IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-9 ~ Issue-5 ~ May 2015

Abstract: Vegetables are an excellent source of most of nutrients and essential source of vitamins and minerals that play a vital role in ameliorating food deficit and overcoming nutritional problem.The present study was carried out to assess minerals and heavy metals content of some non-conventional wild vegetables, commonly edible vegetables from fresh water cultivated unknown sources and waste water irrigated vegetables available in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. In total of 16 vegetables samples were analyzed by using standard analytical methods of AOAC (2005), atomic absorption spectrophotometer, UV spectrophotometer and flame emission spectrophotometer.

[1]. Thompson, h. C. and w. C. kelly, 1990. Vegetable crops. New Delhi: McGraw hill publishing company.
[2]. Jimoh FO., Oladiji A.T., Preliminary Studies on Piliostigmathonningiiseeds: Proximate analysis, mineral composition andphytochemical screening. Afr. J. Biotech., 2005, 4, 1439-1442.
[3]. Hays V.W., Swenson M.J., Minerals and Bones. In: Dukes'Physiology of Domestic Animals, 1985, 10, 449-466.
[4]. Eruvbetine D., Canine Nutrition and Health. A paper presented at the seminar organized by Kensington Pharmaceuticals Nig. Ltd., Lagos on August 21, 2003.
[5]. Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW Harper's Biochemistry, 25th Edition, McGraw-Hill, Health Profession Division, USA. 2000.
[6]. Pennington J.T., Calloway D.H., Copper content of foods. J. Am. Diet Association, 1973, 63, 143-53.
[7]. Eisler R., Zinc hazard to fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates: a synoptic review. US fish Wildlife Service Biology of Reproduction., 1988, 85, 1100-1115.

Abstract: Elephant foot yam or Amorphophallus paeoniifolius is a tuber having extensive curative and digestive properties which belongs to the family Araceae, cultivated in western and southern states of India. Scientific evidence has suggested that elephant foot yam has high amount of dietary fiber, starch, carbohydrate, protein, and minute amounts of sugars. It also has significant amount of calcium and adequate amounts of sodium, potassium and vitamin C. The study of elephant foot yam becomes very significant as it has several medicinal benefits and is widely used in Indian medicine including Ayurveda. It has been found to contain anti-diabetic, analgesic, anti-bacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic properties , besides it has also found to have anticancerous properties. The corm is prescribed in bronchitis, asthma, abdominal pain, dysentery, splenomegaly, piles, elephantiasis, rheumatic swellings.

[1]. Laboratory manual in Biochemistry Jayaraman J. (New age international (P) Ltd. Publishers. ISBN 85-226-0428-3)
[2]. Research Methodology Methods and Techniques- 2nd Edition C. R. Kothari (New age international (P) Ltd. Publishers. ISBN 81-224-1522-9)
[3]. Biochemical Methods, 2nd edition, Dr. S. Sadasivam, A. Manickam, New Age International Publication.

Abstract: Manzalah Lake is still the largest coastal lake in Egypt; it is situated along the Mediterranean Sea coast between the Damietta branch of River Nile in the west and Suez Canal in the east. It receives daily enormous quantities of industrial and agricultural wastes from different sources of drainage water from Bahr el-Bakar, Hados, Ramses and El Sirew drains. Samples of Oreochromis niloticus were seasonally collected from different areas namely; Ginka, Beshtier and Deshdy. The present work investigates the effect of the environment fluctuations and different pollutants that cause the abnormality in blood picture, hemolysis, deformed and damage of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood and leucocyte cells. The study revealed that Deshdy station was less polluted than the other two studied stations, Beshtier and Ginka.

