IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-9 ~ Issue-9 ~ September 2015

Abstract: This research work has been carried out to observe the variations in aquifer properties and groundwater quality along an east-west transect on the Jamuna floodplain. Striplogs and lithologic cross-section demonstrate a continuous, semi-confined sand aquifer up to the depth of 80m. The upper part of the aquifer is predominantly composed of fine and medium sand but the dominancy of coarse sand and gravel has been observed with the increase of depth. A thin clay/silty clay layer covers the western and eastern part of the study area i.e. the floodplain of the Jamuna River. However, river bank and channel bar are characterized by sandy stratigraphy having no clay/silty clay layer.

[1]. Mètevier F, Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P, Klein M (1999) Mass accumulation rates in Asia, during the Cenozoic. Geophysical J International. 137: 280-318
[2]. EGIS (1997) Morphological Dynamics of the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River. Prepared for Water Resources Planning Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh. p 76
[3]. Ahmed KM, Bhattacharya P, Hasan MA, Akhter SH, Alam SMM, Bhuyian MAH, Imam MB, Khan AA, Sracek O (2004) Arsenic enrichment in groundwater of the alluvial aquifers in Bangladesh: An overview. Appl. Geochem. 19 (2): 181-200. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2003.09.006
[4]. Mukherjee A (2006) Deeper groundwater flow and chemistry in the arsenic affected Western Bengal Basin, West Bengal, India. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, USA
[5]. Hasan MA, Ahmed KM, Sracek O, Bhattacharya P, von Brömssen M, Broms S, Fogelstrom J, Mazumder ML, Jacks G (2007) Arsenic in shallow groundwater of Bangladesh: investigations from three different physiographic settings. Hydrogeol. J. 15 (8): 1507-1522. doi: 10.1007/s10040-007-0203-z

Abstract: Ostracods tolerance to different ecological conditions , therefore consider as indicator to types of water quality to differents water bodies . Thereupon investigation this study to conducted the dipolar magnetized water with different intensities such as 0.05 , 0.1 and 0.15 Tesla on some environmental factors for one species of ostracod animals Cypris laevis (O. F. Müller , 1776 ) . The present study occurrence of significant rise in temprature rates for water which they live freshwater ostracod C. laevis when exposed to magnetic fields in different intensities compared with untreated water magnetically . As well as significantly increased the value of PH an increase of magnetic intensity hanging over the water , compared with control water .

[1]. Gobert,Stefan (2012). Freshwater ostracods as palaeoevironmental proxies in the Moervaart Depression, a palaeolake in Sandy Flanders (NW Belgium). Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master in Biology, Academic Year 2011-2012: 93pp.

[2]. Ruiz, F., Gonzáles-Regalado M.L., Borrego J., Abad M., & Pendón J.G. (2004). Ostracoda and foraminifera as short-term tracers of environmental changes in very polluted areas: the Odiel Estuary (SW Spain). Envin. Pollut. 129, 49-61.

[3]. Ruiz, F; Abad, M; Bodergat, A. M.; Carbonel, P. & Rodrı´guez-La´zaro, J. (2013). Freshwater ostracods as environmental tracers. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 10:1115–1128.

[4]. TUNOĞLU, Cemal & ERTEKĠN, Ġbrahim Kadri (2008). Sub recent Ostracoda Associations and the Environmental Conditions of Karstic Travertine Bridges on the Zamantı River, Southern Turkey. GeologicalBulletin of Turkey, 51(3): 151-171. [5]. DeDeckker, P. & Forester, R.M. (1988).The Use of Ostracods to Reconstruct Continental Palaeoenvironmental Records. Reprinted from Ostracoda in the Earth Sciences: 175-199.

[6]. Yu,YIN; Wanchun, LI, Xiangdong, YANG, Sumin, WANG;Shijie, LI&Wielan, XIA (2001).Morphological responses of Limnocythereinopinata(Ostracoda) to hydro chemical environment.SCIENCE IN CHINA (Series D), 44: 316-323.

Abstract: In thepresent study biodegradation of lipid rich dairy effluent by a consortium of lipase producing bacteria was carried out. Lipase producing bacteria were isolated from the soil by serial dilution plate technique and spotting individual colonies onto tributyrin agar plates. The bacteria which formed a halo zone were identified as Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus simplex and Trichococcus sp. When the dairy effluent was treated with the three bacterial strains individually and as a consortium, there was a reduction in biological oxygen demand and total lipids. The reduction in the level of total lipids is due to the secretion of lipase by these organisms. The degradation was higher and faster when the effluent water was treated with the consortium than when treated with the organisms individually.

