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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Evaluation of Pedilanthus Tithymaloides Ethanolic Leaf Extract on Serum Lipid Profile Changes in Normal and Alloxan Induced Diabetic Albino Wistar Rats |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Mehnoor Farheen || Chakrapani Rmesh |
Abstract: Type 1diabetes is associated with damage to the liver, kidney and pancreas of patients. The damage varies in proportion and susceptibility among diabetic patients of type 1 class. This study assessed the hypoglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of whole ethanolic leaf extract of Pedilanthus tithymaloides in alloxan-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats. Extraction of the ethanolic extract of Pedilanthus tithymaloides was performed by maceration. Thirty rats were divided into five groups. Group I consists of normal rats that were given only normal saline solution and served as a control group. Group II consists of normal rats that were given alloxan monohydrate (150mg/kg B.W)..
[1]. Shankar S. Field tested participatory Methodology for rapid assessment of community's therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants. Approaches towards evaluation of medicinal plants prior to clinical trials organised by foundation for Medical Research at YASHADA. 2006 Nov 8 :6-13
[2]. Agarwal SS, Paridhavi M. Introduction to medicinal plants. Herbal Drug Technology. University Press ;1-7
[3]. WakdikarS. Global Health Care Challenge. Indian experiences and new prescriptions. Electronic Journal Of Biotechnology. 2004 Dec 15;7(3):214-220.
[4]. Mallick C, Maiti R, and Ghosh D. Comparative Study on Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Separate and Composite Extract of seeds of Eugenia Jambolana and Root of Musa Peradisiaca in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Male Albino Rats. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics.. 2006 mar 16; 5(1):27-33.
[5]. Pabrew, Mathew S, Gonzalez T, Costa D, Marcela A. Segundo, Fernandes E. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of medicinal tincture of Pedilanthus tithymaloides. Life sciences. 2006;78:1578-1585.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Socio-Economic and Agricultural Factor In Control of Trypanosomiasis in Nigeria A Review |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | A. Abubakar || H.A Ibrahim || M. Abdullahi || H. M Sabo || I. L Haruna || L.Umar |
Abstract: Trypanosomiasis is a widespread disease in the middle belt states and southern part of Nigeria. Socio-economic activities such as herding, fishing, crop-rotation, collection of fire wood predisposed inhabitant to the disease. A good knowledge and understanding of tsetse dynamics, its habitats, routes of infection parasite life cycle, and available control methods forms an important background in decision making processes within the community and government agencies for successful tsetse and trypanosomiasis control. Biological control using sterile insect technique (SIT), chemotheraphy using trypanocidal drugs, vector control methods through ground and aerial spraying of insecticides, used of trypanotolerant livestock and cultural methods which include shifting cultivation and bush fallow.
Keyword : (trypanosomiasis, Socio-economic, control)
[1] MacLennan, K.J.R. 1980. Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis in relation to the rural economy of Africa. Part 1. Wld. Anim. Rev. 36: 2-17.
[2] Hursey, B.S., G.W. Whittingham and V. Chadenga. The integration of insecticidal techniques for the control and eradication of Glossina morsitans in Northeast Zimbabwe. Paper presented to the Nineteenth Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control. 1987, Lome, Togo. In press.
[3] Bourn, D., K. Milligan and W. Wint. 1986. Tsetse, trypanosomiasis and cattle in a changing environment. Livestock Systems Research in Nigeria's Subhumid Zone: Proceedings of the Second ILCA/NAPRI Symposium held in Kaduna, Nigeria, 29 October to 2 November 1984, ILCA, Addis Ababa.
