and its effect on the yield of yam. Linear regression and standardized anomaly index were used to analysis the data gathered. Graphs and tables were used to present the results. The study showed that the variation of rainfall in the study area was minimal but a strong relationship between rainfall variation and yam yield. It also showed a positive response between that yam yield and the moderate rainfall that was well distributed.

Key words: Climate changeability; yam production

[1]. Adejuwon, S.A. (2004). Impacts of Climate Variability and Climate Change on crop Yield in Nigeria. Lead paper presented at the stakeholders workshop on the Assessment of impact and adaptation to climate change, conference center,205-219.
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[6]. Ekunwe P. A, Orewa S. I, Emokaro C. O (2008). Resource use Efficiency in Yam Production in Delta and Kogi State of Nigeria. Asian J. Agric. Res. 2(20):61-69.
[7]. Etim N. A, Udoh E. J, Awoyemi T. T (2005). Measuring Technical efficiency of Urban farms in Uyo Metropolis. Global J. Agric. Sci. 4 (1):91-95.

Abstract: Information on wetland function in waste water treatment is very important as the information can be used to remove undesirable qualities of water. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of natural wetlands in the treatment of waste water. The study was carried out for a period of four months (November 2012 to February 2013). Four sampling site were selected within the wetland and water samples were collected twice every week. Standard methods for sampling, storage and analysing according to APHA were used. Statistical analysis informs of T-test (2-tailed) and ANOVA were used to summarize the findings. The study revealed that the wetland played a role in the removal of pollutants where the best performance was obtained at TSS removal efficiency of 97.67%. BOD, Chromium, Nitrate, Total Solids, and Phosphate ranged between 50-96% while conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids were less than 50%. DO increased by 23.4% and pH changed by -0.79% hence the effluent water was less acidic as compared with influent water. The study concluded that Tibia wetland was effective and had potential in treatment of the waste water from the discharging facilities. It is recommended that wetlands can be conserved and used as waste water treatment facility instead of regarding them as waste land. Measures should be put in place to improve the final effluent quality to ensure that the levels of the parameters in the effluent are within the permissible limits.

Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters, Tibia wetland, Waste Water, Wetland

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[5]. Dixon, B. A. (2003). Indigenous management of wetlands. Asbgate publishing limited, Ethiopia.
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