[1]. A. Mrozik, H. K. Katarzyna, N. Bozenaand L. Sylwia,Microbiallipase and their significance in the protection of the environment, Indian. J. Microbiol.28 ,2007, 43-50.
[2]. X. Lefebvre,E. Paul,M. Mauret, P. Baptiste and B. Capdeville.Kinetic characterization of saponifieddomestic lipid residues aerobic biodegradation.Water Research32, 1998, 3031-3038.
[3]. M Agnieszka, H. K.Katarzyna, N. Bozena and L. Sylwia, Microbial lipase and their significance in the protection of the environment,Indian. J. Microbiol,28 , 2007, 43-50.
[4]. J.G Holt, .Bergey's manual of systemic bacteriology,(Williams and Wilkins Publishers. Baltimore, USA 1984), 193-202. (4)
[5]. O. H. Lowry, N. J. Rosebrough, A. L.Fori, and R. J. Randall, Protein determination, J Biol. Chem.193, 1951, 265-275.
[6]. G. L. Miller, Use of DNSA reagent for the determination of reducing sugar, Anal Chem31,1959, 426.
[7]. T. Christine andG.Stephanie, Lipid extraction method.Anal Chem. 38, 2002, 60-64.

Abstract: Cassava is one of the major root crop of the humid tropics, its peel constitutes about 20 to 35 % of the dry weight. The peel being a lignocellulosic material acts as a potential candidate for Biogas production after various pretreatments. At the same time, the peel being waste does not compete with food security. However, it is rich in cyanogenic glycosides- linamarin and lotaustralin which inhibits methanogenesis. In the case of physical pretreatment, the particle size reduction to make the substrate more accessible to the bacterial consortia and the addition of activated carbon in order to increase the surface area for the bacteria to adhere and secrete extracellular enzymes tremendously increased the cumulative Biogas production. This pretreatment made the process 94.15 % more efficient than the control.

[1] Ajao, A.T, Abdullahi H.J, Atere, T.G, Kolawole, O.M (2009) Studies on the biodegradation and utilization of selected tuber wastes by Penicillium expansum. Bioresource Research Communication, Vol.21, NO 5.

[2] Amon T, Hackl E, Jeremic D, Amon B, Boxberger J (2001) Biogas production from animal wastes, energy plants and organic wastes. In: Van Velsen, A.F.M. and Verstraete, W.H. (eds), proc. 9th world congress on Anaerobic Digestion: 381-386.

[3] God living Y.S. Mtui (2009) Recent advances in pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes and production of value added products. African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol.8 (8), pp 1398-1415.

[4] Goldemberg J, Johansson TB (2004) World energy assessment overview 2004 update. New York: UNDP. P.88.

Abstract: Radon 222 is a colorless and odorless radioactive gas with a half-life of 3.82 days which can be emitted from various building materials such as cement and decorative stones like granite. In the present study, thedifference between the concentrationof radon 222 indoor air of blackcementanddecorative stoneswarehouses has been analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentration of radon 222indoor air of cement warehouses is significantly greater than decorative stones warehouses (p value < 0.05). So corrective actions such as increasingventilationandreducing staff work time in black cements warehouses are priority to decorative stones warehouses.

Key words: radon 222, black cement warehouses, decorative stones warehouses, indoor air

[1]. Ju, Y.-J., et al., A Study on Concentration Measurements of Radon-222 (Uranium Series) and Radon-220 (Thoron Series) Emitted to the Atmosphere from Tex (Cementitious), Red Brick, and Ecocarat among Construction Materials. Korean Physical Society, 2012. 60: p. 1177-1186.
[2]. Al-Khateeb, H.M., et al., Radon concentration and radon effective dose rate in dwellings of some villages in the district of Ajloun, Jordan. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 2012. 70: p. 1579-1582.
[3]. Taylor-Lange, S.C., et al., The contribution of fly ash toward indoor radon pollution from concrete. Building and Environment, 2012. 56: p. 276-282.
[4]. Cohen, B.S., et al., Deposition of charged particles on lung airways. Health Physics, 1998. 74(5): p. 554-560.
[5]. Cothern, C.R. and J.E. Smith, Environmental radon. Vol. 35. 1987: Springer.
[6]. Green, B., P. Lomas, and F. Luykx, Natural radiation atlas of Europe. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 1991. 36(2-4): p. 85-88.
[7]. Richard, C.C. and S.J. E, Environmental radon. Vol. 35. 1987: Springer.