[4] Ferguson, W. 1967a. Muturu cattle of Western Nigeria. I. Census, distribution, husbandry and behaviour of village herds. J. West. Afr. Sci. Assoc. 12: 29-36.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Comparative Larvicidal and Residual Activity of Bacillus Thuringiensisvar. Israelensisand Temephos (1.0 % Sg) In Granules Against Culex Pipiens Pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) In Semi-Field Tests |
| Country | : | Kenya |
| Authors | : | Martha W. Kiarie-Makara || Dong-Kyu Lee |
Abstract: The study looked at comparative larvicidal activity and residual effects of granular formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis var. Israelensis (Bti); a bio pesticide and temephos (Abate); phosphorus based non-systemic pesticide. The study was carried out in semi-field station and used rainwater to simulate natural conditions. Mosquitoes of; Culexpipienspallens Coquillett; a member of the Culex pipiens complex were used. The third instar larvae were used to allow observations before pupation and adult emergence. The methods used were a modification of those used by Thavara et al [24] and Laws et al [20]. Abate applied at concentrations;1.0mg/l, 2.0mg/l and 4.0mg/l of 1% SG showed that the residual activity of abate is dependent on the concentration used in the treatment. Bti was applied at 0.4g/l, 0.8g/l and 1.6g/l.
[1] Walker K. 2002. A review of the control methods for African malaria vectors.Office of health, Infectious diseases and Nutrition, bureau for Global Health, United states Agency for International Development (USAID).
[2]. EPA. 2000. United States Environmental Protection Agency; Prevention, Pesticides and toxic substances 7506C/May 2000/735-F-002 [3. Khetan KS. 2001. Microbial Pest Control. Marcel Dekker, Inc New York.
[4]. Soper FL, Wilson DB. 1943. Anopheles gambiae in Brazil 1930–1940. The Rockefeller Foundation, New York, Cited in: Gratz NG and Pal R. 1988. Malaria vector control: larviciding. Pp. 1213–1226, In: Malaria: Principles and practice of malariology. (Wernsdorfer WH, McGregor I, eds.), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, U K.
[5]. Gratz NG, Pal R. 1988. Malaria vector control: larviciding. Pp. 1213–1226, In: Malaria: Principles and practice of malariology. Wernsdorfer WH, McGregor I, eds. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK.
[6]. Shousha AT. 1948. Species eradication: the eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Upper Egypt. Bull World Health Org 1: 309 - 348.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Retrograde Cystourethrogram Findings in Patients with Suspected Uretharal Strictures In Yenagoa, Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Kiridi E.K (MBBS, Msc, FWACS) || Dambo N.D (MBBS, MPH)|| Etukakpan B (MBBS, FWACS ) |
Abstract: A retrograde cystourethrogram (RCUG) in conjunction with a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) or intravenous urethrogram (IVU) serve as the gold standard for the diagnosis of a urethral stricture. In this study, we reviewed the findings in 25 patiets who had RCUG done for suspected urethral strictures. The mean age of the patients in this study was 51.44 ±17.67 and bulbomembranous junction stricture was the commonest pathology noted.
[1] Eziyi AK, Ojo OE, Olajide AO,Bello NO, Adeyemi AA, Oyebiyi AI. Renal status of patients with bladder outlet obstruction at presentation at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, South Western Nigeria. Sch J App Med Sci. 2014; 2(3C): 1041-1044
[2] Anger JT, Santucci R, Grossberg AL, Saigal CS. The morbidity of urethral stricture disease among male Medicare beneficiaries. BMC urology. 2010; 10:3.
[3] Oguike TC, Onuora VC, Obarisiagbon E. The changing pattern of urethral stricture in Midwestern Nigeria. JMBR. 2006; 5(2):50-54.
[4] Tijanni KH, Adesanya AA, Ogo CN. The new pattern of urethral stricture disease in Lagos, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2009; 16(20):162-165.
