iosr-JPBS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2015

Abstract: Introduction: Spinal Anaesthesia, most commonly used technique for lower abdominal surgeries as it is very economical and easy to administer. A number of adjuvants like midazolam, fentanyl, clonidine etc have been used to improve the quality of subarachnoid block. Dexmeditomidine an α2-adrenergic agonist which has α2/ α1 selectivity ratio eight times greater than Clonidine has been used recently as an adjuvant in various clinical trials. The aim of the study was to compare the Subarchnoid block characteristics with low dose dexmeditomidine or chlonidine added to intrathecal Bupivacaine.

Abstract:Beekeeping as a village industry is of considerable importance but in study area it requires a lot of improvement in apicultural as well as in agricultural practices. Most of the beekeepers are facing problems due to lack of knowledge of bee management technology and related skills. This small cottage industry may be called in infancy in Mansa district of Punjab. Crop diversification, which can provide continuous succession of blooming bee forage, is urgently required .There must be a regional bee research and training centre to provide guidelines against threats to beekeeping like varroa mite and other serious bee diseases.
Keywords: Apis mellifera , Beekeeping , Bee behaviour , pollination , Queen rearing.

Abstract:The chemical composition of the essential oils from the fruits of Daucus carota var. sativus (yellow carrot) and var. boissieri (red carrot) was determined using GC/FID and GC/MS. Altogether; 29 and 32 compounds were identified accounting for 96.58 and 96.72 % of the total detected components in the hydrodistilled yellow and red carrot oils, respectively. Carotol constituted the major component in both oils (~66‒68 %). The antioxidant activity was assessed using both diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2-deoxyribose degradation (2-DR) assays. Both oils reduced DPPH• and inhibit 2-DR with IC50 values of 12.71, 14.15, mg/ml and 87.15, 88.75 μg/ml for the yellow and red carrot oils, respectively. Inhibition of both 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity. Yellow carrot oil showed better activity towards inhibition of 5-LOX (IC50 of 37.53 μg/ml). The cytotoxicity of both oils was determined against both MCF-7and HepG-2 cancer cell lines using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The highest cytotoxic activity was observed against HepG-2 cell with IC50 values ranging from 163-172 μg/ml for both oils. These results indicate promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of both oils and provide a rationale for their uses in many skin diseases.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Apiaceae, Cytotoxicity, Daucus carota, Essential oil.

Abstract: Pneumonia is an infectious disease. This is prevalent in pandemic proportions across the Globe; especially in developing countries. It is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among infants and children. It is mainly caused by bacterial or viral infection. Irrespective of the abundant occurrence of bacterial pneumonia, there is no specific antibiotic therapy available. On the other hand non-specific therapies are less effective and may induce bacterial resistance. Therefore, in present work, we explored a common but novel target for four pathogenic pneumonia causing bacteria and also revealed the most specific antibiotic(s) to this target.We observed trigger factor protein as a common targetable virulence factor present in four pathogenic bacteria viz. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. After screening of 116 available antibacterial compounds, we found 04 most specific and potent antibacterial agents that inhibit the growth and survival of bacteria through trigger factor protein. The best efficacies showed by enoxacin, sulfamonomethoxine, carbadox and isoniazid.

Keywords: pneumonia, virulence, docking, screening, targetable, inhibitor.

Abstract: Romi stream receives effluent from Kaduna refinery which is believed to endanger the lives of the fauna and flora of the stream and even the inhabitants of Rido community, Researchers have make series of researches on the possible remediation of this pollution with phytoremediation being at the fore. This Review gives information on Pollution cases in Romi stream and bioremediation studies of Romi Stream.

Keywords: Effluent, Flora, Fauna, Rido Hausa, Heavy metals.

Abstract: Diversity of spiders from Zolambi region of Chandoli National Park in Western Ghats is studied for the first time. A total of 90 species belonging to 55 genera and 19 families are recorded from the study area during 2011-2013 with a dominance of Araneid, Salticid and Lycosid spiders.