Abstract: The toxicity effects of heavy metals (copper sulphate, mercuric chloride and cadmium chloride) on oxygen consumption of Lamellidens marginalis were studied and the observation were recorded.After acute and chronic treatment of heavymetals CuSO4, HgCl2 and CdCl2 to L. marginalis it was found that there was a decrease in oxygen consumption. It was affected most by HgCl2 and was followed by CuSO4 and CdCl2.This research stimulate a reliable indicator of the aquatic ecosystem contamination and the possible negative impact of the surrounding environment.

[1] Alam, S. M .a ndv.s . Lomte ( 1984) : Effect of zinc sulphate on oxygen consumption of the fresh water gastropod, Belamia (viviparous) bengalensis.
[2] Anderson, J.M. (1971) : Assessment of the effects of pollutants on physiology and behavior.
[3] Brokovic , popovic , I. and popovic M. (1976) : Effects on heavy metals on survival and respiration rate of tubifcid worms. I. Effects on survival.
[4] Brown, B .and newell, r . (1972) : The effects of copper and zinc on the metabolism of the mussel, Mytillus edulis.
[5] Chaudhari , T. R , M.L Jadhav and V. S . Lomte (1988): Effects of herbicides, Basallin on survival and respiration of the fresh water snail, Bellamya bengalensis
[6] Chinnayya , B. (1971): Effects of heavy metals on the oxygen consumption of the shrimp, Caridina rajadhari

Abstract: Atmospheric sulphur has always been present throughout the course of Earth's history. The effect of aqueous SO2 (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100 and 250 ppm) on water content, transpiration rate and leaf anatomy of third leaf of 3-week old plants of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. cv. PDM) and amaranth (Amaranthus paniculatus L.) were studied. The water content and transpiration rate gradually decreased with increasing SO2 application in both the plant species. The water content and transpiration rate in response to SO2 was decreased more in amaranth than pigeonpea.

[1]. Agrawal M and Deepak SS., 2003. Physiological and biochemical responses of two cultivars of wheat to elevated levels of CO2 and SO2, singly and in combination. Environmental Pollution, 121:189-197.
[2]. Baldasano JM, Valera and Jimènez P., 2003. Air quality data from large cities. The Science of the Total Environment, 307:141-165.
[3]. Barrs HD., 1968. Determination of water deficits in plant tissues. In: Water deficits and plant growth, Vol. 1 (ed: T.T. Kozlowski). Academic press, New York, pp. 235-268.
[4]. Black VJ and Unsworth MH., 1980. Stomatal responses to sulphur dioxide and vapor pressure deficit. J. Exp. Bot., 31:667- 677.
[5]. Darrall NM., 1989. The effect of air pollutants on physiological processes in plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 12:1-30.

Abstract: Industrialization is a key to national development while the negative externalities associated with industrial location are many ranging from traffic, pollution of all type in which waste management is fundamental. The major objectives were to assess the current state of industrial waste and socio-economic profile of commercial operators around industrial estate, examine the challenges involved in the treatment of the industrial waste, categorises the industry in the study area by types, scale of production and waste generated.Concept of waste management provided the conceptual basis for this study. The survey research design was adopted for the study.

[1]. Adekoya, A.A. (2011) Effect of Sawmill location on the environmental development of Ikire, An. Unpublished MSc. Housing dissertation, Department of Urban and Regional Planning University of Ibadan.
[2]. Adewumi, I (2001): Waste Management in Nigeria, Issues and Prospects Conference Paper, PAEHON 2001.
[3]. Afon, A.O (2005): Solid Waste Management in Selected Cities of Oyo State, Nigeria .P.hD Thesis, Department of Urban and Regional, ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
[4]. Aledare, Kayode and Adeleke, Adetunji (2007). "An Overview of Solid Waste Scavenging in Lagos Metropolis‟. In Journal for Sustainable Development. Urban and Regional Planning Department, Yaba College of technology Lagos. Vol. 1, No. 2, October 2007. Pp. 8-14.
[5]. Aujogbo C.A. (2012) Appraisal of the effect of Industrial Location on the Resident, of adjoining Neighbhood. And unpublished Msc environmental Management, dissertation submitted to the Department of Environmental Science and Tecnicology Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria.
[6]. Chukuwuemaka, E., Ugwu J., and Igwegbe, D. (2012). Management and development implications of solid waste management in Nigeria. 4 (4): 352-358.