[5] Ahmed Gadam Ibrahim, Nuhu Ali, Sulieman Aliyu, and Abubakar Alhaji Bakari, "One-Stage Urethroplasty for Strictures in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria," ISRN Urology, vol. 2012, Article ID 847870, 4 pages, 2012. doi:10.5402/2012/847870
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Study of Air quality Status of some cities of Rajasthan |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr Rashmi Sharma |
Abstract:An attempt has been made in this investigation to ascertain air quality on major roads
of Ajmer city in the form of Air Quality Index ( AQI). Monitoring stations were set up at
fifteen strategic locations on all arterial roads of the study area after gaining knowledge
about their traffic characteristics and analyzing the air samples from various monitoring
locations the results are being compared with permissible standards as specified in Gazette of
India Notification Extraordinary Part III, Section -4, Year 2009 and subsequently computed the air
quality index. The results reveal that gaseous pollutants such as SO2 and NOx are within the
permissible limits and particulate matter is the predominant cause of air pollution in the
study area. More than half the total numbers of locations have heavy air pollution while
another half suffer from air pollution.
Key words: Ajmer city, Ambient air quality, Air Quality index.
[1]. Rao M.N., Rao H.V.N. 1989, Air pollution, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
[2]. Kumar. A., Garg A., PandelU., 2011: A study of Ambient Air Quality status in Jaipur city(Rajasthan, India ), Using Air
Quality Index. Nature and Science, 2011: 9(6).
[3]. Central Pollution Control Board, MOEF 2009, Gazette of India Notification Extraordinary Part III, Section -4, year
2009.
[4]. Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI),2003, Green India 2047, Renewed New Delhi.
[5]. 3 I Network, 2006, India infrastructure report: Urban infrastructure, Oxford university press, New Delhi India.
[6]. World Health Organization, 1999, Guidelines for air quality.
[7]. State Pollution control Board Annual Reports of various years.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | The impact of Immunotherapy on Ovarian Cancer |
| Country | : | Saudi Arabia |
| Authors | : | Fayruz Omar Alsunbul |
Abstract: Ovarian cancer that estimated to be the top fifth leading cause of cancer death in women all over the world. Compelling evidence indicates that the immune response against ovarian cancer may play crucial role in controlling this problem. This review will discuss the recent clinical developments of selected immunotherapies for ovarian cancer.68 articles had been reviewed carefully, our findings concluded that as the results of clinical trials of the discussed antibody based immunotherapies are inconsistent, it is still too early to conclude if these drugs will be incorporated into treatment regimens against ovarian cancer. Furthermore, their true potential may lie within being strategically employed in chemo-immunotherapy regimens.
Key words: Ovarian cancer, Immunotherapy, Immune response.
[1]. Cheung NV. Chapter 32: Therapeutic antibodies and immunologic conjugates. In:Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 2014; 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier. [2]. Liu, B., Runowicz, C., Swede, H., Steven, R., and Li, Z.,. Ovarian Cancer Immunotherapy:Opportunities, Progresses and Challenges, Journal of Hematology and Oncology,2010; 3(7): 45-5.
[3]. Clinical Trails: Immunotherapy Study in Borderline Resectable or Locally Advanced Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer. 2014.;Available from http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01836432(accessed on May 12, 2015).
[4]. Stiff, PJ.,Czerlanis, C and Drakes, ML.,. Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer, Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2013; 13(1): 43 – 53. [5]. Clinical Trails., Autologous: T cells combined with Autologous OC-DC Vaccine in Ovarian Cancer. 2013; Available fromhttp://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01312376(accessed on May 18, 2015). [6]. Mellman, I., Coukos, G and Dranoff, G., 2011. Cancer immunotherapy comes of age, Nature, Vol.480, No.7378, pp: 480-489.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Bioactive potential of plants and spices extracts against human bacterial pathogens |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dinesh Kumar Subbaraj || Athmanathan Baskaran, Indrajith Sureka || Meganathan Velmurugan || Edward Arockiaraj Jennifer Emelda || Karuppannan Sathiyamurthy |
Abstract: The aim of this study was to screen antibacterial and antioxidant activity of four different plants and six spices extracts along with phytochemical constituents. Antibacterial activity of the crude extracts of four plants revealed that, plant Vitex negundo had high activity against all the pathogens tested followed by garlic and ginger in spices. It was found that presence of different kinds of chemical groups such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides in all the four plants. The aqueous extract of V.negundo exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging activity with highest IC50 value with concentration of 100 μg/ml followed by methanol. In the case of garlic, methanol extract showed good antioxidant activity with highest IC50 value with concentration of 100 μg/ml followed by aqueous extract. The crude extracts of V. negundo and garlic were partially purified using thin layer chromatography.