Keywords: Manzalah Lake, Haematology, Haemoglobin, haematocrit, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, erythrocyte corpuscles, Leucocytes, O. niloticus

[1]. Zakaria, H.Y., H.A. Mahmoud and F. Roger, Environmental assessment of spatial distribution of zooplankton community in Lake Manzalah. Acta Adriatica, 48(2), 2007, 161-172.
[2]. Yacoub, M. A., Study of histopathological changes in the gills of Oreochromis niloticus from Lake Manzalah due to water pollution. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. and Fish. 7 (2), 2003, 71-86.
[3]. Hussien, KH. A., Lake Manzalah Fisheries Development. Final Scientific Report, ASRT and NIOF., 1995.
[4]. GAFRD, Statistical reports of the General Authority for Fish Resources Development. A.R.E., 2002.
[5]. Saleh, H.H. and A. Hamza, Study on the health condition of Tilapia zilli Gerv. Living in the polluted water of Merghim zone Lake Maruit, Alex. FAO . Fisheries Rep. No. 334, 1986.
[6]. Gamal, I.G.M., Biochemistry and mode of action of some insecticides Biochemical interaction between two insecticides and five heavy metals in two types of fish@ Ph.D. Fac. Agriculture Alexandria, Univ., 1991.

Abstract: Municipal Solid Waste management is becoming a critical problem in most of the megacities of the world as waste volume continues to rise, which leads to the loss of resources and increased environmental risks. Municipal Solid Waste consists of more than 40 percent of organic waste, so composting most of this waste would be the best way to reduce the quantity to one fourth resulting in nutrient rich soil amendment. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste to humus like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. For the assurance of an effective solid waste management, implementations of appropriate solid waste treatment strategies are vital. This can be enhanced through the utilization of technologies that are most economically efficient, sustainable and ecofriendly.

Keywords: Composting, C/N ratio, Microbial Community, Microorganisms, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW),

[1]. Kumar S., Mondal A.N., Gaikwad S.A., Sukumar Devotta and Singh P.N., Qualitative Assessment of Methane Emission Inventory from Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Sites: A Case Study, Atmospheric Environment, 38, 2004, 4921-4929.
[2]. Brewer L. J., Maturity and stability evaluation of composted yard debris. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA, 2001.
[3]. Uif S. Systems analysis of waste management-the ORWARE model, transport and compost sub-models. Ph.D. Dissertation, Swedish university of agricultural sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. USA, 1998.
[4]. Fromme W. R., Characterization of changes occurring in natural organic matter during the composting of a synthetic compost and a municipal solid waste, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA, 1999.
[5]. Otten L., Wet–dry composting of organic municipal solid waste: current status in Canada, Can. J. Civil Eng., 2001, 124–130.
[6]. Eriksen G., Coale F., Bollero G., Soil nitrogen dynamics and maize production in municipal solid waste amended soil, Agron. J., 91, 1999, 1009–1016.
[7]. Wolkowski R., Nitrogen management considerations for landspreading municipal solid waste compost, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 2003, 1844–1850.

Abstract: Identification of local micro resources through involving local communities, building their capacity for better farm management practices, introducing high yielding varieties, improved farming techniques, processing and marketing of fruits and vegetables could result in mitigating poverty by getting better prices of products, and employment generation locally. An effort was done by ASEED in village Ghandalu under one umbrella of food and fruit processing unit with assured purchase of their produce locally with better price and cash payment. Average annual turn-over of processing unit is Rs. 5 – 7 lakh, benefit cost ration for different commodities like amla pickle, squashes of borans flower and malta is calculated as 2.15:1, 2.11: 1 and 2:1 respectively whereas benefit cost ratio for chilli powder, coriander, garlic paste, mango pickle, pulses, finger millets, and turmeric is promising benefit to communities.

[1]. A.B. Rai and SujaySaha: Have a plate full of chemical –free vegetables, Journal of Indian Horticulture, Jan – Feb, 2014
[2]. P.S. Naik 2013, S.M. Vanitha and Tanmay Kumar Loley. Blooming Vegetable Industry in India: Journal of Indian Horticulture September – October 2013
[3]. Prakash S. Naik, S.M.Vanitha and Tunmay Kumar Koley: Blooming vegetable industry in India, Journal of Indian Horticulture, Sept. –October, 2013
[4]. PritamKalia and H.S. Gupta: Ensuring nutritional security through vegetable, Journal of Indian Horticulture, July – August, 2013
[5]. M. Nedunchezhiya, R.S. Misra, A. Mukherjee and P. SethuramanSivakumar: For Tribal Farmers, Livelihood Security through tubers, Journal of Indian Horticulture, May – June , 2013

Abstract: Africa is presently experiencing an increase in food insecurity and malnutrition despite the general worldwide promotion of food security. The security outlook in Africa is worrisome since Africa's population is expected to increase from 1.01 billion in 2009 to 2.00 billion in 2050 if current demographic conditions remain constant. Undernutrition reduces people's ability to work by draining their energy and weakening their immune system thus predisposing them to diseases, which in turn perpetuate poverty.

