IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ April 2015

Abstract: Tourism contributes positively to the physical and mental wellbeing of individuals of all classes. It is for this reason that large tracts of land are usually set aside for the development of tourism. For tourism to be developed, a number of capital intensive infrastructures such as transportation, power, security, etc. must be put in place by the government while support services such as accommodation, restaurants, shops, etc. could come from the private sector having been encouraged by the government. Over the years, tourism in Cross River State has been revolving round Cross River State National Park, Tinapa Business Resort, Obudu Ranch Resort etc. The quest for tourism has gone beyond the just mentioned to calling for proper maintenance/upgrading of the sites and the identification/development of new tourism sites.

[1]. Agibe, C. (2004): "The Cross River State Tourism Development Bond".Mofinews, May – June, Vol.3. No. 5.PP. 5.
[2]. Agibe, C. (2004): "Taking Tourism to the Ultimate Level". Mofinews, July – August, Vol. 3.No. 6.PP. 7.
[3]. Agbor, G. (2004): "Democratic Dividends in Cross River State" Mofinews. May–June,Vol.3.No. 5. PP. 8 - 9.
[4]. Armenian Tourism Development and the Private Sector (2006): "Tourism Concept Paper". www.caps.am Retrieved, 10/3/2010.
[5]. Egbaji, S. (2007): Tourism Development in Nigeria: The Cross River Experience.El-Sapplure Publishers Limited, Calabar.
[6]. Essien, E. (2004): "Cross River for Sale". Mofinews,May – June, Vol. 3. No. 5. PP. 10 – 11.
[7]. Government Release (2009): "Cross River Introduces Quality into Tourism", Thisday Online, htt://thisdayonline.net/?p=5092&wpmp-switcher=mobile Retrieved, 15/4/2010.

Abstract: Purpose: This study examined the effects of pollution on vegetable crops and the best methods of treatment to arrest the deleterious outcomes of these pollutants. Method: A cross-sectional survey of 500 respondents; 200 farmers and 300 consumers with age ranging from 15 to 55 years was conducted in Togo. Questionnaires were administered to get information about irrigation water used to produce vegetable crops and the common methods used to treat vegetables. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis models.

[1]. Arai, S. (2002). Global view on functional foods: Asian perspectives. British Journal of Nutrition, 88, S139–S143
[2]. Scott CA, Faruqui NI, Raschid-Sally L (2004) Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture: management challenges in developing countries. In: Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire, UK, pp. 1–10
[3]. Amoah P, Drechsel P & Abaidoo RC (2005) Irrigation urban vegetable production in Ghana: sources of pathogen contamination and health risk elimination. Irrigation and Drainage 54, 49–61.
[4]. Bernard Keraita, Flemming Konradsen, Pay Drechsel and Robert C. Abaidoo (2007) Reducing microbial contamination on wastewater-irrigated lettuce by cessation of irrigation before harvesting. Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health 12, 8–14.
[5]. Andersson,Y, Bohan,P.,2001.Disease surveillance and water borne outbreaks. In: Fewtrell, L., Bartram, J. (Eds.), Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health. Assessment of Risk and Risk Management for Water-Related Infectious Disease. IWA Publishing, London, pp.116–133

Abstract: The Soybean grains were germinated under controlled condition and its soaking and germination time was finalized for the best results. The ungerminated and germinated flours were evaluated for its chemical (proximate) and physicochemical properties. It was found that the germination of soyabean reduced the carbohydrate content from 22.1 to 17.9 (%), starch 12.23 to 10.21 (%), amylopectin 6.2 to 4.4 (%), ash content from 4.95 to 4.59 (%), fat 24 to 10 (%), falling number 341 to 98, and oil absorption capacity 3.45 to 3.26 (%) respectively. The germination of grains increased the moisture content from 10 to 11 (%), total sugar 3.55 to 5.6 (%), reducing sugar 0.45 to 0.61 (%), non-reducing sugar 3.1 to 4.99 (%), protein content 29.09 to 34.99 (%), amylose content 5.8 to 6.4 (%), water absorption capacity 120.4 to 123.4 (%), particle size 0.091 to 0.094 μm and water solubility index 16 to 28 (%), respectively. So the present study revealed that germination significantly affects the nutritional and physicochemical properties of soybean.