[1]. Ahmad I, Mehmood Z, (1998). Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties. J.Ethanopharmacol., 62: 183-193.
[2]. Arora, D.S. & Kaur, J. (1999). Antimicrobial activity of spices. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 12, 257–262.
[3]. Bakht J, Tayyab M, Ali H, Islam A, Shafi M: (2011). Effect of different solvent extracted sample of Allium sativum (Linn) on bacteria and fungi. Afr J Biotechnol, 10:5910–5915.
[4]. Banerjee, M. & Sarkar, K.P. (2003). Inhibitory effect of garlic on bacterial pathogens from spices. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 19, 565–569.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Screening of small peptides from various germinating seeds having antimicrobial activity |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Kamala Golla || SS. Vutukuru || J. Usha Rani || P.Meghanath || Dr Chand Pasha |
Abstract: Antibiotics administered against bacterial infections develop resistant strains which are an alarming trend that impacts great significance in human health perspective. Research indicates that antimicrobial peptides (AMP) can be used as potential alternatives to antibiotics, without inducing early antimicrobial resistance. Most of AMPs reported in the data base were of animal origin while very few were reported from plant sources. In light of this, 50 types of germinating seeds were systematically investigated for the presence of small peptides having AMPs.
[1]. Andrea G, Giovanna P, Silvia FN, Antimicrobial peptides: an overview of a promising class of therapeutics,Central European Journal of Biology, (2007), DOI: 10.2478/s11535-007-0010-5.
[2]. Atousa A, Rasoul R, Giti E, Fatemeh M, Alireza G Identification and primary characterization of a plant antimicrobial peptide with remarkable inhibitory effects against antibiotic resistant bacteria;African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(40), (2012), pp. 9672-9676.
[3]. Wojciech K, Are antimicrobial peptides an alternative for conventional antibiotics?,Nuclear Medicine Review, Vol. 8,(2005), No. 1, pp. 78–86.
[4]. Robert N, JakubB, GrzegorzN, JustynaB, Waldemar B and Anna GJ, Plant antimicrobial peptides, Folia Microbiol, 59, (2014),181–196.
[5]. Hancock REW, Sahl HG, Antimicrobial and host-defense peptides as new anti-infective therapeutic strategies. Nat. Biotechnol. (2006), 24(12): 1551-1557.
[6]. Fernanda G, Nathália V, Patrícia A, Lorena da S. Derengowski, Ildinete Silva-Pereira and Cynthia M. K, Antibiotic development challenges: the various mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides and of bacterial resistance,Frontiers in Microbiology | Antimicrobials, Resistance and Chemotherapy Volume 4, (2013), Article 353.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Prevalence and management practices of malaria in a rural community of Ebonyi state, southeast Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | O.O Odikamnoro, I.M Ikeh || C.A Uhuo || F.N Okoh || S.C Ebiriekwe || I.A Nnadozie |
Abstract: A prevalence survey of malaria was carried out in Onicha-Igbeze, a rural community in Onicha Local Government Area of Ebonyi state, southeast Nigeria. Thick blood films of 100 individuals in the community were used to determine the prevalence. A close ended questionnaire was also administered to 100 respondents in order to obtain information on malaria management practices of the people. The study was carried out between July and September which corresponds to the wet season in Nigeria. The prevalence rate was found to be 64% and all were infections with Plasmodium falciparum.
[1]. Asianya, V.N., Agomo, P.U., Okonkwo, C.A., Mafe, A.G.A., Kindele, S.K., Agomo, C.O.,
[2]. Aina, O.O., Okoh, H.I. and Omonyii, S.O. (1999). Evolution of a new immunochromatographic test for rapid diagnosis of P. falciparum malaria in Nigeria. The Nigerian Journnal of Parasitology, 20: 19-26.