[1]. Food and Agriculture organization of United Nations (2002). The State of Food Security in the World, 4th edition. Available from <http:www.fao.org>
[2]. Lori keeling Buhi, (2004) Food Insecurity. The Gale Group Inc, Macmillian Refence USA, NewYork,Health.yahoo.net/galecontent/food.insecurity
[3]. Tanumihardjo S. A, Anderson C, Kaufer-Horwitz M, Bode L, Emenaker N. J, Haqq A. M, Satia J. A,
[4]. Silver H. J, Stadler, D. D. (2007). Poverty, obesity, and malnutrition: an international
[5]. perspective recognizing the paradox. Journal of American Diet Association 107 (11): 1966-

Abstract: Rice is a staple food of world. Brown rice or Oryza sativa belongs to family Poaceae. Brown rice is a nutritious whole grain filled with beneficial nutrients like fiber, magnesium, thiamine, calcium, protein, antioxidant, healthy fats and potassium. These nutrients are helpful for maintaining healthy digestive track, insulin level, reproductive system and cardiovascular system. Brown rice is an excellent source of manganese. Manganese is also a critical component of a very important antioxidant enzyme called superoxide dismutase. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is found inside the body's mitochondria (the oxygen-based energy factories inside most of our cells) where it provides protection against damage from the free radicals produced during energy production. Rice is a source of many bioactive non-nutrient compounds known as Phytochemicals. Chemopreventive phenol which acts as phtyochemical present in brown extract inhibits growth of human breast and colon cancer cells.

[1]. Food & Nutrition Bulletin, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2000 ,page no 382-386(5).
[2]. (T.N.) INDIA RESEARCH PAPER International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, January to June, 2010, Vol. 6 Issue 1:186-188.
[3]. International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology(IJESIT)Volume1, Issue 1, September 2012.
[4]. Food Research International, Volume 50, Issue 2, Pages 469-710 (March 2013).
[5]. British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 111 / Issue 02 / January 2014, pp 310-320.

Abstract: Methods for direct determination of antimony and chromium in human serum by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF AAS) were proposed in this work. The samples were diluted in 1:1 with nitric acid 1% v/v and Triton® X-100 0.1% v/v. The optimization of the instrumental conditions was done using a multivariate approach. A factorial design (23) was employed to investigate the tendency of the most intense absorvance signal for each analyte. Permanent zirconium modifier (500 μg) demonstrated better performance for use as a chemical modifier for antimony while for chromium, the best modifier was permanent tungsten.

[1]. M. Krachler, H. Emons, Speciation of antimony for the 21st century: promises and pitfalls. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 20, 2001, 79-90.
[2]. N.S. Gadhari, B.J. Sanghavi, A.K. Srivastava, Potentiometric stripping analysis of antimony based on carbon paste electrode modified with hexathia crown ether and rice husk. Anal. Chim. Acta., 703, 2011, 31-40.
[3]. S. Rath, L.A. Trivelin, T.R. Imbrunito, D.M. Tomazela, M.N. de Jesus, Antimoniais empregados no tratamento da Leishmaniose: Estado da arte. Quim. Nova., 26, 2003, 550-555.
[4]. S.R. Verma, G.K. Kumar, L.C. Katara, N.S. Singh, R.V. Negi, P.R. Salotra, Quantification of parasite load in clinical samples of leishmaniasis patients: IL-10 level correlates with parasite load in visceral leishmaniasis (parasite load in leishmaniasis). PLoS One. 5, p.e. 10107, 2010.
[5]. V.G.K. Almeida, M.F. Lima, R.F. Cassela, Development of a reverse FIA system for the spetrophotometric determination of Sb(III) and total Sb in antileishmanial drugs. Talanta, 71, 2007, 1047-1053.

Abstract: To get an idea about the nature of effect of Ekalux on the biochemical aspects of aquatic organisms, fishes belonging to the species Labeo rohita were exposed to sublethal concentration of 0.095 ppm for long term duration. Biochemical characteristics like protein, carbohydrate and lipid were estimated in gill, liver, kidney and muscle. The decrease of biochemical constituents from the control were noted. The results are statistically analysed and most values were found to be significant.