Key words: Spider diversity, Western Ghats

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of S.nigrum aqueous extract on cancer cell lines and normal cell line in vitro. Two types of tumor cell lines implanted in vitro which were (Hep-2 cell Line Human epidermoid larynx carcinoma) cell line and human Rabdomyosarcama RD cell line). In addition, rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) was used as a normal cell line in this study. Tissue culture plates under sterile condition were treated with different Concentrations of S. nigrum extract for 24,48and 72 hrs incubation.Results pointed out that S.nigrum extract had a cytotoxic effect depending on the type of cellsand the concentration of the extract used for treatment. Results revealed the presence of significant cytotoxic effect on both RD, and Hep-2 cell Line and non significant againstREFcell ine. The results showed that growth inhibition was significantly affected and variationin inhibition ratein the same concentration was detected between tumor cell lines and normal cells. Keywords: Solanum Nigrum, cancer cells line, aqueous extract

Abstract: Nasal polyps are benign tissue swellings in the nose that originate from the paranasal sinuses, frequently from the anterior ethmoid complex. IL-10 produced predominantly by T regulatory cells, but also produced by B cells, macrophages, mast cells, monocytes and keratinocytes . IL-10 had significant anti inflammatory processes, particularly allergic inflammatory processes. (58) Patients undergoing nasal surgery were selected for this study to compare the levels of IL-10 between normal people & those with NP using PCR technique. PCR results for IL-10 showed positive results in the NP group, while all control samples were negative for IL-10. Depending on results, a difference in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps between Iraqi patients compared with Chinese patients was suggested.

Abstract: VEGF-mediated signalling facilitates survival and metastasis of tumour cells. The metastatic cascade follows tumour cell dissemination, passage through the blood and/or lymphatic system, and colonisation at a distant site. Increased cell motility of cancer cells at the leading tumour edge has been attributed to the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) which facilitates their release and invasiveness. Breast cancers which exhibit properties of EMT are highly aggressive and resistant to therapy. In the present study, two molecules from hexane and methanolfractions (T1 and T2)from the plant Tinospora cordifoliawere chosen to verify the anti-metastatic activity. Our data show that inMCF-7 cells,T1 treatment significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of MCF-7cells when compared to that of T2. EMT-related genes, Twist and Snail, were downregulated by T1 with increased transcription of E-cadherin. Overall, our results demonstrate that T1 down-regulates Twist and Snail genes involvedin proliferation, migration and invasion.

Keywords: Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition, Tinospora cordifolia, Metastasis, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Abstract: The Total Organic carbon (TOC) test is a quick and successful explanatory strategy to assess the cleaning of biopharmaceutical assembling supplies. This system can help guarantee that the cleaning methods meet foreordained cleanability criteria for single and multiproduct creation territories. This article displays a research endeavor portraying the utilization of the TOC test to accept the cleaning techniques utilized for two sorts of bio-assembling supplies. Stainless steel plates were utilized as a part of the swab recuperation test to recreate producing supplies. One side of each one plate was spiked with an answer of dynamic substance or cleaning specialists. The plates were permitted to dry totally overnight at room temperature. An Alpha Swab Tx761 was saturated with low TOC (< 50 ppb) water and the spiked plate surface was swabbed both vertically and on a level plane. The swab end was decreased off, put into a vial to which we included 40-ml of low TOC water. The vial was topped tight, vortexed, and permitted to remained for one hour before examination. The same volume of each one arrangement that was spiked onto the plates was independently spiked specifically into 40-ml of low TOC water and investigated. The reason for this study is to exhibit how to create and validate a TOC system for cleaning applications. Approval of the cleaning methods for assembling or transforming gear has been exhibited in this paper.

Keywords: TOC, Pegylated Interferon α-2a, Swab recovery.