Keywords: Soyabean, Germination, physicochemical properties.

[1]. Anu Kaukovirta-Norja, Annika Wilhelmson and Kaisa Pautanen. (2004). Germination : a means to improve the functionality of oat. Journal of Agricultural and Food Science, 13, 100-112.
[2]. Bewley, J.D. and Black, M. (1994). Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination.In Seeds: Germination, Structure, and Composition, p. 1-2. Plenum Press, New York.
[3]. Sgarbieri, V. C. and Bourne, G. H. (1989). Composition and nutritive value of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in Nutritional Value of Cereal Products, Beans and Starches, 60, 132–198.
[4]. Bau, H., Villaume, C., Nicolas, J. and Mejean, L., (1997). Effect of germination on chemical composition, biochemical constituents and antinutritional factors of soya bean (Glycine max) seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 73(1): 1-9.
[5]. Lee, Y. S., Park, R. D. and Rhee, C. O. (1999). Effect of chitosan treatment on growing characteristics of soybean sprouts. Kor J Food Sci Technol 31, 153–157.
[6]. Dogra, J., Dhaliwal, Y. S., Kalia Manoranjan. (2001). Effect of soaking, Germination, Heating and Roasting on the chemical composition and nutritional quality of soyabean and its utilization in various Indian leavened products. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 38(5), 453-457.

Abstract: The study examines thunderstorm activities in all ramifications over Port Harcourt, South-South Nigeria. It includes diurnal, seasonal and annual occurrences of thunderstorm. Data on both hourly and monthly thunderstorm occurrence were collected from Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Oshodi Lagos from 1970 - 1999 for analysis. The results among other things show a late evening diurnal peak occurrence of thunderstorm activity. More thunderstorms tend to occur during wet season than during dry season. Thunderstorm within Port Harcourt has double maxima (double peak during the month of May and October. It was observed that thunderstorm decreases over the year. Finally the study discovered that there is statistical difference in diurnal, seasonal and annual variation of thunderstorm at 95% level of confidence in the study area. This explains the high rain fall occurrence in the study area.

Key words: Annual variation, Diurnal variation, seasonal occurrence, Port Harcourt, Thunderstorm..

[1]. Adelekan, 1.O. (1998) Spatio- Temporal Variation in Thunderstorm Rainfall over Nigeria.Inter. Journal of Climatology 18, 1273 — 1283.
[2]. Alexander, B.C (2005) Spatio-Temporal Variation of Thunderstorm Activity over Nigeria unpublished, M.Sc Thesis
[3]. Balogun, E.E (1981) Seasonal and Spatial Variation of Thunderstorm Activity over Nigeria. Weather 36, 192-196.
[4]. Bielec, B.Z. (2002) Long-time variability of thunderstorm and thunderstorm precipitation occurrence in Cracow, Poland in the period 1860-1995. atmos. Res. 56,161-170
[5]. Gray, W.M and Jacobson, R.W (1977) Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convention. Mon. Wea. Rev. 105, 1171-1188.
[6]. Iwena,O.A (2008) Essential Geography. T onad Publisher limited, Lagos Nigeria.

Abstract: Freshwater Biodiversity Is The Over-Riding Conservation Priority During The International Decade For Action- 'Water For Life' -2005 To 2015. Fresh Water Makes Up Only 0.01% Of The World's Water And Approximately 0.8% Of The Earth's Surface, Yet This Tiny Fraction Of Global Water Supports At Least 100000 Species Out Of Approximately 1.8 Million- Almost 6% Of All Described Species. Fresh Waters Are Experiencing Declines In Biodiversity Far Greater Than Those In The Most Affected Terrestrial Ecosystems, And If Trends In Human Demands For Water Remain Unaltered And Species Losses Continue At Current Rates, The Opportunity To Conserve Much Of The Remaining Biodiversity In Fresh Water Will Vanish Before The 'Water For Life' Decade Ends In 2015.