Keywords: Protein, Carbohydrates, Lipid, Ekalux, Labeo rohita.

[1]. Veeraiah,K. and Durgaprasad, M.K. 2002. Study on the toxic effect of cypermethrin on organic constituents of fresh water fish, Labeo rohita. Pro.Acad.Environ.Biol. 7(2): 143-148.
[2]. D.J.Finney, Probit analysis, 3rd edition, (London : Cambridge University press),1971, Pg.20.
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[4]. A.Kemp, and A.J.M. Kits Vaheijnigen, A calorimetric micro-method for the determination of glycogen in tissues. J.Biochem.56 (4) 1945, 646-648.
[5]. W.Richmond, Preparation and properties of a cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia sp. and its application to the enzymatic assay of total cholesterol in serum.Clin.Chem. 19,1973,1350-1356.

Abstract: Transportation-related emissions are the dominant contributing source of air pollutants today. Considering the negative impacts of transportation-related emissions on our social and economic environment, extensive efforts have been made by researchers and practitioners attempting to find solutions to reduce the emissions. The present study reviews the current state of GHG emission from transportation section, the measures that have been initiated in Malaysia for GHG emission reduction in transportation sector.

[1]. Den Elzen, M. G. J., Olivier, J. G. J., & Hohne, N. J-M. (2013). Countries' Contributions to Climate Change: Effect of Accounting for All Greenhouse Gases, Recent Trends, Basic Needs and Technological Progress. Climatic Change. 21(2):,‖ vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 397–412.
[2]. Leal-Arcas R. (2012). Top-down & Bottom-up Approaches in Climate Change and International Trade. X Annual Conference of the Euro-Latin Study Network on Integration and Trade (ELSNIT), Trade and Climate Change, Milan, Italy, October 19 – 20.
[3]. Olivier, J.G., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Muntean, M., Peters. .J.A.H.W. (2013). Trends in Global CO2 Emissions: 2013 Report. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague.
[4]. Allan et al. (2007). Bali Climate Declaration by Scientists. Sydney, Australia: Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW). http://www.ccrc.unsw.edu.au/news/2007/Bali.html.

Abstract: Diminishing fossil fuel resources and growing concerns about global warming indicate that sustainable sources of energy are needed in the near future. Renewable biomass resources have the potential to serve as a sustainable supply of fuels and chemical intermediates. The challenge for the effective utilization of these sustainable resources is to develop cost effective production methods to transform highly functionalized carbohydrate moieties into value added chemicals. Hydroxymethylfurfural, HMF is an aldehyde and a furan compound formed during the thermal decomposition of sugars and carbohydrates. It can be produced from renewable biomass resources by the acid catalyzed dehydration of hexoses. HMF has been called a "sleeping giant" and its derivative 2,5-Dimethylfuran has been identified as a biofuel with great potential.

[1]. Mascal, M. and Nikitin, E.B. (2008). "Direct High-Yield Conversion of Cellulose into Biofuel." Angewandte Chemie Internation Edition 47: 7924-7926.
[2]. Predicted Toxicity of the Biofuel Candidate 2,5-Dimethylfuran in Environmental and Biological Systems Jimmy Phuong, Simon Kim, Reuben Thomas, and Luoping Zhang
[3]. Two step chemical process turns raw biomass into biofuel –www.sciencedaily.com
[4]. Key findings on DMF –www.birmingham.ac.uk

Abstract: Heavy metals with adverse health effects in human metabolism .The objectives of this study are monitor the heavy metal concentrations in foodsamples are cooked in different common normal andscratchedcooking utensil as (Aluminum, Stainless steel, Tefal,lead, Copper, Glass, and enamel cookware). The samples of cooked were freshtomato juice cooked in normal andScratched utensil, samples cooled then kept in clean polyethylene bottles with code number, samples digested then analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer [AAS] ,for six heavy metals( Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fi). They have negative effects on food safety and quality,the results showed significant differences in elemental concentrations among the cooked tomato juicesamplesanalyzedwhich cooked in deferent type of utensils.The results revealed that there were wide variations in the contents of the heavy metals in samples. CrushTefal was found to contain the highest concentrations of the previously mentioned elements, In conclusion we should avoid usingcrushed utensil because it considered harmful on food and health.

