IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ April 2015

Abstract: Water itself is an environment supporting a large number of organisms- a mosaic of flora and fauna highly affected by increased population and urbanization. An incidence of large scale mortality of fish in Bijapur (Karnataka) on 20th to 23rd Dec.2010 was reported in the local news paper and it was a major concern in the Bijapur city. Thousands of fish died in the historic Taj Boudi, the largest well built by Adil Shahis and it is a lotic calm water body. The dead fishes were identified as Tilapia mossambica, commonly called as Chilla pilli/Gilabi in local language (poor commercial value). An intensive study of the water quality of Taj Boudi was carried out. These studies reveal that the mass mortality of fish in Taj Boudi is due to sudden fall in temperature of the water, depletion of dissolved oxygen, elevated BOD, high level of molecular ammonia and eutrophication due to the enrichment of water with Phosphorous and Nitrogen in the form of PO4 and NO3. Another rare phenomenon of Inverse thermal stratification was also observed in the previous study of Taj Boudi water and it may also have added to the mass mortality of fish.

Key words: Eutrophication, Inverse thermal stratification, Mass mortality, Taj Boudi, Tilapia mossambica.,

[1]. Patil, G.S. Patil S.B. 2013. Environmental Case Study with regards to Water quality of Ancient wells of Bijapur. "IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), Vol. 2, 4; PP 24-3.
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[3]. Benjamin R, Chakrapani B.K., Devashish K, Nagarathna A.V., and T.V. Ramachandra. 1996. Fish Mortality in Bangalore Lakes, India. Electronic Green Journal, 1(6).
[4]. Munawar, M. and Zafar A.R. 1967. Apreliminary study of vertical Movement of Eudorina elegans during a bloom caused by them. Hydrobiologia. 29(1-2):140-148.
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[6]. Popma, T. Tilapia Life History and Biology 1999 Southern Region Aquaculture Center.
[7]. Sawynok W, Parsons W and Platten P (2009). Winter 2007 Fish Death Events: Impacts on Stocked Fish. Infofish Services, Rockhampton, Queensland.

Summary: Adsorption studies of Fuchsin Basic (FB) on six different agricultural wastes / natural materials were carried out by batch experiments. The parameters studied include initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, agitation time, agitation speed, particle size of adsorbent and temperature. The best fitting isotherm models were found to be Langmuir and Temkin. The monolayer (maximum) adsorption capacities (qm) were found between 166.667 to 250 mg/g for adsorbents under study. Among the kinetic models, Lagergen pseudo -second order model best fits the kinetics of adsorption. Intra particle diffusion plot showed boundary layer effect and larger intercepts indicates greater contribution of surface sorption in rate determining step. Adsorption was found to increase on increasing pH, increasing temperature, increasing agitation speed and decreasing particle size. Thermodynamic analysis showed negative values of free energy change indicating adsorption was favourable and spontaneous, small positive values below 40 KJ/mole of enthalpy change indicating endothermic physical adsorption and positive values of entropy change indicating increased disorder and randomness at the solid- solution interface of FB with biosorbents. Adsorption capacity of pineapple peel powder towards FB was found to be more than other adsorbents under study.

Keywords: Adsorption isotherm, Fuchsin Basic, biosorbents, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters.

[1] N. Kannan, M.M. Sundaram, Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption of various carbons- a comparative study, Dyes and pigments, 51,2001, 25-40.

[2] K.G.Bhattacharyya and A.Sharma, Kinetics and thermodynamics of methylene blue adsorption on Neem(AzadirachtaIndica)leaf powder, Dyes and pigments, 65,2005,51-59.

[3] C. Namasivayam, D.Kavitha, Removal of Congo red from water by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coir pith, J. Dyes Pigments, 54,2002,47-58.

[4] Z Bouberka, S. Kacha, M, Kameche, S. Elmaleh, Z .Derriche , Sorption study of an acid dye from aqueous solutions using modified clays. J. Hazard. Mater. B. 119,2005, 117-124.