[1]. Adebsi, A.A. (1980) : The physico -Chemical Hydrology of Tropical seasonal upper ogun River Hydrobiologia. 79: 157-165
[2]. Adoni, A.D. and Gunawant Joshi, (1987) : Physico-Chemical regieme of three freshwater bodies in and around Sagar (M.P.) geobios 6(1): 43-46.
[3]. APHA (1998) : Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater APHA, AWWA WPCF Washington D.C. 20th Edn. 1134pp.
[4]. Babu Rao M. (1997) : Studies on the ecology and fish fauna of an oligotrophic lake Hamayatsagar Hydrabad (AP) Rec. Adv. In Freshwater Biology Vol. II 8: 123-138.
[5]. Barrett, A. J. (1981) : Open water fishing methods in Lake Malawi. Rome, FAO, FI:DP / MLW/ 75/ 019 Field Document 23:8 p. (mimeo)
[6]. Battish, S. K. and Parminder Kumari (1986) : Effect of physicochemical factors on the seasonal abundance of Cladocera in typical pond at village of Raqba Ludhiana Indian Ecol. 13(1) 146-151.

Abstract: Flax seed milk paneer is a new product developed with the target of providing a nutritional supplement of omega 3 fatty acids to the vegetarian population. Various magnitudes of flax seed milk and standardised milk were used and coagulated using three different coagulants citric acid (2 %), ascorbic acid (2%), and tartaric acid (4%). Based on sensory and textural analysis the best blend was nominated for further studies and analysis. Hurdle technology was applied to the prepared flax seed milk paneer. The hurdles adopted comprised of Water activity (aw), pH, and preservative. Water activity was reduced from 0.99 to 0.95 at 28.5◦C and pH values decreased from 5.6 to 5.1. The product was packed in polyethene bags, sealed and stored under refrigerated conditions at 5◦C. The sensory scores decreased on storage but the keeping quality and nutritional values of the product did not show considerable conditions. Keywords: Flax Seed Milk, Paneer, Omega 3 Fatty Acids, Hurdle Technology, Water Activity, Sensory Analysis

[1]. Aneja,R.P.,Mathur,B.N.,Chandan,R.C.andBanerjee,A.K.(2002).Heatacidcoagulatedproducts.In:TechnologyofIndianmilkproduct,DairyIndiaYearbook,ADairyIndiaPublication,NewDehli,p133–142.
[2]. MarthaVerghese,JudithBoateng,LloydT.Walker(FlaxSeed(Linumusitatissimum)FattyAcids)NutsandSeedsinHealthandDiseasePrevention2011,Pages487–498
[3]. Arora,V.KandGupta,S.K.(1980).Effectoflowtemperaturestorageonpaneer.IndianJournalofDairyScience33(3),374–380.
[4]. Arora,K.L.,Sabikhi,L.andKanawjia,S.K.(1996)Manufactureofpaneerfromsubstandardbuffalomilk.IndianJournalofDairyBioscience7(1),71–75.
[5]. Arya,S.P.andBhaik,N.L.(1992).Suitabilityofcrossbredcow'smilkforpaneermaking.JournalofDairyingFoodsandHomeScience11(2),71–76.
[6]. Bajwa,U.,Kaur,J.andSandhu,K.S.(2005).Effectofprocessingparametersandvegetablesonthequalitycharacteristicsofvegetablefortifiedpaneer.JournalofFoodScienceandTechnology42(2),145–150.

Abstract: This study assessed the adoption of Biomimicry design concept as a sustainable design tool in Architecture in Nigeria, because of its potential to create sustainable and even regenerative built environment. Built environment is increasingly said to be responsible for global environmental and social problems with vast proportion of waste, materials, energy use and green house gases emission, thus the need for energy conscious, eco-friendly and energy efficient designs to minimize the negative effect of buildings on the environment. In this context, Biomimicry has become a globally accepted environmentally friendly concept of design in different field including Architecture. Review of relevant literature, oral interview, and structured questionnaires were employed to obtain necessary data.

[1]. J. Benyus, Biomimicry- Innovation Inspired by Nature (New York, Harper Collins Publishers, 1997).
[2]. Biomimicry Institute (2008) Biomimicry a tool for innovation, an article on http://www.biomimicryinstitute.org , retrieved on 15th June 2012.
[3]. Biomimicry Guild, Innovation Inspired by Nature Workbook 2007, http://www.biomimicryguild.com, retrieved on 17th June 2012.
[4]. Z.M Pedesen,Biomimetics Approach to Architecture, Toronto Sustainable Building Conference 07, Toronto, Canada, 2007.
[5]. G. Fatima, Issues in Sustainable Architecture and Possible Solutions, International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 12 (1), 2012, 21-24, http://www.journalijens.com, retrieved on 20th June 2014.
[6]. B. Berkebile and J. McLennan, The Living Building, Biomimicry in Architecture, Integrating Technology with Nature, BoInspire 18, http://www.biomimicry.typepad.com/bioinspire/files/BioInspire.18-07.17.04, retrieved on 9th June 2014.