Keywords: Heavy metals; utensil; Aluminum; Stainless steel; Tefal ; Atomic absorption spectrophotometer ; food ; health .

[1]. Accominotti, M., Bost, M.; Haudrechy, P.; Mantout, B.; Cunat, P. J.; Comet, F.; Mouterde, C.; Plantard, F.; Chambon, P. and Vallon, J. J.(1998):Contribution to chromium and nickel enrichment during cooking of foods in stainless steel utensils. Contact Dermatitis. 38 (6): 305-10.
[2]. Agarwal, P. and Srivastava, S.,(1997):"Studies on leaching of Cr and Ni from stainless steel utensils in certain acids and in some Indian drinks." Science of the Total Environment 199(3): 271-275.
[3]. Anderson, R. A., Bryen, N. A., Polansky, M. M.,(1992): Dietary chromium intake. Freely chosen diets, institutional diet and individual foods. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 31:117-121
[4]. Asrd(1995): logical profile for nickel. Draft for public comment. US Department of Health and Human Services.Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

Abstract: Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of three cultivars (red, green and yellow) of aerial yam (Discorea bulbifera) were studied. The nutritional composition studied includes; proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content of the three cultivars. The red cultivar had the highest moisture, carbohydrate and ash content (7.71%, 77.41%, and 3.97% respectively).

[1]. A. I. Ihekoronye, P. O. Ngoddy, (1985). Integrated Food Science and Technology for the Tropics Macmillan Publishers ltd., London and Basin Sloke, pp: 266-282.
[2]. FAO. (1991). Post–Harvest And Processing Chorologist Of African Staple Foods pp. 225-235.
[3]. RMRDC, (1990). Raw Materials Sourcing for manufacturing in Nigeria. Macmillan publishers Nigeria, pp: 5 – 6.
[4]. M. N. Obguagu, (2008). Nutritive and Antinutritional composition of the wild (inedible species of Dioscorea bulbifera (potato yam) and Dioscorea dumentorum (bitter yam). Journal of food technology, 6(5): 224-220.
[5]. S. N. C. Okonkwo, (1985). The botany of the yam plant and its exploitation in enhanced productivity of the crop. In: The Bio-chemistry and Technology of the yam tuber. Eds. Osuji. Biochemical Society of Nigeria, and Anambra State University of Technology. Pp3 – 29.

Abstract: The aim of this work is to determine the levels of Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons in both refined and unrefined oil sold in Umuahia, Nigeria. A total of 13 PAH standard (naphthalene, acenapthylene, acenaphthene fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene) out of the US EPA priority PAH standards were used for PAH identification and quantification using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) fitted to a capillary column Restex 30 meter at 0.53mmID. The refined and unrefined oil were heated for 1 min and 5 mins to determine the effect of short time heating on PAH formation in the oil. Benzo[a]anthracene, (619.2μg/kg) was found in the refined oil. However, anthracene, (4824 μg/kg) and flourene (1584μg/kg) were found in the unrefined oil heated for 1 minute. Most of PAH were below the instrument detection limit (1.44μg/kg).

Keywords: Polycyclic Hydrocarbon, Gas chromatography, Edible Vegetable oil, Carcinogenic, Silica gel.

[1]. D. J., Freeman, F. R. C., Cattel. (1990). Wood burning as a source of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 1581-1585.
[2]. J. C. Fetzer, (2000). The chemistry and analysis of the large polycycic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polycyclic aromatic Compounds (New york : Wiley). 27(2); 143
[3]. C. P. Martson, C. Pereira, J. Ferguson, K. Fischer, H. Olaf, W. Dashwood, W. M. Baird, (2001). Effect of complex environmental mixture from coal-tar containing PAHs on tumour initiation. PAHs-ONA binding metabolic activation of carcinogen. 22, 1077.
[4]. M. Koyano, S. Mineki, Y. Tsunoda, O. Endo, S. Goto, I. Tadhairo, (2001). Effect of fish (mackerel pike) Broiling on PAHs contamination of suspended particulate matter in-door air. J. Health Sec. 47, 452-459.