Abstract: Paracetamol tablets were prepared using blends of various disintegrants (MCC, Starch and NaCMC). Physico technical properties such as friability, hardness and disintegration profiles were assessed.From the result, Batch 7[2.5% MCC and 2.5% NaCMC] has the least Friability Value (0.4600± 0.00577). Its Friability was significantly (p< 0.05) less than the other batches. Batch 3 (5 % MCC) had the highest Friability Value (0.6900± 0.0058) which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than other batches. All the batches produced tablets with friability within the official limits.Batches 1(control),2 (5% Starch),3( 5 % MCC), 4( 5% NaCMC) and 5( 2.5% starch, 2.5% MCC) had similar hardness profile (P> 0.05) . Their hardness was significantly (P<0.05) less than those of batches 6(2.5% Starch,2.5% NaCMC),7(2.5% MCC, 2.5% NaCMC) and 8 (1.67% starch,1.67% NaCMC and 1.67% MCC). However, all the batches displayed hardness values that fall within the compendial limits.All the batches showed significantly (P<0.05) disintegration profile. Batch 2 had a better disintegration profile (13.14 ± 0.012)

Keywords: physicotechnical properties, disintegrants, paracetamol

Abstract: The hypoglycaemic effect of ethanol leaf extract of Thuamatococus daneilli (ELETD) in alloxan diabetic Wistar rat was investigated. Acute toxicity study was also carried out. Animals were assigned into group as follows; Group 1 (Normal control), group 2 (diabetic control) group 3 (diabetic + metformin, 150 mg/kg), group 4 (diabetic + low dose, 200 mg/kg) and group 5 (diabetic + high dose, 400 mg/kg). Experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg). After confirmation of diabetes, acute (4 hours) and sub-acute (14-days) hypoglycemic studies were carried out. Serum amylase and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were also assessed at the end of the study. From result of the study, LD50 of ELETD was above 6000 mg/kg. Acute and sub-acute treatment with ELETD (200 and 400 mg/kg) caused reduction in FBG, while 14 days treatment with ELETD showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in HbA1c and significant increase in serum amylase. Body weight recovery was also observed in ELETD treated groups. This study therefore, validates the traditional use of Thuamatococus daneilli in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Key words: Thuamatococus daneilli, Glycohemoglobin, amylase, fasting blood glucose, alloxan monohydrate, Wistar rats.

Abstract: The soda lakes of Kenya provide an extreme environment where diverse groups of microorganisms thrive. They are characterized by great variation in temperature, halophillic and alkaliphilic- extreme conditions. Lake Sonachi has been the study site for this research. The study sort to isolate, characterize and identify fungi, screen for potential exo-enzymes and secondary metabolites production that may be of industrial application. Malt extract agar was used in the isolation of fungi and six (6) isolates were recovered. Inhibition zones were used to measure the enzymatic and antimicrobial activity of the isolates. GC-MC analysis was done on the filtrates extracted from the fungi to identify secondary metabolites. Molecular characterization of the 18s rDNA was done using fungal primers and sequencing PCR products.s .Phylogenetic tree was inferred using neighbor- joining method. The fungal isolates were alighned to diferrent genera, Acrimonies sp., Scopulariopsissp, Verticilium sp. Fusariumsp and Paecilomyces sp. The fungal isolates produce different types of enzymes (cellulases, proteases, pectinases and lipases) and metabolites (acids, ketones, quinones, alcohols, esters etc) .Antimicrobial assay showed that most of the fungal isolates produced inhibition zones ranging from 0.1 to 4mm, an indication of presence of compounds with antimicrobial activity against most of the test organisms, E.coli, B. subtilis, S.aureasetc, used in this study. Results indicate that Lake Sonachi, a soda lake has fungal species that are capable of producing enzymes and metabolites with antimicrobial activity.

Keywords: Characterization, Enzymatic activity, Antimicrobial activity and, Secondary metabolite

Abstract: The Egyptian cultivars of Mangifera indica L., have a great distinct difference in their aroma and fragrance, and due to the importance of the aroma (essential oils) in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and perfumes industries, it was necessary to investigate the composition of the essential oil of these cultivars. Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry using head space was carried out for the investigation of the composition of the essential oil present in the peel of thirteen Egyptian cultivars. The identification depends on the retention time, mass spectrum and data obtained from Wiley library. In order to find out the reason for the differences between these cultivars, the major common components, as well asthe unique components present in each oil were investigated. In the near future, a detailed study for each separate cultivar will be done.