Abstract: As much as light is a basic requirement in museum design, to appreciate the articles on display, so also are they destructive if not properly controlled or used in display areas! Light have destructive effect on artifacts with various degrees of damage; it also causes discomfort to the eyes of observers who are meant to appreciate the displayed artifacts. Glare is a common phenomenon that brings such discomfort to observers in museums with discoloration of objects thereby making the displayed object not pleasing to the eye. Lighting in museums and art galleries plays a key role in a visitor's ability to perceive and enjoy the artifacts in total. In order to achieve a successful lighting scheme, the architect or designer must put into consideration the preservation and presentation of these artifacts thereby increasing their life span. The article seeks to highlight some architectural design considerations that will give optimal use of day light in respect to the museum in view. To achieve these, sampling of literature of previous works relating to the topic was referred. Physical observations were also made with respect to the museum in view.

Keyword: artifacts, conservation, daylight, display, museum designers.

[1]. Cronyn J. M., The element of archeological conservation. 1990, London Routledge
[2]. Brophy, Wylie, Sarah S., and Elizabeth. The Green Museum: A Primer on Environmental Practice. Lanham, MD. AltaMira Press. p. 36. 2008, ISBN 978-0-7591-1164-6.
[3]. Mardaljevic J. Quantification of Parallax Errors in Sky Simulator Domes for Clear Sky Conditions. Lighting Research & Technology, 34(4), 2002, 313-332.
[4]. Farley K M J, V. J. A. A room with a view: A Review of the effects of windows on work and well-being. Research Report National Research Council Canada, IRCRR-136, 2001, 1-33.

Abstract: Vulnerability to climate change and drought are closely related with each other. Inter-related variables like demographic pressure, change of land use, and food supply and demand, contribute toward prevalence of drought. It negatively affects dry land communities by entrapping them in a vicious cycle of poverty. Limited water availability and poverty cause further depletion of natural resources through overexploitation.
Women and children are among the firsts to suffer this stress. Vulnerability to drought and its social, economic, and environmental stresses, widen the gap between the impact of climate change and the ability of vulnerable population to cope with the change. The situation may lead to a new set of sustainability challenges, including community conflicts over declining natural resources.

[1]. Olsson, L., Opondo, M., Tschakert, P., Agrawal, A., Eriksen, S. H., Ma, S., … Zakieldeen, S. A. (2014). Livelihoods and poverty. In C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, … L. L. White (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (pp. 793–832). Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
[2]. Sharma, L. (2014). Innovation for Making Potable Water Available in Saline Groundwater Areas. Journal of Water Resource and Protection. Retrieved from http://file.scirp.org/Html/4-9402305_50615.htm
[3]. Sharma, L., Satyavada, A., & Chowdhury, A. (2012). Water quality and human health in Mewat : challenges and innovative solutions. In A. Prakash, S. VS, & C. Jayati (Eds.), Interlacing water and human health : case studies from South Asia (pp. 200–229). New Delhi: SAGE Publications.

Abstract: Mineral development which involves exploration, mining and processing, must have caused some damage to water quality in the study area. Active tin mining took place in the study area from beginning of this century to the mid 1980s and no doubt to some extent, has affected the quality of both surface and groundwater in the localities. The waste after the removal of the desired mineral(tin), which often contains acid generating sulphides, heavy metals and other contaminants is usually left on the ground surface in large free drainage piles, can be major sources of water pollution. Water samples were collected from mining ponds, hand – dug wells, boreholes, and analyzed to investigate the possible level of pollution resulting from leaching of the contaminants. Concentration of Arsenic (As) from one of the hand – dug wells is 0.013mg/l, which is above the W. H. O maximum acceptable limit of 0.01mg/l. also, lead (Pb) has a concentration of 0.011mg/l from a borehole, which is slightly above the W. H. O standard of 0.01mg/l. generally, the water samples did not show any significant pollution of public health concern.