Abstract: Starches extracted from cassava varieties TME419, the new pro-vitamin A cassava variety (UMUCASS 36 (TMS 01/1368), and UMUCASS 38 (TMS 01/1371) were used for the production of Cassava crackers with sample 419 (TME 419) as the control. The proximate composition, vitamin A, mineral and hydrogen cyanide contents of the crackers were analyzed in triplicate. The Vit. A content retained in the crackers sample made from the starch were 1.61μgfor UMUCASS 36 and 1.81μg for UMUCASS 38and none for TME 419. The values of protein rangesfrom (1.41-1.73%); fat (0.36-0.84%); ash content (0.11-0.75%); crude fibre (1.06-1.13%); moisture content (6.18%-7.32%); andcarbohydrate (89.41-89.57%).

[[1]. M.M. Burrell, Starch: the need for improved quality or quantity - an overview. Journal of Experimental Botany; 54 (382), 2003: 451-456.
[2]. C. Calpe, Roots, tubers and plantains: Recent trends in production, trade and use. In: Machin D, Nyvild S (Eds) Roots , Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Animal Feeding. FAO. Anim. Prod and Health,Paper 95: 1992,11-25.
[3]. S.K.Hahn, and J.Keyser, Cassava: a basic food of Africa. Outlook on Agriculture 4: (1985)95-100.
[4]. S.K. Hahn, N.M. Mahungu, J.A.Otoo, M.A M. Msabaha, N.B. Lutaladio, and M.T. Dahniya, Cassava and African food crisis. Pages 24-29 in Tropical root crops -root crops and the African food crisis. Proceedings, Third Triennial Symposium of the International Society for tropical Root Crops - Africa Branch, edited by E.R Terry, M. Akoroda, and O. B. Arene, 17-23 August 1986, Owerri, Nigeria.

Abstract: The pilot scale experiment was conducted to study the efficiency of ammonia nitrogen removal by the Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands (VSF CW) and model of the ammonia nitrogen removal by using computer software. There were three media layers inside VSF CW: 1) the bottom layer was filled with gravel (3-6 cm in diameter), 2) the middle layer was filled with small gravel (1-2 cm in diameter) and 3) the top layer was filled with coarse sand (0.1-0.2 cm in diameter). Three types of media were arranged into three treatments: VSF CW1 contained bed depths of 10, 10 and 10 cm; VSF CW2 contained bed depths of 20, 20 and 20 cm; and VSF CW3 contained bed depths of 30, 30 and 30 cm. The synthetic domestic wastewater was loaded into VSF CW1, 2 and 3 every 24 hours at 0.28 l/day, 0.59 l/day and 0.915 l/day, respectively (Hydraulic Retention Times of 8 days). The HYDRUS-2D software was applied to model the effluent of flow rate, while CW2D module was used to model the removal processes of ammonia nitrogen in VSF CW1, 2 and 3. The results showed VSF CW3 had a high efficiency for ammonia nitrogen removal. The simulation model results also showed a good match with the experimental measured result of ammonia nitrogen removal processes.

Keywords: HYDRUS-2D, CW2D module, Media depth, Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands.

[1]. J. Vymazal, Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands, Science of the Total Environment, 380, 2006, 48–65.
[2]. D. Konnerup, T. Koottatep, and H. Brix, Treatment of domestic wastewater in tropical subsurface flow constructed wetlands
planted with Canna and Heliconia, Ecological engineering, 35, 2009, 248–257.
[3]. S. Khan, I. Ahmad, M.T. Shah, S. Rehman, and A. Khaliq, Use of constructed wetland for the removal of heavy metals from
industrial wastewater, Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2009, 3451–3457.
[4]. S. C. C. Cristina, O. S. S. R. Anto´nio, and M. L. C. Paula, Constructed Wetland Systems vegetated with different plants applied
to the treatment of tannery wastewater, Water Research, 41, 2007, 1790–1798.
[5]. A. S. Sheoran and V. Sheoran, Heavy metal removal mechanism of acid mine drainage in wetlands: A critical review, Minerals
Engineering, 19, 2006, 105–116.
[6]. R. H. Kadleca, and L. A. Zmarthieb, Wetland treatment of leachate from a closed landfill, Ecological Engineering, 36,
2010, 946–957.