Keywords: Mango cultivars, GC/MS,

Abstract: Sennamimosoides formerly known as Cassia mimosoides belongs to the family Caesalpinacea and the genus senna. The leaf is used in folklore medicine for the treatment of oedema and breastmilk toxicity in neonates. In the present study, the immunomodulatory activity of the aqueous leaf extract of S. mimosoides was evaluated. For the animal model experiment, a total of fifty (50) Wistar albino rats used in delayed type hypersensitivity reaction and humoural antibody titre (twenty five (25) rats for each parameter) were grouped as follows.Rats in group A (control) were administered 0.2 ml of normal saline; rats in groups B, C and D were treated with 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of S. mimosoides respectively while group E rats received 25 mg/kg of levamisol a standard drug. Administration of 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg of the extract resulted in a dose dependent significant (p < 0.05) increase in primary antibody titre with a value of 6, 8, 13, and secondary antibody titre with a value of 11, 26, 34. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response shows that the extract produced a dose and time dependent increase in footpad swelling of the rats. The extract (50, 100 and 250 mg/kg) and levamisol (25 mg/kg) at 24 hr after challenge, significantly (p < 0.05) boosted DTH reactions observed respectively as 1.412, 1.504, 1.816 and 1.827 mm difference in thickness of footpad before challenge and 24 hr after challenge while the control showed a slight non-significant (p < 0.05) increase with a difference of 0.614 mm. At 48hr after challenge, there was an additional increase in footpad swelling observed as 1.908, 1.918, 2.304 and 2.326 mm for the extract and levamisol respectively. The Humoural antibody (HA) titre and DTH response compare well with that of levamisol a standard immunostimulatory drug at 25 mg/kg. This result shows that the extract has immunostimulatory effect and could be used in boosting immune response.

Keywords: Sennamimosoides, immunostimulatory, HA, DTH,levamisole.

Abstract: Mast cell stabilizing activity of different extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum was evaluated with the help of rat mesenteric mast cells. The study includes the mesenteries which are pretreated with prednisolone, petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum (250mg, 500mg and 750mg) were analyzed for the degranulation of mast cell during the anaphylactic reactions. It was carried out on the mesenteries of rats, which are sensitized with sheep serum and triple antigen to induce degranulation of mast cells. Treatment with aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum (500mg) showed beneficial effect on mast degranulation of actively sensitized rats. The effect was comparable with that of standard drug, Prednisolone. Mast cell stabilizing activity of aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum on the rat mesenteric mast cells may be possibly due to the membrane stabilizing potential.

Keywords: Mast cell stabilizing activity, Mast cell degranulation, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Membrane stabilization, Anaphylaxis.

Abstract: Incidence of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-positive organisms has been increasing steadily to most of the currently available anti bacterials, making it extremely difficult to treat infections. Purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology of infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram positive isolates in India and to survey response of antimicrobial agents to these strains. This study involved 408 Gram positive isolates including S. aureus (211), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (130), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15), Streptococcus pneumoniae (12), Streptococcus pyogenes (13), Streptococcus bovis (7), Streptococcus agalactiae (9) and Enterococcus faecalis (11) which were collected from different parts of India. Susceptibility study was performed by broth microdilution method as recommended by Clinical and laboratory standard institutes (CLSI).

Abstract: Quality is always a prerequisite when looking at any pharmaceutical product. Therefore, drugs must be manufactured to the highest quality standards and its quality control results must be inter- laboratory reproducible. The purpose of this effort is to provide an introduction and overview of the analytical method validation of one of the biotech product of our organization at the commercial name of UNIPEG 180 mcg containing pegylated interferon alfa 2a injection as per instructions and guidelines & requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), World Health Organization (WHO) & United States Pharmacopoeia. In our study analytical method validation of pegylated interferon alfa 2a has been performed inside the scientific research laboratory (SRD) and its method transfer activity has also been successfully done to the QC lab of our organization. The method is precise with CV% <35% and also the confidence interval was calculated using student t-test & the results were found within the 80-125% from the first analyst results which are within range from 302 MIU/mg to 473 MIU/mg.

