IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-9 ~ Issue-6 ~ June 2015

Abstract: The effect of toasting time on the functional and visco-elastic properties of cassava flour was investigated. Cassava tubers were grated, dewatered and toasted for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10min durations. The flour samples produced from these treatments were subjected to functional and viscosity analyses. The result of the analyses revealed that the flour samples produced from 6min toasting time was superior to those from other samples in relation to most of the indices relevant to their use in the baking industry. The 6min toasting time gave the highest peak viscosity value which is significantly different (p0.05) from other toasting times except that of 2 min toasting time.

[1]. Ebah-Djedji, B.C., K.M. Dje, B.N.Zue, G.P.Zohouri, and N.G.Aman, Effect of Harvest Period on Starch Yield and Dry Matter Content from the tuberous roots of improved cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Varieties. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 11(5). 2012, 414-418.
[2]. Alves, A.A. and T.L. Setter, Response of cassava to water deficit, leaf area growth and abscisic acid.. Crop Science,. 40(1.) 2000, 131-137.
[3]. FAO, Food Outlook. Biannual Report on global food market. 2013. http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3473e/i3473e.pdf.Accessed on 21st Dec 2014.
[4]. Onabolu, A., Sweet cassava: A food for all seasons. United Nations Children's Fund, Household Food Security and Nutrition Program in Ukwuru,M.U. and Egbonu,S.E., Recent developments in cassava based products research. Journal of food research. 1(1). 1988, 001-013.

Abstract: Several locally available chief sources of roots and spices such as beet root, carrot, ginger and mint have been chosen for the present study for their variable concentrations and compositions in phenolic compounds and other functional characteristics as osmotic infusions in the form of filtrates. Sliced samples (0.8±0.1mm) of matured coconuts (10-12 months old) were subjected to osmotic dehydration for a period from 0 min to 720 min at room temperature. Then the slices were dried in a hot-air oven (HAOD ) at temperature 45-60°C for about 6-7 hours and freeze drying (FD) at temperature (-40 to 30°C) for a duration of 14-16 hours. Osmotic medium without the infusion of filtrates of functional ingredients serves as the control.

[1]. D.Torreggiani, Osmotic dehydration in fruit and vegetable processing, Food Research International, 26(1), 1993, 59-68.
[2]. S. M Alzamora, D. Salvatori, M.S.Tapia, A. López-Malo, J. Welti-Chanes, and P. Fito, Novel functional foods from vegetable matrices impregnated with biologically active compounds, Journal of Food Engineering, 67 (1), 2005, 205-214.
[3]. P Fito, A. Chiralt, N. Betoret, M. Gras, M. Cháfer, J. Martınez-Monzó, and D. Vidal, Vacuum impregnation and osmotic dehydration in matrix engineering: Application in functional fresh food development, Journal of Food Engineering, 49 (2), 2001, 175-183.
[4]. W. E. L. Spiess, and D. Behsnilian, Osmotic treatments in food processing, current state and future needs, Drying, 98(0), 1998, 47056.
[5]. B.T Kiremire, E. Musinguzi, J.K. Kikafunda, and F. B. Lukwago, Effects of vegetable drying techniques on nutrient content: A case study of south-western Uganda, African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 10(5), 2010, 2587-2600.

Abstract: This research work was carried out by reviewing literatures; obtaining data from the field using Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver Promark3 at Stop and Go mode, the data obtained were downloaded, adjusted and analyzed using Global Navigational satellite System (GNSS) Solution. It was imported into AutoCAD 2007 with Carlson 2008, where the perimeter was plotted. Surfer (8) software was used to plot the contour and later imported into the Carlson software where it was overlaid on the boundary, the mesh, direction of water flow on the site and 3dimension surface were also plotted in Surfer 8. Analysis was carried out based on the plotting and the need for the swimming pool. The researchers have suggested likely positions for the swimming pool and also selected one as the best fit.

Keywords: Terrain analysis, Swimming pool, location, Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi.

[1]. Chris, K. Chapter 3 Military Menu: Terrain analysis consideration, U.S Army Engineer School.
[2]. Li, Z., Zhu, Q. and Gold, C. (2005), Digital terrain modeling: principles and methodology|. CRC Press. Boca Raton.
[3]. Ünal,G. & TüKer, M. (2002), Terrain analysis for military operation using Geographic information system, Presented at the international symposium on GIS, September, 2002, Istanbul, Turkey.
[4]. Wilson, J.P., and Gallant, J.C. (2000), Terrain Analysis: Principles and Applications. New York: Wiley. pp. 1–27. ISBN 0-471-32188-5. Retrieved 2014-08-18.