Abstract: Food production, processing, preservation and storage are known phenomenon in the history of mankind long before the scientific basis was understood. The general aim food preservation is to prevent spoilage and ensure safety. There are several food preservation methods that are traditionally known to be effective. With the scientific understanding of these techniques and advances in food processing coupled with the demands of consumers and food regulatory agencies; the traditional methods of food preservation and processing are now rarely used. High pressure processing (HPP) is among the novel preservation technique that addresses many of the challenges of traditional food preservation techniques. Key words: Food production, food preservation, high pressure processing

[1]. Ge, L., Zhao, Y., Mo, T., Li, J. and Li, P. Immobilization of glucose oxidase in electrospun nanofibrous membranes for foodpreservation. Food Control, 26(1), 2012, 188-193.
[2]. Huang, H., Lung, H., Yang, B.B. and Wang, C. Responses of microorganisms to high hydrostatic pressure processing. Food Control, 40(0), 2014, 250-259.
[3]. Bárcenas, M.E., Altamirano-Fortoul, R. and Rosell, C.M. Effect of high pressure processing on wheat dough and bread characteristics. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 43(1), 2010, 12-19.
[4]. Yaldagard, M., Mortazavi, S. A. and Tabatabaie, F. The principles of ultra high pressure Technology and its application in food processing/preservation: A review of microbiological and quality aspects. African Journal of biotechnology, 7(16), 2008, 2739-2767.

Abstract: The industrial ground water quality is one of the most important criterions to ascertain its suitability for human beings and irrigation. This paper presents the ground water quality of WalujIndustrial Area in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra. The eleven samples were collected for physico-chemical characteristics such as temperature, PH, EC, TDS, TA, TH, chloride (Cl-), sulphates (SO42-), phosphate (PO43-), calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg+ ) sodium(Na+), potasium (k+), DO, and BOD.The obtained results were compared with WHO (World Health Organization) and BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) limits. The results revealed that some parameters were in high concentration and quality of the potable water has deteriorated to a large extent at some sampling locations.
Keywords: Ground water, physico-chemical characteristics, TDS, DO, BOD, Waluj

[1]. APHA (1998). American public health association, Standard Methods for Examination of waters and wastewaters, 20th Edition, Washington, DC, USA.
[2]. Altman S.J , Parizek R.R., Dilution of nonpoint source nitrate in ground water, J. Environ. Quality, 1995, 24: 707-717.
[3]. Papiya Mandal1* and Sunil Kumar2 Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Industrial Areas of Delhi, India by Indexing Method (2009).

Abstract: Application of algebraic theoretic methods in study of DNA have been proposed recently. For instance the Boolean algebra of the four DNA bases and the Boolean algebra of the genetic code (Sánchez et al., 2004a, 2004b and 2005a). The Boolean structures were defined using the most elementary physiochemical properties of bases, the hydrogen bond numberings and base chemical types (both purines or pyrimidines). Also from the Boolean lattice of four DNA bases, a vector space and a Lie algebra was established using a new algebraic framework of the genetic code.

[1]. JD Bashford and PD Jarvis, Systematics of the genetic code and anticode International press 1998 [2]. Robersy Sanchez, Ricardo Grau, A Novel lie algebra over the galois field of our DNA bases, publication, ActaBoitheoretica, march 2006, volume 54 issue

[3]. J.D Bashford, I. Tsohamtjis, P.D Jarvis, Asuper symmetric model of the evolution of the genetic code, publication, National Academy of science USA nuvember 13 issue

[4]. ZviKohaviNirajKjha, Switching and finite automata theory, 2010 Cambridge University press. USA.

Abstract: Wheat/cassava composite flour was produced. Partially defatted peanut (Arachis hypogaea), bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean), melon (Cucumeropsis manni) and soybean (Glycine max) flours were incorporated into the composite flour in the ratios of 80:10:10 (wheat:cassava:defatted flour). The blends were used to produce noodles. Proximate composition and functional properties of the flour blends were determined. Proximate analysis of all the samples showed significant differences (p>0.05) except the moisture content of the flour blends which ranged from 12.84 sample (201) to 13.38% sample (205).