Keywords - Method Validation, Method Transfer, Cytopathic Effect Assay & Virus Titer Determination

Abstract: Background: Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on some physiological and morphological aspects of intestinal mucosa in adult male rats with experimentally induced colitis were studied. Material & methods: Thirty six male rats were divided into equal four groups , 9 of each . The 1st control one( C) while the others were designated as T1,T2,T3, rats of C and T3 group received 1ml of D.W, while those of T1&T2 received Lactobacillus acidophilus at a dose of (5×108 CFU ) for two weeks ,as a pre colitis period, then acetic acid colitis induced for rats of T2 & T3and sham colitis for rats of C &T1, seven days later , at the end of post colitis period, D-xylose absorbance test, food intake, body weight, and FCR ratio were studied in addition to intestinal morphological changes..

Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore immunomodulatory potential of immunopotentiated Plasmodium berghei parasites in a murine malaria model with a view of contributing to malaria vaccine development strategies. Transfection was used to generate immunopotentiated Plasmodium berghei parasites through expression of mouse interferon gamma (mIFN-γ) in wild-type Plasmodium berghei parasites. Mice were inoculated with mIFN-γ expressing Plasmodium berghei parasites and treated. Another group of mice was inoculated with the parasite expressed mIFN-γ culture supernatants. The mice were later intraperitonially challenged with wild-type parasites. Sampling for cytokine and antibody assays was done and ELISA performed on the collected samples. Parasitaemia was monitored daily and survival time (days) recorded for the two sets of experiments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the results using graphpad instat software. There was a significantly higher level of IFN-γ (p < 0.001). The level of IL-4 was significantly low (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of IgG (p = 0.0682). There was a 3 to 4 day delay in patent parasitaemia accompanied by reduced mean parasitaemia and improved survival of the mice. This study showed that interferon gamma expressing Plasmodium berghei immunomodulates malaria infection in mice leading to enhanced protection during challenge infection.

Key words: immunomodulation, interferon gamma, parasitaemia, Plasmodium berghei, transfection.

Abstract: The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluations of aqueous and ethanol stem bark extracts of Strophanthus hispidus as well as the powdered stem bark were examined. Standard experimental procedures were used in this analysis. Aqueous, ethanol extracts and powdered stem bark tested positive for the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and phlobatannins. Alkaloids and tannins tested positive for both ethanolic extract and powdered sample. Glycoside tested positive for the powdered sample and aqueous extract. None of the plant preparations tested positive for the presence of anthraquinone. The quantitative analysis revealed that tannins were the major phytochemical constituent present in highest percentage (5.15%) followed by saponins (2.03%). Flavonoids and alkaloids were 0.73% and 0.38% respectively. Phenols were found to be present in the lowest percentage (0.14%). The presence of these phytochemical constituents in Strophanthus hispidus stem bark may justify its use in the treatment of many ailments by the masses.

Key words: phytochemical constituents, masses, Strophanthus hispidus, stem bark, Alkaloids..

Abstract: Aim: The aims of the study were to determine the prevalent serovars of Salmonella and the multiple antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates recovered from the blood samples of hospitalized patients in Kano metropolis. Study design: The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: One milliliter of venous blood was collected from each patient with some or all clinical features of salmonellosis that sign a consent form and transfer into EDTA bottles. If daily is unavoidable blood samples were stored at 4 0C. Samples were analyzed at the both laboratories of the authors. This work was carried out between May, 2012 and March, 2014.

Abstract: The effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on some physiological aspects of intestinal in regard to intestinal mucosal cells proliferation and differentiation were studied . Ten pregnant female rats were divided into two groups, 1st group (A) and second group (B), At the day of parturition mothers of (A) were daily given 1ml MRS broth containing (5x108 CFU) of Lactobacillus Acidophilus , and mothers of group (B) were given 1ml of D.W , for 30 days ,as lactation period.