Abstract: This study aims to figure out the heavy metals toxicity in Lymnea auricularia after Fe acute exposure for different concentrations (1ppm, 5ppm, 10ppm, 15ppm), LT50 and LC50 were determined after 24,48,72,96 hr. respectively with detection of molecular biomarkers represented by DNA damage through DNA fragmentation test. The results showed that a highest LC50 was recorded in 0.6 ppm and highest LT50 equal to 71.05h in 1ppm, while the highest DNA damage was recoded as a highest lysis in 1 ppm after 96 hr. in this species with lysis level 2900.

Key words: Fe toxicity, Lymnea auricularia, DNA damage, acute exposure, LC50.

[1]. -Ali, S.A.&Suliman, E.A.M.(2012) Snail abundance in freshwater canals in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia and acute toxicity studies of copper sulphate in Biomphalariaarabica and Lymnaeaauricularia, African journal of Biotechnology, 11(58): 12256-12261.
[2]. -Baby,J., Raj, J.S., Biby, E.T., Sankarganesh,P., Jeevitha, M.V., Ajisha, S.U.and Rajan ,S.S.(2010) Toxic effect of heavy metals on aquatic environment, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences,4(4).
[3]. -Coutellec,M.&Lagadic,L.( 2006) Effects of Self-Fertilization, Environmental Stress and Exposure to Xenobiotics on Fitness-Related Traits of the Freshwater Snail Lymnaeastagnalis, Ecotoxicology,15(2): 199-213.
[4]. -Gardi,C.,Arezzini, B., Fortino, V.&Comporti,M.(2002) Effect of free iron on Collagen synthesis, Cell proliferation and MMP-2 expression in rat hepatic stellate cells, Biochemical pharmacology, 64:1139-1145.

Abstract: Immunity is an ecologically relevant trait, which is of key importance for organism survival and population growth against the pressure of pathogens in their environment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pathogenicity of Nemipterus japonicus due to bacterial species and metal exposures. In the present study, a series of serological tests were conducted against pathogens and metal pollutants isolated from buccal mucosal polyps of Nemipterus japonicus. Agglutination test revealed visible clumps within a few seconds after addition of antiserum of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The number of lymphocytes present in the culture is determined by using haemocytometer and stimulative index is calculated to find out lymphocyte proliferation in pathogenic induced study. Klebsiella pneumoniae has a comparatively high lymphocyte stimulative index than Vibrio vulnificus and Aeromonas hydrophila.

[1]. Adams, A. 2004. Immunodiagnostics in aquaculture. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, Vol.24, pp. 33-37
[2]. Russell, B.C., 1993. A review of the threadfin breams of the genus Nemipterus (Nemipteridae) from Japan and Taiwan, with description of a new species. Jap. J. Icthyol. 39, 295–310.
[3]. Fisher, W., Whitehead, P.J.P. (Eds.), 1974. FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fisheries Purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (fishing area 57) and Western Central Pacific (fishing area 71), vol. 3. FAO, Rome.
[4]. Golani, D., Sonin, O., 2006. The Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonicus a new Indo-Pacific fish in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Fish Biol. 68, 940–943.
[5]. Bakhsh, A.A., 1996. The Biology of Thread Bream, Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch) from the Jizan rejoin of the Red Sea. J. Kau. mar. Sci., vol. 7, special issue Symp. on Red Sea mar. Environ. Jeddah. pp. 179–189.

Abstract: Ketamine is a drug used in human and veterinary medicine, primarily for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, usually in combination with a sedative. Other uses include sedation in intensive care, analgesia (particularly in emergency medicine), and treatment of bronchospasm. Ketamine has a wide range of effects in humans, including analgesia, anesthesia,hallucinations, elevated blood pressure.

[1]. Anis NA et al. 1983. The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methyl-aspartate. Br.J. Pharmacol. 79: 565-575.
[2]. Bergman SA. 1999. Ketamine: review of its pharmacology and its use in pediatric anesthesia .Anesthesia Progress 46 (1): 10–20.
[3]. Degenhardt L and Dunn M.2008. The epidemiology of GHB and ketamine use in an Australian household survey. Int. J. Drug Policy 19: 311-316.
[4]. Drummer OH. 2001. The forensic pharmacology of drugs of abuse. Arnold Publishers.
[5]. Fuh MR et al. 2006. Lin. Determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine by solid phase extraction and ion-pair liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 68:987-99 .

Abstract: he present paper wants to convey the message that, for maintaining good health and to avoid water-borne diseases (which are the cruelest killer of thousands of people every year) it is necessary to establish the rights to access safe water resource for every human being. Keeping in mind, the grave water-crisis of the present day world to meet the requirement of modern civilization, rainwater harvesting can be the only solution. Government of India shows a crude calculation as a design for rainwater storage tank. This crude design is not practical at all and also not economically feasible. So the present paper tries to suggest a feasible design for rainwater storage tank.

Key words: Crisis, Design, Precaution, Scarcity, Stress.