Abstract: Indigenous knowledge potentials is been reviewed with the view of incorporating its importance and utilization in environmental and social problems solution drive that hitherto is not been given to the indigenous/local knowledge system as against the scientific knowledge system. The review attempts to provide inherent contributions, provisions and the potentials that are hidden in the indigenous knowledge system. The paper argues that indigenous knowledge is a key player in all aspects of developmental efforts of empowerment, capacity building and sustainability in community development provided decision making, trust, respects and participation are given proper positions from initiation of such efforts up to monitoring and evaluation. This will result in sustainability through participation and commitment by the beneficiaries as their knowledge and priorities are incooperated in the process.

[1]. Abbot, J., Guijt, I., 1997. Changing views on change: A working paper on participatory monitoring of the environment, working paper. International Institute for Environment and Development London
[2]. Adugna G (1996). The dynamics of knowledge systems versus sustainable development. Indigenous Knowledge Dev Monit 4(2):31-32
[3]. Aswani S 2005. Customary sea tenure in Oceania as a case of rights-based fishery management: does it work? Review in Fish Biology and Fisheries 15: 285-307
[4]. Berkes F., 2009. Indigenous ways of knowing and the study of environmental change. Journal of thr Royal Society of New Zealand 39:151-156, this issue.
[5]. Berkes F 2008. Sacred Ecology. 2nded. New York and London, Routledge.

Abstract: The use of chloramphenicol is highly restricted in many countries of the world because of its toxic effects. Several disease conditions of poultry have varied incidences between seasons of the year. Higher incidences may attract wrong application of the drug amongst farmers. This study consequently assessed the misuse of antimicrobial drugs, particularly chloramphenicol across seasons. Out of 2000 chicken egg sampled in 12 months, 370(18.5%) and 120(6.0%) were positive for antimicrobial drug residues (AMDR) and chloramphenicol residues (CAPR) respectively.

[1]. Aliu YO. (2007). Antibiotics. In Veterinary pharmacology, 1st Ed. Tamaza Publishing Company Limited, No. 4 Kaduna Bypass, Zaria, 367-398.
[2]. Arnold D, Somogyi A. (1985). Trace analysis of chloramphenicol residues in eggs, milk, and meat: comparison of gas chromatography and radioimmunoassay. J Assoc Off Anal Chem., 68(5), 1985, 984-90.
[3]. Cannavan A. (2004). Capacity building for veterinary drug monitoring programs in developing countries. In FAO/WHO Joint Technical Workshop on residues of veterinary drugs without ADI/MRL, 24-26 August, Bangkok. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome (www.fao.org/docrep/008/ y5723e/ y5723e0g.htm accessed on 10 March 2012).
[4]. Cannon M, Hartford S, Davies J. (1990). A comparative study on the inhibitory actions of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and some fluorinated derivates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 26, 1990, 307–317
[5]. Choma MI, TLC separation of fluoroquinolones: searching for better selectivity. J Liquid C hromat Relat Tec, 26, 2003, 2673-2685.
[6]. Fagbamila Idowu, Kabir Junaid, Abdu Paul, Omeiza Gabriel, Ankeli Paul, Ngulukun Sati, Muhammad Maryam Umoh J, Antimicrobialscreeningof commercial eggs and determination of tetracyclineresidue using two microbiological methods. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9, 2010, 959-962.

Abstract: Rapid urbanization due to industrialization of Visakhapatnam, more amounts of domestic sewage and industrial effluents are entering into harbor waters. The impact of nutrient pollution and assessment of nutrient pollution on the quality of waters in the Visakhapatnam harbor has been studied over a period of one year at five stations. The enrichment of nutrients in these waters enhanced the eutrophication. The construction of outer harbor retards the tidal flushings resulting in a greater stagnation of inner harbor waters. The distribution pattern of these nutrients indicates the flow of pollutant rich waters at surface towards the sea during the study period.