[3]. Bruce-chalt, C.J. (1983). Essential malariaology. First Edition. William Heinmen medical books Ltd. London.
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[6]. Ike, I.M. (2000). Malaria incidence in Abakaliki and effects on socio-economic development of the area. Book of Abstracts of Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 2: 12-15
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Profile of the variation of the Serum albumin and albuminuria in type 2 diabetes in the Democratic Republic of Congo |
| Country | : | Belgium |
| Authors | : | Arsène Kabamba Tshikongo || Elie Rongorongo Kagowa || Richie Kipenge Kyandabike || Christian Kasongo Busambwa || Rachel Mujinga Kayembe || Dominique Mudimbi Kalonda || Albert Longanga Otshudi || Zet Lukumwena Kalala |
Abstract: Introduction: Kidney failure is a serious complication of diabetes type 2. The presence of albumin in urine is an important marker that should alert on kidney disease. The first detectable manifestation of diabetic nephropathy is the increase of albumin in urine. Our objective was to determine the profile of the serum albumin and albuminuria in patients with diabetes type 2 in a Congolese population. Patients and methods: This is a case-control study conducted from March 10 to June 8, 2015 in Lubumbashi ( DR Congo ) where assays of serum and urinary albumin were performed in cases consist of 30 type 2 diabetics older than 30 years ( group I) and in controls consist of 30 non- diabetic patients ( group II). Definition of concept: The results obtained were compared in the two groups and the level of significance was set at p <0.05.
[1]. Aussel C, Cynober L. L'albuminémie est-elle un marqueur de l'état nutritionnel ? Feuillets de Biologie 2014 ;55(317) :35-40.
[2]. Vodoin V, Kararivan P. La néphropathie diabétique. Une sucrée de complication. Le Médecin du Québec 2010 ;45(9) :49-55.
[3]. Ono T, Shikata k, Obika M, et al. Factors Associated With Remission and/or regression of Micro albiminuria in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Acta Med Okayama 2014; 68(4):235-41.
[4]. Onesi SO, Ignatius UE. Metabolic Syndrome: performance of five different diagnostic Criterias. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 18(4): 496-501.
[5]. Hu ZJ, Ren LP, Wang C, et al. Associations between apolipoprotein CIII concentrations and microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8(3): 951-956.
[6]. Aggarwal J, Kumar M. Prevalence of Microalbuminuria among Rural North Indian population With diabetes Mellitus and its correlation With Glycosylated Haemoglobin and smoking. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8(7): CC 11-3.
[7]. Ozeki M, FuJita SI, Kizawa S, et al. Association of Serum levels of FGF 23 and alpha –Klotho with glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria among cardiac patients. BMC Nephrol 2014; 15(1):147.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Avifaunal Diversity of Ajmer Aravallis |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr Rashmi Sharma |
Abstract: Ajmer is located in the center of Rajasthan (INDIA) between 25 0 38 " and 26 0 58 " north Latitude and 73 0 54 " and 75 0 22" east longitude covering a geographical area of about 8481sq km hemmed in all sides by Aravalli hills . About 7 miles from the city is Pushkar lake created by the touch of lord Brahma. The Dargah of khawaja Moinuddin chisti is holiest shrine next to Mecca in the world. The temperature varies from 6 0 C in winters and above 45 0 C in summers.the annual rainfall is 529mm. Around 5.56% of total area available for land utilization is covered under forest. Anasagar lake is situated in the center of city. It is a perennial lake. It harbors several kinds of birds.Grasslands, fields , herbs, shrubs and trees are located in the area that also provide food and shelter to the birds. Total 47 species belonging to 7 orders were recorded. Passeriformes is dominant order of birds. But future of this avifauna is in danger due to mining and urbanization.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Physico-chemical and Nutritional Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Activity of Oil Palm Syrup, Raffia Palm Syrup and Honey |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Fred Omon Oboh || Lorenta Iyare || Monday Idemudia || Stephen Enabulele. |