[1]. Adekoya, J. A. 2003. Environmental Effect of Solid Mining. Journal of Physical Sciences Kenya. 625-640.
[2]. Adiuku-Brown, M. E. 1999. The Dangers Posed by Abandoned Mine Ponds and Lotto Mines on the Jos Plateau. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 3(2) : 258-265.
[3]. Aigbedion, I. and Iyayi, S. E. 2007. Environmental Effect of Mineral Exploitation in Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 2(2) : 033-038.
[4]. Ajakiye, D. E. 1985. Environment Problems Associated with Mineral Exploration in Nigeria. A paper presented at the 21st Annual Conference of the Nigeria Mining and Geosciences Society Held at Jos: 140-148.
[5]. Falconer, J. D. 1921. Geology of the Plateau Tin Fields. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria. 1.
[6]. Federal Department of Museum and Monuments. 1979. History of Tin Mining in Nigeria .National Antiquities. FDMN: Jos, Nigeria 1:1-50.
[7]. Gyang, J. D. and Ashano, E. C. 2010. Effects of Mining on Water Quality and the Environment. A case study of Parts of Jos Plateau North Central Nigeria. Pacifc Journal of Science and Technology. 11(1): 631-639

Abstract: The use of living organisms to control the air quality is a tool to focus. In this context, this study aims to assess the level of air contamination by lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) on living organisms in industrial, urban and rural area in Mohammedia, using pigeons as bioindicators of air pollution. To this purpose, a liver collection was performed on 40 pigeons (Columba livia) that were caught in four different sites in Mohammedia, classified according to the density of traffic and industrial activities and then analyzed by the method of spectrophotometry atomic absorption. The results indicate the presence of metals in all samples, the highest concentrations were found respectively in the industrial area, town center, Mimouza, the rural area (control site) for zinc the highest rates were recorded in the rural area. These results suggest that we can have two possible sources of contamination by heavy metals: road traffic and industrial activities.

Keywords: Air pollution, bioindicators, heavy metals, Mohammedia, pigeon.

[1]. A. Begum, and S. Sehrin , Levels of Heavy Metals in Different Tissues of Pigeon (Columba livia) of Bangladesh for Safety Assessment for Human Consumption, Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal, 16(1), 2013, 81-87.
[2]. M.B. Martin, H.J. Voeller, E.P. Gelmann, J. Lu, E.G. Stoica, E.J. Hebert, et al., Role of cadmium in the regulation of AR gene expression and activity, Endocrinology, 143, 2002, 263-275.
[3]. M.B. Martin, R. Reiter, T. Pham, Y.R. Avellanet, J. Camara, M. Lahm, and al., Estrogen-like activity of metals in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, Endocrinology, 144, 2003, 2425-2436.
[4]. A. Stoica, B.S. Katzenellenbogen, M.B. Martin, Activation of estrogen receptor α by the heavy metal cadmium, Mol Endocrinol, 14, 2000, 545-553.
[5]. A. Stoica, E. Pentecost, M.B.Martin, Effects of arsenite on estrogen receptor-α expression and activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, Endocrinology, 141, 2000, 3595-3602.
[6]. A. Stoica, E. Pentecost, M.B. Martin, Effects of selenite on estrogen receptor-α expression and activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, J Cell Biochem, 79, 2000, 282-292.

Abstract: Multivariate statistical techniques including cluster analysis (CA), principle component analysis (PCA), and factor analysis (FA) was applied to the water analyses data of the irrigation channel located in Gopalganj, which is one of the interior coastal districts of Bangladesh. The intention of the study was to identify factors controlling water quality in dry (December to February) and pre-monsoon (March to May) season. Total seventy water samples were collected from ten sampling stations in seven sampling phases; twenty water samples were collected in the dry season in two sampling phases, and fifty water samples were collected in the pre-monsoon season in five sampling phases..