[1]. P. N. Ganapathi, Mar. Poll. Bull. 1969, 16 : 1-3.
[2]. P. N. Ganapathi and A. V. Raman, Curr. Sci, 1973, 42 : 490 - 492.
[3]. P. N. Ganapathi and A. V. Raman, Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 1976a, 5 : 134 - 135.
[4]. P. N. Ganapathi and A. V. Raman, Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 1979b, 5 : 251.
[5]. P. N. Ganapathi and A. V. Raman, Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 1979, 8 : 184 - 187.
[6]. Subba Rao, B. V. S. S. SR, R.Venkateswara Rao, Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 1980, 9 : 222 – 223.

Abstract: Coffee processing is one of the prime agro based industry in India that uses large volume of water with subsequent generation of wastewater. Due to the recalcitrant nature of the compounds in the effluents, disposal is a challenge to the environment. In the present study for comparison, two different set of samples were collected belonging to two different family i.e, Arabica and Robusta. The effluent which is characterized by low pH (3.92 - 4.99 and 4.56 – 5.04) contains high organic load in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (8320 -12840 mg/L and 15360 - 26240 mg/L) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) (940-1500 mg/L and 3000 – 4200 mg/L), nutrients like ammonia nitrogen (20 – 34 mg/L and 44 – 66 mg/L), nitrate nitrogen (25-30 mg/L and 32 – 45 mg/L), phosphorus (34 – 42 mg/L and 45 – 50 mg/L) etc. The BOD5 / COD ratio of the sample indicates the less biodegradability of the effluent which indicate load on the receiving body.

[1]. V.S. Mohana, N. Nanadini, C.K. Pramila and K.J. Manu, Effect of treated and untreated coffee wastewater on growth, yield and quality of palmarosa grass (Cymbopogon martini L.) var. motia, International Journal of Reearch in Chemistry and Environment, 2, 2011, 111-117.
[2]. H. N. Chanakya, A.A.P. Alwis, Environmental issues and management in primary coffee processing, Journal of Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 82, 2004, 291-300.
[3]. Z.P. Teresa, G. Gunt, H. Fernando, Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes, Journal of Environental Sciences, 19,2006, 300-305.
[4]. K.V.N. Murthy, A. D'Sa, G Kapur, An effluent treatment-cum-electricity generation option at coffee estates: is it financially feasible? Draft version, International Energy Initiative, 2004, Bangalore.
[5]. B.R. Mendoza and V.J.E. Sanchez, Anaerobic filter treatment of wastewater from mushroom cultivation on coffee pulp, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 13, 1997, 51-55.

Abstract: Suspended particulate matter has now become aconcern in the global environment due to the health problems and environmental degradation cause by it. So this paper summarizes the evidence about the effects of air quality (particulate matter) on human health and damage to Materials, vegetation, animals, waterbodies.The aim of the paper is to stimulate the development of effective strategies to minimize air pollution and its effects on health.In this regard effective control strategies have been undertaken for adequate air quality management in theGauhaticity, Assam.

[1]. Exposure to air pollution (particulate matter) in outdoor air. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2011 (ENHIS Factsheet 3.3) (http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0018/97002/ENHIS_Factsheet_3.3_July_2011.pdf, accessed 28 October 2012).
[2]. Brauer M et al. Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease Attributable to outdoor air pollution. Environmental Science and Technology, 2012, 46: 652–660.Air quality guidelines: global update 2005. Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and Sulfur dioxide.
[3]. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006 (http://www.euro. who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environment-and-health/air-quality/publica-Tions/ pre2009/air-quality-guidelines.-global-update-2005.-particulate-matter,-ozone,-Nitrogen-dioxide-and-sulfur-dioxide, accessed 28 October 2012).
[4]. Convention on Long-range Tran boundary Air Pollution [web site]. Geneva, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2012 (http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/, Accessed 27 October 2012).
[5]. Janssen NAH et al. Health effects of black carbon. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2012 (http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environment-And-health/air-quality/publications/2012/health-effects-of-black-carbon, accessed 28 October 2012).