[5] P.Janos, P.Sedivy, M .Ryznarova, Sorption of basic and acid dyes from aqueous solutions onto oxihumolite, Chemosphere; 119,2005,881-886.

[6] S. Wang., Y.Boyjoo , A.Choueib , Z. H.Zhu , Removal of dyes from aqueous solution using fly ash and red mud, Water Res., 39,2005, 129–138.

Summary: This study investigated the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the different cooking methods of chicken. The levels of 16 PAHs compound were determined in raw and cooked chicken meats. The chicken was cooked with different methods, i.e. boiling, frying, barbequing and roasting. The uncooked sample served as the reference. With the aid of the 16 PAHs reference standards, the levels of the PAHs were determined using gas chromatography - flame ionization detector (GC-FID) after extracting with methylene chloride by soxhlet extraction.Column chromatographic clean – up was employed for the PAHs extraction, packed with anhydrous sodium sulphate and silica gel with amixture of pentane and methylene chloride as the eluting solvents.The obtained data showed the total PAHs as 0.0521,01408, 10.8374, 0.2008 and 0.1817 and total carcinogenic PAHs as 0.0516, 0.0933, 7.4868, 0.1343 and 0.0.3610 μg/kg in the control, boiled, fried, barbecued and roasted chicken samples respectively.

Keywords: Carcinogenic PAHs, clean – up, cooking methods of chicken, GC – FID,soxhletextraction .

[1]. El-Badry, N. (2010). Effect of household cooking methods and some food additives on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formation in chicken meat. J. of World Applied Sci. 9(9): 963-974.
[2]. Agerstad, M. J., & Skog, K. (2005). Review genotoxicity of heat-processed foods. Mutation Research, 574, 156–172.
[3]. Larsson, B. K. (1986). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Swedish foods.Aspects on analysis, occurrence and intake.Doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
[4]. Ishizaki, A., Saitoa, K., Haniokab, N., Narimatsub, S. &Kataokaa, H. (2010).Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food samples by automated on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection.J. Chromatogr., 1217: 5555-5563.
[5]. Simko, P. (2002). Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked meat products and smoke flavouring food additives. B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, J. Chromatogra., 770: 3-18..

Summary: The heavy metal contents of Manihot esculenta seedlings grown in crude oil contaminated soil were investigated at the Botanical garden of the Department Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The treatments comprised of 0.00 % crude oil +cassava; 0.00 % crude oil + cassava + consortium; 10.00 % crude oil (w/w) + cassava, and 10.00 %crude oil (w/w) + Cassava + consortium. The crude oil was applied to the soil 12 days before the stems of Manihot esculenta were planted. The cassava stems in the treatments with the bacterial consortium was inoculated by dipping into the bacterial solution for one minute before they were planted. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five replicates. The results showed that crude oil contamination of soil had significant (P<0.05) effects of increasing the contents of heavy metal (including Aluminium, Iron, Copper, and Zinc) of the test plant when compared with values obtained for plants from the uncontaminated soil. It was also observed that the bacterial consortium significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the uptake of the heavy metals when compared with values obtained for seedlings from the non-inoculated stems. This study has shown that crude oil contamination of soil can lead to a gradual build up of heavy metals which when absorbed are capable of making the cassava shoots and roots potentially toxic and harmful if consumed as food by man and his animals.

Keywords: Crude oil-contaminated soil–Heavy metals, bacterial consortium, Manihot esculenta