[1]. M. A. Akpapunam, and J. W. Darbe, Chemical composition and functional properties of blend of maize-bambara groundnut flours for cookies production. Plants Food for Human Nutrition. 46, 1999, 147-155.
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Abstract: Emphasis on the biodiesel yield from the trans-esterification of waste oils should not only be of interest, but the production of high quality biodiesel should be of greater concern.Factors that determine quality of biodiesel are the production process(es) and biodiesel properties. High quality biodiesel must have cetane number (CN) that falls within the specifications of America Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and/or European Committee for Standardisation (EN). CN is a measure of auto ignition quality of a fuel; the higher the cetane number, the shorter the delay interval and the greater is its combustibility.

[1]. S. Debalina, and W. Ralph, Chemicals from biomass: integrating bioprocessors into chemical production complexes for sustainable
[2]. development (CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL. ISBN 978-1-4398-7814-9, 2013).
[3]. B. Edirin, and A. Nosa, A comprehensive review of biomass resources and biofuels production potential in Nigeria, Research Journal in Engineering and Applied Sciences,1(3), 2012, 149–155.
[4]. A.U. Filemon, Biofuels from Plant Oils (The ASEAN Foundation, Jakarta,Indonesia. ISBN No. 978-979-19684-1-6, 2010).
[5]. H.K. William, Biodiesel: basics and beyond – A comprehensive guide to production and use for the home and farm (Aztext Press, 2622 Mountain road, Tamworth, OntarioCanada. ISBN-13: 978-0-9733233-3-7, 2006).
[6]. Y. Zahira,M. Masita, A. Mohammad, A. Zahangir, Overview of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil, Renewable andSustainable Energy Reviews,18, 2013, 184 – 193.

Abstract: The establishment of the ammonium (NH4+) sorption capacity by soil in the Sahel region of Tunisia is crucial for effective management of NH4+ in the region. However, the NH4+ sorption capacity for soils is not well developed. The aims of this study were to determine the NH4+ sorption capacity of soils and to generate that relates these capacities to soil properties. Air-dried samples soils collected at four depths, 0–25-, 25–60-, 60–90- and 90–120-cm from three sites in the Sahel region of Tunisia (Chott-Mariem, Enfidha and Kondar). Soil chemical, physical and mineralogical properties were analyzed. The kinetic sorption of NH4+ by the soils was investigated using batch experiments.

[1]. R. Nieder, R., Benbi, D.K., Scherer, H.W. 2011. Fixation and defixation of ammonium in soils: a review. Biol Fertil Soils 47:1–14.
[2]. Juang, T.C., Wang, M.K., Chen, H.J., Tan, C.C. 2001. Ammonium fixation by surface soils and clays. Soil Sci 166:345–352.
[3]. Jellali, S., Diamantopoulos, E., Kallali, H., Bennaceur, S., Anane, M., Jedidi, N. 2010. Dynamic sorption of ammonium by sandy soil in fixed bed columns: evaluation of equilibrium and non-equilibrium transport processes. J Environ Manag 91:897–905.
[4]. Zhang, Y.Z., Huang, S.H., Wan, D,J., Huang YX, Zhou WJ, Zou YB.2007. Fixed ammonium content and maximum capacity of ammonium fixation in major types of tillage soils in Hunan province, China. Agric Sci China 6(4):466–474.
[5]. Kucic, D., Cosic, I., Vukovic, M., Briski, F. 2013. Sorption kinetic studies of ammonium from aqueous solution on different inorganic and organic media. Acta Chim Slov;60(2013):109–19.

Abstract: The present study utilised the antioxidant property of β-carotene to arrest or lessen the degradation of some principal constituents of cow milk. Application of β-carotene in different concentrations towards retardation of deteriorating stages of protein, sugars and acidity of milk during the experimental period of 8 days were observed. Each of milk samples fortified with β-carotene has shown to retain a better nutritional quality on storage in comparison to the non-fortified sample and 100 ppm β-carotene fortification resulted in the maximum retention of protein (loss of only5.14%) during the study period. According to the study, the best quencher and acidity blocker (acidity decreased by 58.40%) as well as the highest retention and availability of milk sugars (milk sugars increased by 3.35%) has been depicted by the maximum (2000ppm) fortification of β-carotene.

Keywords – antioxidant property, β-carotene, casein, lactose, milk acidity, milk quality Introduction

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