Abstract: Biosorption of Metal complex Orange R dye by custard apple bark (Annona squamosa) in aqueous solution and textile industry wastewater was investigated. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of pH, particle size, biosorbent dose, contact time and initial dye concentration. Characterization of biosorbent was also done by FTIR and SEM. Biosorption isotherm models were also applied to experimental data. The results showed that the data fitted well for Langmuir isotherm model as well as Fruendlich isotherm. The study proves the effectiveness of Annona squamosa bark for the removal of metal complex dyes from the
wastewater.
Keywords: Annona squamosa; Biosorption, Isotherm models, Metal complex Orange R

[1]. R. Ansari., A. Mohammd-khah, Z. Mosayebzadeh. ―Application of unripe grape juice waste as an efficient low cost biosorbent for dye removal‖, Annals of Biological Research. (2011),vol. 2, no.5, pp.323-328
[2]. G.S. Gupta, S.P. Shukla, G. Prasad and V.N. Singh, ―China clay as an adsorbent for dye house wastewater‖, Environ. Technol. (1992), 13 pp. 925–936 [3]. Shao, Y. L., Ditmire, T., Tisch, J. W. G., Springate, E., Marangos, J. P., & Hutchinson, M. H. R. Multi-keV electron generation in the interaction of intense laser pulses with Xe clusters. Physical review letters, (1996). 77(16), 3343.

Abstract: Change in rainfall pattern is one of the most critical factors in determining the impact of climate change. It can adversely affect the socio-economic development of any region. Therefore, the study aims to examine the spatial and temporal rainfall variability and trend during a span of 102-year-period (1901-2002) over the Damodar River Basin. Various spatial and statistical methods have been applied to analyse the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall. ArcGis was used to show the spatial rainfall distribution using Kriging interpolation method. Mean, Standard Deviation, Co-efficient of Variation were used to show the variability of the rainfall. Non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to determine whether there is any positive or negative trend in the rainfall data with their statistical significance.

[1]. Akinsanola, A. A and Ogunjobi, K. O. (2014): Analysis of Rainfall and Temperature Variability Over Nigeria. Global journal of Human-Social Science: b Geography, Geo-sciences, Environmental Disaster Management. Global Journals Inc, (USA). Vol.14, Issue.3, and Version.1.0
[2]. Sahu, R.K and Khare, D (2015): Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Rainfall Trend For 30 Districts of A Coastal State (Odisha) of India. International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Science. 5, 40-53.
[3]. Umamaheswara, Rao.B and Sankara, Pitchaiah. P (2015): Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Rainfall Variation in Vadalavagu Hydrogeological Unit Using Gis, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences. 4(4), 30-35.
[4]. Mohamad, S.Y. C. N. Ian, R and Mohmadisa, H. (2012): Rainfall Trend Analysis Using 50 Years Historical Data in Newly Developed Catchment in Peninsular Malaysia. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 11 (5), 668-673.
[5]. Nandargi,S and Mulye,S.S (2014): Spatial And Temporal Analysis Of Rainfall

Abstract: Word is facing the problem of waste management. Industrial process are responsible for the waste pollutant production. Which needs high cost and very difficult to treat. Wastewater characteristics and levels of pollutants vary significantly from industry to industry. Now days peoples are focusing toward the byproduct recovery ,waste minimization. Waste minimization leads to the reduction in hazardous waste. By recycling and reuse of water and other product or by the change in process also lead to the waste minimization. In distillery toxic waste generated is in huge quantity about 12-15 times that of the alcohol. as the waste is more it needs to treat the effluent for the reduction of toxic waste.

[1] Lt Col ManthaNagaraj, DrArvind Kumar, "Distillery waste water treatment and disposal ".1998
[2] G.D.RAI, Non conventionalenegy sources, 4th edition , July 1996
[3] Biochemical Engineering, James M .Lee, Prentice Hall (1992).
[4] M.V.Joshi ,Process Equipment design ,2000
[5] Haug Roger T, "The Practica l Handbook of Composting Engineering", 1993.
[6] Tapas Nandy*, SunitaShastry and S. N. Kaul, Wastewater management in a cane molasses distillery involving bioresource recovery,10Aug ,2001

Abstract: Quality environment is the highest wealth possessed by man. Distortion in the ecosystem auspicates danger to its inhabitants. This study was conceived to examine the challenges in the methods of waste management in Niger Delta region, Nigeria.Stratified sampling technique was adopted in the selection of 124 samples for the study. Structured questionnaire was used to elucidate responses from the primary sources while Secondary source came from text books and journal materials which afforded us information for literature review. Properly filled questionnaires were sorted, transcribed and the content analyzed using descriptive statistics of tables, frequency distribution and percentages and bar graphs.