[3]. Agbogidi, O. M. and Egbuchua, C. O. (2010). Heavy metal concentrations of soil contaminated with spent engine oil in Asaba, Delta State. Acta Agronomica Nigeriana 10 (1): 65-69.
[4]. Agbogidi, O. M. and Eshegbeyi, O. F. (2006). Performance of Dacryodes edulis (Don. G. Lam H.J.) Seeds and seedlings in a crude oil contaminated soil. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 22 (3/4): 1-14.
[5]. Agbogidi, O. M. and Ilondu. E. M. (2012). Heavy metal contents of Gambaya albida (linn.) seedlings grown in soil contaminated with crude oil. Global Journal of Bio-Science and Biotechnology. VOL.1 (2).201-204.
[6]. Agbogidi, O. M.; Eruotor, P. G.; Akparobi, S. O. and Nnaji, G. U. (2007). Evaluation of crude oil contaminated soil on the mineral nutrient elements of maize (Zea mays L). Journal of Agronomy 6(1): 188-193.
[7]. Akonye, L. A. and Onwudiwe, I. O. (2004). Potential for saw dust and Chromolaena leaves as soil amendments for plant growth in oil polluted soils. Niger Delta Biologia 4:50-60.

Summary: Heavy metal pollution in soil and groundwater is currently one of the worst environmental problems the world over because it is significantly toxic to all living things. In this study, a simple lysimeter method was used to determine the heavy metal uptake of Melaleuca cajuputi via transport and leaching losses of solutes and to investigate the best Cu and Zn concentrations for the growth and physiological development of this species. M. cajuputi seeds were planted in simple lysimeter pots containing beach ridges interspersed with swales (BRIS) soil according to a completely randomized design (CRD). Four different Cu and Zn concentrations were applied—0 (control), 100, 300 and 500 ppm—with nine replications for each treatment. Observations of the growth and physiological performance of the plants at the end of the study showed that 100 ppm of each Cu and Zn yielded the best results for all the parameters measured, whereas 500 ppm of each Cu and Zn yielded the lowest. This finding facilitates better understanding of the growth and physiological attributes of M. cajuputi, which shows potential for remediating contaminated sites. Despite the simplicity of the method used in this work, it provides sufficient insight into M. cajuputi. It also serves as basis for testing new and alternative methods of designing experiments that effectively measure the heavy metal uptake of plants via leaching losses. Tested plant can be used for phytoremediation.

Keywords: Lysimeter, Heavy metal, M. cajuputi, BRIS soil, Phytoremediation.

[1] Zubillaga, M. S., Bressan, E. & Lavado, R. S. (2008). Heavy metal mobility in polluted soils: effect of different treatments. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(6), 620-624.
[2] Yoon, J., Cao, X., Zhou, Q. & Ma. L. Q., 2006. Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native plants growing on a contaminated Florida site. Science of the Total Environment, 368, 456-464.
[3] Rossi, G., Figliolia, A. & Socciarelli, S. (2004). Zinc and copper bioaccumulation in Brassica napus at flowering and maturation. Engineering in Life Sciences, 4(3), 271-275.
[4] Cao, X., Ma, L. Q., Chen, M., Singh, S. P., and Harris, W. G. (2002). Impacts of phosphate amendments on lead biogeochemistry in a contaminated site. Environmental Science and Technology, 36 (5). 296-304.
[5] Mulligan, C. N., Yong, R. N., and Gibbs, B. F. (2001). Remediation technologies for metal-contaminated soils and groundwater: an evaluation. Engineering Geology. 60. 193-207.
[6] Wong, M. H. (2003). Ecological restoration of mine degraded soils, with emphasis on metal contaminated soils. Chemosphere, 50, 775-780.

Summary: Three organisms namely Pseudomonas syringae ,Cercosporaspp and Alternariaspp were isolated from infected spots on a sunflower leaf. The development of yellow fluorescence on Kings B agar media and development of toxin proved the presence of Pseudomonas syringae. A number of significant changes in the plant properties were observed after 15days of infection by the isolated pathogens. An assay of the enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) at 270nm and polyphenol oxidase at 280 nm indicated an increase in the concentration of trans-cinnamic acid and o-quinones respectively after 5 days of infection and a decrease in their concentration after 15 days of infection. However, the β carotene content of the sunflower petals remained almost unaffected due to the infections. The antifungal activity of Pseudomonas syringae against Cercosporaspp and Alternariaspp was indicated during co infection on sunflower through the modification of viscosity of the sunflower oil as well as reduction of germ tube length during co infection with the fungal pathogens.The use of lipid metabolism blockers showed that there was a decrease in the germ tube length of the spores of the isolated pathogens. Further, by slide bio assay, it was found that fungicides like Bavistine and Blitox can be used effectively to control infection of Alternariaspp and Cercospora spp. Also the use of bactericides like Ambistryn can also be used in controlling infection by Pseudomonas syringae on Helianthus annus.