Abstract: The physico-chemical characteristics and antimicrobial activity of oil palm syrup, raffia palm syrup and honey were studied. The materials contained mainly carbohydrate (64.76-68.79%) and water (28.05-31.50). They exhibited similar densities (1.23-1.26 g cm-3) and pH (3.51-4.18), and had low ash (0.30-0.50%), protein (0.24-1.04%) and lipid (2.20-3.62%) content. They had modest content of Fe (2.35-3.30 mg/100g), Ca (37.06-79.05 mg/100g), and phenolic compounds (4.19-6.27 mg GAE /100g), and were rich in potassium (325.12-628.56 mg/100g). They contained non-enzymatic browning products (browning intensity was 0.71 for honey, 0.159 for raffia palm syrup and 0.175 for oil palm syrup). The materials exhibited antimicrobial activity against clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus,
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Haemoproteus Columbae Infection and its Histopathological Effects on Pigeons in Qena Governorate, Egypt |
| Country | : | Egypt |
| Authors | : | Nermean M. Hussein || Eman A. Abdelrahim |
Abstract: Several health problems can affect pigeons but parasitic infections play a major role. The genus Haemoproteus includes a large number of intracellular protozoan parasites. A total of 103 pigeons were captured from different localities of Qena Governorate from March 2013 to April 2014, blood films were obtained, fixed, stained and examined microscopically also lungs and liver were examined histopathologically. The study demonstrated a different stages of Haemoproteus columbae in the blood, liver and lungs of the pigeons captured with high prevalence (57.2%). The parasite affects the liver and the lungs. The endothelium of the blood vessels is the main target of the parasite in these organs. In cases of high infection round cell granuloma and massive destruction of the parenchyma of these organs may occur and leads to sever illness or death of the pigeons. There is a high prevalence of Haemoproteus columbae in Qena, Egypt. The parasite can severely affect vital organs like the lungs and the liver that may cause from severe illness up to death of the pigeons.
Keywords: Haemoproteus columbae, Pigeons parasite, histopathology, liver, lung
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Evaluation of the bioactive compounds of fresh as well as processed broccoli and cauliflower as hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic agents |
| Country | : | Egypt |
| Authors | : | Mona Mohamed Abdel Magied || Ahmed Mahmoud Allan || Nesren EL-Sayed Mohamed |
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different cooking methods (boiling, blanching and steaming ) on the total phenols, antioxidant activity, vitamin C and sulforaphane content of broccoli and cauliflower. Cooking by steaming had the least reductive effect on the bioactive compounds followed by blanching and boiling methods . The effect of pure sulforaphane , fresh and steamed broccoli or cauliflower extracts were evaluated in alloxan induced diabetic rats as hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic agents. Fresh broccoli and steamed broccoli extracts were used in the concentration of 0.175 and 0.525 mg / kg / bw of rat / day for G4, G5,G6 and G7 of rats. Moreover, fresh and steamed cauliflower extracts were used in the concentration of 4.05, 8.11 and 24.3 mg/kg/bw of rat/day for G8, G9,G10,G11,G12 and G13 of rats. Pure sulforaphane was uesd in the concentration of 0.3 mg / kg / bw of rat / day as G3 of rats.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | A Review: Physical Penetration Enhancers For Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Himanshi Tanwar |
Abstract: Delivery of the drug via skin would provide a useful alternative to oral route and important site of drug application for local and systemic effects with minimum undesirable side effects. Skin penetration techniques have been developed to improve bioavailability and enhance the range of drugs for which transdermal delivery is a viable option. The permeation of drug through skin can be enhanced by chemical penetration enhancers. The present review article includes the classification of permeation enhancers and their mechanism of action; thus it will help in the selection of suitable penetration enhancer for improving the permeation of poorly absorbed drugs via transdermal route.
Key word: Transdermal delivery; skin; chemical penetration enhancers.
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