1]. Akpomuvie, O. B. (2011): Tragedy of Commons: Analysis of Oil Spillage, Gas Flaring and Sustainable Development of the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 4(2).
[2]. Anastas, P., & Zimmerman, J. (2003). Design through the 12 principles of green engineering. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(5), 94A-101A.doi: 10.1021/es032373g.
[3]. Ajugwo, A. O. (2013): "Negative Effects of Gas Flaring: The Nigerian Experience. Journal ofEnvironment Pollution and Human Health. Vol. 1(1).
[4]. Adati A. K. (2012): Oil Exploration and Spillage in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research.Vol. 2(3).
[5]. Aaron, S. (1996). "Dying for oil‟, World Watch, May/June, p. 120.

Abstract: Snakebite cases by certain snake species are on the increase in Northern Nigerian and becoming an important occupational and public health hazard. This study was carried out between the years of 2005 to 2009 to determine the snakes responsible for envenomation in North-Eastern Nigeria . 10,017 snake bite cases were documented and handled in five (5) snake bite treatment centers: Zamko (Plateau State), Kaltungo (Gombe State), Bambur (Taraba State), Lafiya-lamarde and Savannah (Adamawa State) and Bauchi (Bauchi State).

[1]. Abubakar, S.B., Habib A.G., Abubakar, I.S., Larnyang S., Durfa N., Nasidi A., Yusuf P.O., Garnvwa J., Theakston R.D.G., Salako L., Warrel D.A. (2010). Factors Affecting Snakebite Mortality in North- Eastern Nigeria. Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 10. 1016.
[2]. EchiTAb (2009). Annual Medical Records of Antivenom Treatment Centre. EchiTAb Anti-Snake Study Group UK/Nigeria. General Hospital Kaltungo, Gombe State. Nigeria.
[3]. EchiTAb (2010). Annual Medical Records of Antivenom Treatment Centre. EchiTAb Anti-Snake Study Group UK/Nigeria. General Hospital Kaltungo, Gombe State. Nigeria.
[4]. Habib A.G., Abubakar S.B., Abubakar, I.S., Larnyang S., Durfa N., Nasidi A., Yusuf P.O., Garnvwa J., Theakston R.D.G., Salako L., Warrel D.A. (2008). Envenoming After Carpet Viper (Echis ocellatus) Bite During Pregnancy: Timely Use of Effective Antivenom Improves Maternal and Foetal Outcomes. Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health. Vol. 13. No. 9. Pp 1- 4.
[5]. Koh, D.C.I., Armugan A., Jeyaseelan, K. (2006). Review: Snake Venom Components and Their Applications in Biomedicine. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 63. 3030 – 3041.

Abstract: Since the time memorial till now, it is acknowledged that housing environment where man dwells has a significant impact on his health. While several authors have attributed poor residents' health to poor housing condition, salient underlining factors that explain the cause have not been exclusively exhausted, especially in the developing nations like Nigeria. Thus, this study assessed the impact of housing condition on residents' health in Ogbomoso North Local Government Area. Both primary and secondary data were utilised. A questionnaire survey was conducted in six political wards which predominantly comprised low density houses. A sample of 220 (25%) houses was adopted and structured questionnaires administered randomly to household heads. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics while multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between housing condition and residents' health.

[1]. Agbola, T. (1998). The Housing of Nigerians: A Review of Policy Development and Implementation. DPC; Ibadan.
[2]. _________ (2005). The Housing Debacle an inaugural lecture delivered on 4th August, at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
[3]. Ahianba, J.E; Dimuna, K.O. and Okogun, G.R.A. (2008). Built Environment Decay and Urban Health in Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology. Pp. 259.
[4]. Aluko, O. (2012). Impact of poverty on housing condition in Nigeria: A case study of Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos State. Journal of African Studies and Development. Vol. 4(3), pp. 81-89, April 2012. www.academicjournals.org
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[6]. Aribigbola, A. (2008). Housing Policy Formulation in Developing Countries: Evidence of Programme Implimentation from Akure, Ondo State-Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology 23(2): 125-134 (2008)
[7]. ____________ (2011). Housing Affordability as a Factor in the Creation of Sustainable Environment in Developing World: The Example of Akure, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, pp. 121-131.
[8]. Asika, N. (1991). Research Methodology in the behavioural Sciences. Ibadan: Longman Nig. Plc