Keywords: Ambistryn, Bavistin, Blitox, o-quinones,transcinnamic acid.

[1]. Shirshikar, S.P. 2005.Mildew disease in India. Helia. 28:153-158.
[2]. Luciana Aparecida de Souza AbreuI,; Maria Laene Moreira de CarvalhoI; CrislaineAparecida Gomes PintoI; VerônicaYumiKataokaII; Tanismare Tatiana de Almeida SilvaI, 2013. Deterioration of sunflower seeds during storage, J. Seed Sci. vol.35 no.2 Londrina 2013, IDepartamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 - Lavras, MG, Brasil IIUniversidadeBandeirante, Academia PaulistaAnchieta, 02022-011 - São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
[3]. Robert M Harveson. Rhizopus, Extension plantpathologist.Head Rot of Sunflower in Nebraska. G1677 Revised in October 2013
[4]. Zadoks, J.C. 1985. On the conceptual basis of crop loss assessment: The threshold theory. Annual Review of Phytopathology 23:455-47
[5]. Bai, R., Liu, W. and Zheng, H. 1985. Problems of sunflower disease in China.Second sunflower conference Decemer 12-16, 1985.Baichen2, Agricultural institute, Jilin, China.p.14.
[6]. Bhutta, A.R., Rahber-Bhatti, M.H., Solangi, G.R., Ahmad, I. and Rehman, M.H. 1993. Sunflower production and pathological problems in Pakistan. Science and Technology Development 2:51-55.

Summary: An assessment of the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma species on sclerotia rot disease of tomato plants in Chile Island (Makurdi) was conducted. Soil samples were collected for the isolation of Trichoderma species while tomato plants showing symptoms of sclerotia rot disease were collected for isolation of Sclerotium rolfsii. Two Trichoderma species; Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride including Alternaria species and Aspergillus niger were isolated from the soil samples. Sclerotium rolfsii grew rapidly on PDA and the colony colour was white. For the evaluation of the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma species in vitro, Trichoderma harzianum gave the highest inhibition of 74.50% while Trichoderma viride gave an inhibition o f 68.75%. The reduction in radial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii by Trichoderma harzianum did not differ significantly (P>0.05) from that of Trichoderma viride. The antagonistic potential of the Trichoderma isolates against Sclerotium rolfsii on the tomato cultivars in bioassay showed significant difference (P<0.05) with respect to parameters evaluated such as number of leaves, branches and height. Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride share great success in several parameters evaluated with respect to biological control and can be considered for field applications in the biocontrol of soil borne pathogenic fungi.

Keywords: Biocontrol potential, Sclerotia rot, Chile Island, Assessing, Trichoderma.

[1]. M.R. Hermosa, I. Grondona, EA Itturriaya, JM Piaz – Minguez, C. Casytro, E. Monte, and I.Gwacia – Acha, Molecular characterization and identification of Biocontrol Isolates of Trichoderma species, Appl. Envrion. Microbiol., 66, 2000, 1890-1898.
[2]. TA Fridlendar, CE Hopkins, and GF Thomas, Antagonistic properties of Microorganisms Associated with Cassava products, Afr. J. biocontrol., 7, 2003,627-632.
[3]. G.J. Samuel, S.D. Ellis, M.J. Bolehm, and D. Coplin, CMI descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA, Mycological Research 100, 2002, 627-630.
[4]. W. Gams, and J. Bissetts, Morphology and Identification of Trichoderma, Biotechnol.,10, 1998, 735-740.
[5]. M.A. Rifai, Revision of the Genus Trichoderma, Mycological Papers 116, 1969, 1-56.
[6]. K.H. Domsch, W Gams, and T.H. Anderson, Compendium of soil fungi Vol. 1. (New York Academic press, 1980 ).
[7]. H.L. Barnett, and B.B. Hunter, Illustrated Genera of Imperfecti fungi 3rd edition (Burges Publishing Company, Minnesota, 2003)