[1]. Rainfall data, India Meteorological Department, 2007
Journal Papers:
[2]. Misra, Dr. Swadesh (2006): Weather and climate of West Bengal, West Bengal, June, Volume: XLVIII, No.6, Government of West Bengal
[3]. Mishra, Dr. Swadesh (2006): Monsoon weather variation and its impact on agriculture, West Bengal, September,Volume: XLVIII, No.9, Government of West Bengal

Abstract: A study was carried out to determine the population sizes and foraging ecology of some forest mammals by following transect routes and trails of animals. The sampling technique adopted was stratified random sampling done by the survey of 30 transect routes of 2000m in length and 100m in width in which accessibility was not made impossible by terrain forming a total sample area of 6.2km2. This represented sampling intensity of 6.2% of the total forest area of about 100km2. Ten surveys were carried out in all. Census was carried out by counting the animals that were sighted. Foraging habit of animals was studied by observing food residues of the animals along their trails.

[1]. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2007.
[2]. Williams, M. (2006) Deforesting the Earth: From prehistory to global crisis: An Abridgment. The University of Chicago Press, 2006.
[3]. Docena, H (2010) Deforestation through mining subsidized by CDM Project, WRM's Bulletin No. 161, Philippines.
[4]. Akachuku, A. E. (2006) Disappearing Forest, the consequence and the challenges of sustainable Development in Nigeria. In: Forestry at Crossroads in Nigeria. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Forestry Association of Nigeria Held in Makurdi, 48-55.
[5]. FAO Global Forestry Resources Assessment, 2010 Main Report, FAO Forestry Paper 163.

Abstract: Though crude, the paper sees in the Niger Delta Creek Refinaries as giant step of self determination innovation, opportunity rather than criminality. Liken to the first flight techonolgy, the paper opined its operation be legalised; modelled after Small Scale Community Refineries with appropriate regulatory agencies as supervors. Further, the paper calls for deeper investigation of possible correlation between long exposure to petroleum pollutants, and crime and violent behaviours making reference to lead and CO2 pollution on man and super sized crabs (Carolina). It suggests long petroluem pollutants exposure may cause possible physical neurological changes that may have genetic implications.

[1]. Shankar Vedantam: Research linking Lead Exposure, Criminal Activity, Washington Post,Online,July8,2007
[2]. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/07/AR2007070701073.html?hpid=topnews
[3]. Mr. Edem Duke Ozaki, Hon. Minister of Culture and Tourism: 90 Minutes with Africa Independent Television(AIT), AIT, Abuja, June 2013
[4]. Mrs. Sarah Ochekpe, Hon. Minister of Water Resources: 90 Minutes with Africa Independent Television(AIT), AIT, Abuja, June 2013
[5]. UNEP: Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland report, Disasters and Conflicts, UNEPA,Online, June 10 2013

Abstract: One of the mangrove forest in Indonesia is in the province of East Kalimantan, precisely in Graha Indah Village, North Balikpapan District, Balikpapan City so it is called Mangrove Center Graha Indah (MCGI) the which is a mangrove growing environment. This mangrove forest has a total area of about 150 hectares with one of the features it has is the location right on the edge of existence residential area and within 1 (one) kilometer from the center of Balikpapan city. Mangrove forests at this location is very potential as a protector with beautiful panoramic coastline that is ideal for the development of eco-tourism, fish farming waters and other benefits such as breeding fish for fishermen residing in coastal areas.

[1]. Dahuri R, Jacub R, Sapta PG, and Sitepu M. 2001.Region Resource Management Integrated Coastal and Ocean .(Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan Secara Terpadu). Jakarta: PT. Pradnya Paramita.
[2]. Gunarto. 2004. As mangrove conservation of biological resources supporting coastal fisheries. (Konservasi mangrove sebagai pendukung sumber hayati perikanan pantai).Journalof agriculturalR & D 23(1).
[3]. Kusumastuti, W. 2009. Evaluation of mangrove wetland vegetation in reducing environmental pollution ( case study in the village of the district kepetingan sidoarjo (Evaluasi lahan basah bervegetasi mangrove dalam mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan (studi kasus di desa kepetingan kabupaten sidoarjo). Thesis Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang. (unpublished).
[4]. Setyawan, A.D., and Kusumo.W. 2006a.Conservation problems in the coastal mangrove ecosystem Rembang , Central Java ( Permasalahan Konservasi Ekosistem mangrove di pesisir Kabupaten Rembang, Jawa Tengah.) Biodiversitas 7(2):159-163 [5]. Savitri and Khazali, 1999 Savitri, L.A dan M. Khazali. 1999. Community Empowerment hearts Coastal Area Management (Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir). Bogor: Wetlands International Indonesia Programme. In Proceedings of theSeminarVMangrove EcosysteminJember, 3-6 August 199