Abstract:Today, using communications devices such as simple and smart mobile phones has led man to face EMFs more. Thus is essential, measuring and comparing the emitted EMFs of simple mobile phones with that of smart phones. The EMFs of 2 simple mobile phones and 2 smart phones were measured by EMFs measurement portable equipment model HI-3603 in a ringing mode. Ultimately, the difference between electric and magnetic fields in simple and smart phones was evaluated by the ANOVA statistical test. The means of the electric fields of simple and smart mobile phones was 2.38±0.18 v/m and 1.9±0.18 v/m respectively. The means of magnetic fields of simple and smart mobile phones was 0.49±0.13 mG and 0.48±0.1 mG, respectively. The ratio of the mean of electric field in simple and smart phones to the standard limit (53.8 v/m) was 4.42% and 3.53% and also the ratio of the mean of electric field in simple and smart phones to the standard limit is 25.12% and 24.61%, respectively.

[1]. Nakatani‐Enomoto, S., et al., Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W‐CDMA‐like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Bioelectromagnetics, 2013. 34(8): p. 589-598.
[2]. Thuróczy, G., et al., Personal RF exposimetry in urban area. annals of telecommunications-annales des télécommunications, 2008. 63(1-2): p. 87-96.
[3]. Joseph, W., et al., Comparison of personal radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure in different urban areas across Europe. Environmental Research, 2010. 110(7): p. 658-663.
[4]. Guidotti, T.L., P.O.E. From, and M.F. Martinez, Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2007. 62(3).
[5]. Bortkiewicz, A., et al., Changes in tympanic temperature during the exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phone. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health, 2012. 25(2): p. 145-150.
[6]. Gajšek, P., et al., Electromagnetic field exposure assessment in Europe radiofrequency fields (10 MHz–6 GHz). Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2015. 25(1): p. 37-44.

Abstract:The effect of aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Blighia unijugata used in treatment and management of various diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and gastric intestinal disorder on the hematological system was investigated in albino rats. Twenty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups of four rats each. Groups A, B, C and D rats were administered orally with 100.0, 200.0, 300.0 and 400.0mg/kg body weights of the aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Blighia unijugata respectively while, group E served as the control and was given only feed and water. The treatment lasted for seven (7) consecutive days. Physical activities and the rates of consumption of feed and water decreased in the animals administered the extract compared to the control. The result shows that administration of extract of fresh leaves of Blighia unijugata increased hemoglobin level (HB), total white blood cell (WBC) and packed cell volume (PCV) in the test groups compared to the control. This could be the reason why the extract is used in ethno-medicinal practices to fight against invading diseases.
Keywords: Blighia unijugata, diabetes, hypertension, gastric intestinal disorder and albino rats.

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[4]. Bergfuist A.G., Schall, J. I., and Gallagar, P. R (2008). Fasting Versus Gradual Intiation of the Ketogenic Diet: a prospective, Randomized Clinical Trail of Efficacy. Epilepsia 46(11) 1810-1819.
[5]. Dacie, J. V. and Lewis, S. M. (1991). Practical Heamatology. 7th edition. ELBS with Churchill Livingstone, Longman group. UK. pp. 837-852.
[6]. Dehghan, M. H., Daryani, A. and Robabeh, D (2006). Histological evidence of male potent reproduction sites by Iranian botanical Blighia Unijugata seed extract International Journal Tropical Disease, 2(2): 234-238.
[7]. Devumurari, V. P and Jivani N. P. (2010). Hepato protective activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Blighia unijugata leaves. International Journal of Pharmacological Technical Research, 2: 1037-1040.

Abstract:The effect of aqueous extract of fresh leaf of senna hirsuta on lipid profile was investigated using albino rats. The research was performed using twenty adult male albino rats, the rats were placed into groups A, B, C, D and E with four animals in each group. Groups A, B, C and D were administered orally with 800, 600, 400 and 200mg/kg body weight of aqueous fresh leaf extract of Senna hirsuta respectively, the treatment lasted for seven days, while group E acted as the control. The results showed that there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in body weight, physical activities, fed and water intake in the animals administered with the extract compared with the control. The average concentration of cholesterol, triacylglycerol and low density lipoprotein were found to be significantly lower (p<0.05) in treated animals than the control. The concentration of high density lipoprotein was found to be significantly higher (p>0.05) in the treated animals than the control. These observations suggest that the aqueous extract of fresh leaf of Senna hirsuta may be useful in treatment/management of cardiovascular disease.
Keywords: Senna hirsuta, lipid profile, cardiovascular effect and medicinal plants.

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