Summary:Consumption of drinking water containing high concentrations of nitrate can be cause Methemoglobin in infants, diabeteschildren and types of cancer. In this cross-sectional study, the concentration of nitrate in 102 water samples collected from 17 wells in Hasht Bandi of Minab was measured by a spectrophotometer Model DR2800 (may to July, 2014). The mean concentrations of nitrate in groundwater is 17.5 ± 6.6 mg/l and ND-41 mg/l, respectively.The lowest and highest concentration ofnitrateis related to well8 and well14, respectively. Mean nitrate concentrations of groundwater is lower than WHO and EPA standard limits.
Keywords: Nitrate, Groundwater, Wells, Hasht Bandi of Minab

[1]. Zazouli, M.A. and M. Alam Gholilou, Survey of chemical quality (Nitrate, Flouride, Hardness, Electrical Conductivity) of driking water in Khoy city. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, 2013. 23: p. 80-84.
[2]. Setare, P., et al., Distribution of groundwater nitrate contamination in GIS environment: A case study, Sonqor plain. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 2014. 18(3).
[3]. Cheong, J.-Y., et al., Groundwater nitrate contamination and risk assessment in an agricultural area, South Korea. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2012. 66(4): p. 1127-1136.
[4]. Nowak, J., et al., Ammonia sources in the California South Coast Air Basin and their impact on ammonium nitrate formation. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012. 39(7).
[5]. Moussa, M.S., Nitrification in Saline Industrial Wastewater. 2004: Taylor & Francis.
[6]. McLay, C., et al., Predicting groundwater nitrate concentrations in a region of mixed agricultural land use: a comparison of three approaches. Environmental Pollution, 2001. 115(2): p. 191-204.

Summary: Community composition of a forest is determined by its climatic and edaphic factors with special interactions with biotic factors too. Though altitude is a factor, it governs the whole area by its unique composite interactions to develop a self occupied auto regulated vegetation of special kind. Buxa Tiger Reserve (BTR) in Buxa National Park and Lataguri of Gorumara National Park (GNP) are therefore distinct sites with associate composition of varied kind. It is somehow different from other tracts because it is neither Himalayan type nor the actual riverine type. The people in such specific habitats interact with their own flora, fauna and microorganisms of own kind. Therefore, the present research works revealed a result of significant study of preliminary kind which boosts a goal to know the composition of vegetation in both the sites.

[1]. Shi, H and Singh, A. An Assessment of Biodiversity hotspots using remote sensing and GIS. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 2002, 30 (1 and 2): 105-112.
[2]. Gower, S. T., Vogt, K.A. and Grier, C.C. Carbon dynamics of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir: Influence of water and nutrient availability. Ecological Monographs, 1992, 62 (1): 43-65.
[3]. Sahu, P.K., Sagar, R., and Singh, J.S. Tropical Forest Structure and Diversity in relation to altitude and disturbances in a Biosphere reserve in Central India. Applied Vegetation Science, 2008, 11: 461-470.
[4]. Dixit, A.M. Ecological Evaluation of Dry Tropical forest vegetation: An approach to environmental Impact Assessment, Tropical Ecology, 1997, 38: 87-99.
[5]. Das, D. Ecological Studies of Ecosystem Health Indicators at Nayagram of Paschim Medinipur District in Lateritic forests of Southwest Bengal, India. IOSR-JESTFT, 2014b, 8(5/1): 1-17.
[6]. Ghosh, P. Preliminary studies on Ethno-botanically important Non Timber Forest Produces (NTFPs) in Jamboni Block of Paschim Medinipur District of West Bengal, IOSR-Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2014a, 9(5): 59-66.