[1]. PDO-ICZMP, Coastal livelihoods: situation and context (WP 015) (Dhaka: Programme Development Office for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Plan, Water Resources Planning Organization, Ministry of Water Resources, Dhaka, 2002).
[2]. SRDI, Coastal saline soils of Bangladesh (Mrittika Bhavan, Krishikhamar Sarak , Farmget, Dhaka-1215: Soil Research Development Institute. SRMAF Project, Ministry of Agriculture. Government of the Peoples' Republic of Bangladesh, 2010).
[3]. S.A. Haque, Salinity problems and crop production in coastal regions of Bangladesh (review article). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 38(5),2006: 1359-1365).
[4]. H. Rashid, Review of irrigation articles published in BDS during 1975–87, in Salim Rashid (ed.), Bangladesh Economy: Evaluation and a Research Agenda (Dhaka: UPL, 1995), 45–53.
[5]. M. Asaduzzaman, C. Ringler, J. Thurlow and S. Alam, Investing in crop agriculture in Bangladesh for higher growth and productivity, and adaptation to climate change. (Dhaka: Bangladesh Food Security Investment Forum, 2010).

Abstract: Avifaunal Diversity is one of the most important ecological indicators to evaluate the status of habitats. Birds are the crucial animal group of an ecosystem which maintains a trophic level. Therefore, detail study on avifauna and their ecology is important to protect them. They are one of the biological control tools to control pests in gardens, on farms, and other places. They abet in the pollinization of plants. Birds are also good seed dispersal.The study was performed in Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary (NBS) during January 2013 to March 2014. NBS covers the 224.60 hectare area and provides breeding grounds to multiple populations of flora and fauna. Surveys were carried out seasonally and observations were made along line transects with the aid of 10x50 binoculars and Canon EOS 1000 D SLR camera. The Avifaunal assessment of NBS includes 150 species of birds belonging to 17 orders and 46 families. The order Passeriformes has maximum 51 species of birds. Purple moorhen and lesser whistling duck are the most abundant residential species in the NBS. Habitat wise classification reveals that 43.33% of birds were dependent on aquatic habitat (65) i.e. Moti Jheel in NBS followed by 6.66% waders (10) and 50% terrestrial birds (75) which shows that the NBS is an important abode of many birds. Food preference of birds showed that maximum species were insectivorous (49) followed by omnivorous (28), piscivorous (25), vegetarian (13), carnivorous (9), granivorous (8), frugivorous (5) and others (13).

Keywords: Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Water Birds, Water Weeds, Avifaunal Diversity, Wetlands.

[1]. A.J. Urfi, M. Sen and T. Megnathan, Counting birds in India: methodologies and trend, Current Science, 89(12), 2005, 1997–2003.
[2]. A.M.S. Ali, S. Asokan, R. Manikannan and P. Radhakrishnan, Checklist and nesting [3] patterns of avifauna in and around Mayiladuthurai region, Tamil Nadu, India, Journal of Threatened Taxa, 3(6), 2011, 1842–1850.
[3]. A. Ismail, F. Rehman and S.Z. Zulkifli, Status, Composition and Diversity of Avifauna in the Artificial Putrajaya Wetlands and Comparison with its Two Neighboring Habitats, Tropical Natural History, 12(2), 2012, 137-145.
[4]. A. Kumar and M. Srivastava, The Biodiversity at Sandi Bird Sanctuary, Hardoi with special reference to Migratory Birds, Oct. Jour. Env. Res, 1(3), 2013, 187-196.
[5]. A. Pandotra and D. N. Sahi, Feeding Guilds of Avifauna of Gharana Wetland Reserve-Jammu (J&K), India, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., 3(4), 2014, 27-33.
[6]. A. Kanaujia, A. Kumar, S. Kushwaha and A. Kumar, Diversity of Waterbirds in Lucknow District, Uttar Pradesh, India, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 4(1), 2015, 862-866.

Abstract: For the control of hygienic quality of the water supply, it is of utmost importance that the bacteriological examination of both the water entering the distribution water and the water in the distribution system itself be carried out frequently and regularly. Present study was an effort to study the survival and after-growth of the source water pathogens, in alum treated-chlorinated finished water at the plant and community tap water at the point of use. Towards this, samples from the Dam (N=24), Finished water (N=24) and Community tap (N=24) were comparatively tested for the presence and concentration of pathogens, fortnightly for one year. Pathogens isolated from source water included commonly found potential enteric pathogens; E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella and V.cholerae and P.aeruginosa and S.aureus..

[1]. WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th Ed. Switzerland: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2011.
[2]. BIS. Indian Standard Drinking water — specification (Second Revision) IS 10500: 2012. Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi, 2012.
[3]. PL Manji, S.P. Antai and I.O. Jacob, Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus, coliforms and antibiotic resistant strains of Escherichia coli in rural water supplies in Calabar South Local Government Area, Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 4(9), 2012, 230-237.
[4]. MW Lechevallier, R.J. Seidler and T.M. Evans, Enumeration and Characterization of Standard Plate Count Bacteria in Chlorinated and Raw Water Supplies, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 40(5), 1980, 922-930.
[5]. AM Abdel-Rahim, Z.J. Abdel Daim and A.A. Ahmed, Isolation, Identification and Distribution of the Gram-Positive Bacterial Isolates Contaminating the Drinking Water of Al Gedarif City, Sudan, Gezira j. of eng. & applied sci., 6(1), 2011, 1 –18.

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals in water and vegetable. Water and vegetable samples were collected in Loumbila and Ouagadougou, central region Burkina, and analyzed for Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, As and Hg using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The concentrations of some heavy metals exceeded their respective permissible limits in water samples. The average concentrations of Cr (0.116 ±0.028 mg/l), Mn (0.462 ±0.01 mg/l), Ni (0.451 ±0.006 mg/l) and Hg (0.034 ±0.002 mg/l) observed in Loumbila water was higher than the Recommended Maximum Concentration for irrigation. In Paspanga water, only Co (0.264 ±0.008 mg/l) and Mn (0.442±0.06 mg/l) concentration exceeded the Recommended Maximum Concentration for irrigation. The average concentrations of heavy metals in Goudrin irrigation water were less than FAO recommended limit. The vegetable data indicate that the average concentration of Chromium (4.5±0.04 mg/kg) in tomato exceeded the WHO/FAO limit for vegetable. This study reveals that the leaves accumulate more Fe, Mn and Zn than the fruit, and cabbage accumulate more Co, Fe, Zn and As than lettuce. In general the vegetable from the study region can be considered safe for consumption because the average concentrations of heavy metals accumulated were below WHO/FAO recommended limits for vegetable.

Keywords: heavy metal, concentration, contamination, irrigation water, vegetables..

[1]. Jayadev, E.T. Puttaih, Assessment of heavy metals uptake in leafy vegetables grown on long term wastewater irrigated soil across Vrishabhavathi River, Bangalore, Karnataka, IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399. Volume 7, Issue 6 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 52-55, www.iosrjournals.org.
[2]. Arti Yadav, Pawan Kumar Yadav, Prof. D. N. Shukla, Investigation of Heavy metal status in soil and vegetables grown in urbain area of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2250-3153.
[3]. Habib Mohammad Naser, Sarmin Sultana, Nashir Uddin Mahmud, Rebeca Gomes and Shamsun Noor, Heavy metal levels in vegetables with growth stage and plant species variations, ISSN 0258-7122 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 36(4): 563-574, December 2011.
[4]. John O. Jacob and Samuel E. Kakulu, Assessment of Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Spinach, Jute Mallow and Tomato in Farms Within Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria, American Journal of Chemistry 2012, 2(1): 13-16 DOI: 10.5923/j.chemistry.20120201.04. Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/chemistry Copyright © 2012 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved.
[5]. Manbir Singh, V.K. Garg, Y.P. Gautam and Avinash Kumar, Soil to grain transfer factors of Heavy metals in rice and health risk analysis in the vicinity of Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS), Narora, India, Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol. 73, March 2014, pp. 181-186.

Abstract: Water erosion leads generally to a high soil degradation, and thus excessive loss of its value. The evaluation of this process in the region of Mghaira (Lebanon - Caza of Jbeil) is realized through a model, designed by the PAP/RAC and FAO, which present two approaches : predictive and descriptive. The predictive phase which was previously prepared in 2009, determine the degree of sensitivity to natural erosion ; the descriptive phase is based on the observed physical factors that determine the degree of stability of each space. These field observations are combined with socio-economic characteristics of the region to determine the degrees of priority development in this area. The descriptive erosion map shows that 88.46% of the study area is stable, while only 10.38% is unstable. The remaining space (1.15%) represents irrelevant areas.

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