Summary: A simple extraction method based on methanol-soaking coupled with HPLC-UV detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of the potato sprout inhibitor chlorpropham (isopropyl 3-chlorophenyl carbamate) (CIPC) and its degradation product 3-chloroaniline (3-CA) in potato samples using propham (IPC) as an internal standard. The chromatographic conditions selected were 62% methanol at 15 minutes run time and retention times at 11 and 4 minutes for CIPC and 3-CA respectively. The HPLC method was validated reporting good precision and acceptable linearity. The estimated values of LOQ in the organic potato extract based on fresh potato tuber weight were 0.01 and 0.02 mg/kg of CIPC and 3-CA respectively.

[1]. L.J. Park, Chlorpropham distribution in potato stores and evaluation of environmental issues relating to its use,Ph.D. Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004, http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4402/.
[2]. L. Park, H. Duncan, A. Briddon, A. Jina, A. Cunnington, and S. Saunders, Review and development of the CIPC application process and evaluation of environmental issues, AHDB-Potato Council, 2009, http://www.potato.org.uk.
[3]. M. J. Smith, S. Müller, W. Sander, and G. Bucher, Mechanisms of the thermal decay of chlorpropham, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 246-247, 2013,154-162.
[4]. P. Verhagen, L. De Gelder, S. Hoefman, P. De Vos, and N. Boon, Planktonic versus biofilm catabolic communities: Importance of the biofilm for species selection and pesticide degradation, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77, 2011, 4728-4735.
[5]. D.D. Kaufman and P.C. Kearney, Microbial degradation of isopropyl-n-3-chlorophenylcarbamate and 2-chloroethyl-n-3-chlorophenylcarbamate, Applied Microbiology, 13, 1965, 443-446.
[6]. P.C. Kearney and D.D. Kaufman, Enzyme from soil bacterium hydrolyzes phenylcarbamate herbicides, Science, 147, 1965, 740-741.

Summary: Recently, the spatial distribution models, such as surface kriging map were used extensively in the Assessmentof environmental pollutants such as nitrate groundwater. Therefore the Assessment of the accuracy of the maps in predicting concentration ofnitrate were determined. In this research, 162 water samples from 27 wells in HashtBandi of Minab (17 main and 10 controlled wells) were collected. The concentration of nitrate was measured by spectrophotometry DR28000 according to ferrous sulfate 8153 method. Kriging map accuracy Assessed by statistical analysis between measured and predicted concentration of nitrate in 10 controlled wells. The overall mean and rang of nitrate concentration in groundwater waters is 15.12±6.4 mg/1 and ND-41 mg/1, respectively. The least and most difference in measured with predicted concentration is related to (-20.33) well 2 and (-2.33) well 6 respectively. The mean ratio of the measured nitrate concentration (13.90±6.30 mg/1) to predicted (18.10±11.66) is %76.7. Surface kriging map has relatively high accuracy for Assessment of nitrate in groundwater water.

Keywords: Nitrate, Groundwater water, Kriging map and Assessment

[1]. Nowak, J., et al., Ammonia sources in the California South Coast Air Basin and their impact on ammonium nitrate formation. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012. 39(7).
[2]. Moussa, M.S., Nitrification in Saline Industrial Wastewater. 2004: Taylor & Francis.
[3]. McLay, C., et al., Predicting groundwater nitrate concentrations in a region of mixed agricultural land use: a comparison of three approaches. Environmental Pollution, 2001. 115(2): p. 191-204.
[4]. Liu, G., W. Wu, and J. Zhang, Regional differentiation of non-point source pollution of agriculture-derived nitrate nitrogen in groundwater in northern China. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 2005. 107(2): p. 211-220.
[5]. Savci, S., An agricultural pollutant: chemical fertilizer. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2012. 3(1): p. 77-80.