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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Strongyloides stercoralis Hyper Infection in an Immunocompromised Patient a Case Report |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Biswajeet Sahoo || Sanjeeb Sharma || Thokchom Devaraj Singh || H. Rebachandra Singh || Waikhom Shashi Singh || Sudipta Naorem |
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: | 10.9790/3008-09640103  |
Abstract: Strongyloidiasis is an intestinal parasitic disease caused by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis and is common in tropical countries. In immunocompromised hosts, the overwhelming accelerated auto infective cycle can potentially lead to a life-threatening illness with multi-organ failure due to a massive larval invasion known as hyper infection syndrome.
[1]. Eduardo G, Angelica T, Humberto A, Raul T, Rosa I, Douglas MW, Strongyloides stercolaris hyperinfection associated with human T cell lymphotropic virus type -1 infection in Peru, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 60(1), 1999, 146–149.
[2]. Concha R, Harrington WJ, Rojers Al, Intestinal strongyloidiasis: recognation, management and determinants of outcome. J Clin Gastroentero, 39, 2005, 203-11.
[3]. Jerome P, Marie DS, Antoine R, Christine L, Jacques G, Veronique L, Subcutaneous Ivermectin as a safe salvage therapy in Strongyloides stercolaris hyperinfection syndrome: A case report, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 73(1), 2005, 122–124.
[4]. Schimdt ,G. D. (1992): Essentials of Parasitilogy, 4th Edition ( 2nd Indian Reprint), Universal Book Stall, New Delhi- P- 259-60.
[5]. WHO (1994):Bench Aids for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites, plate -2, Helminths, Reprinted 2003. Denham, D. A. and Suswillo (1995): Diagnosis of intestinal Helminth infections in medical parasitology. A practical Approach,Edited by Gillespie, S.H. and Hawkey,P.M, Reprinted 2002, Oxford University Press, P-257 and p-262-63. WHO (2003): Manual of Basic Technique for a health laboratory, 2nd Edition, Geneva, ISBN no. 9241545305,PP-156-158.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Occurrence of Holocene Mammalian Remains and Mollusc Shells from Indian Sundarbans with Environment of Deposition |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Argha Sarkar || Prasanta Kumar Sen |
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: | 10.9790/3008-09640413 |
Abstract: Mammalian remains of Bubalus bubalis, Rucervus duvauceli of swampy forest environment and mollusc shells of mangrove and distinct fresh water ecosystem recovered from the 14C dated Peat, Silty Clay and Alluvial layers exposed at depth from 560 cm up to surface at Kumirmari and Dakshin Harishpur, south-east of Kolkata, West Bengal of Indian Sundarbans area were studied for animal remains assemblage zonations and analysis of palaeoenvironment during Holocene. Two Local animal remains assemblage zones were proposed for each section studied viz. KUI: Kumirmari and DHI: Dakshin Harishpur. Correlation of local zones of 14C dated sediments has revealed two RAZ: Regional Animal remains Assemblage Zones viz. RAZ-I - Bubalus bubalis – Rucervus duvauceli -Telescopium telescopium - Meretrix meretrix - Bankia sp. Assemblage Zone and RAZ-II - Tarebia lineata - Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. Patula - Indoplanorbis exustus - Gyraulus convexiusculus - Parreysia sp. - Bellamya bengalensis - Pila globosa - Gabbia orcula - Brotia costula - Melanoides tuberculata - Corbicula striatella - Tarebia granifera Assemblage Zone. The environmental phases of deposition of Holocene sediments of Sundarbans, India as revealed from the Regional assemblage zones indicate Swampy mangrove condition during c. 5000–2000 years BP followed by Supra-tidal fresh water condition since c. 2000 years BP.
Keywords: Holocene, Indian Sundarbans, Mammalian remains, Mollusc shells, Palaeoenvironment
[1]. Blois, J.L., Hadly, E.A. 2009. Mammalian response to Cenozoic climate change. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 37: 181-208.
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[5]. Patnaik, R., Badam, G.L., Murty, M.L.K. 2008. Additional vertebrate remains from one of the Late Pleistocene- Holocene Kurnool Caves (Muchchatla Chintamanu Gavi) of South India. Quaternary International 192: 43-51.
[6]. Rijsdik, K.F., Hume, J.P., Bunnik, F., Florens, F.B.V., Baider, C., Shapiro, B., Plicht, J.V.D., Janoo, A., Griffiths, O., Ostende, L.W.V.D.H, Cremer, H., Vernimmen, T., Louw, P.G.B.D, Bholah, A., Saumtally, S., Porch, N., Haile, J., Buckley, M., Collins, M., Gittenberger, E. 2009. Mid-Holocene vertebrate Concentration-Lagerstätte on oceanic island Mauritius provides a window into the ecosystem of the dodo (Raphus cucullatus). Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 14-24. [7]. Tomiya, S., Mcguire, J.L., Dedon, R.W., Lerner, S.D., Setsuda, R., Lipps, A.N., Bailey, J.F., Hale, K.R., Shabel, A.B., Barnosky, A.D. 2011. A report on late Quaternary vertebrate fossil assemblages from the eastern San Francisco Bay region, California. Paleobios 30(2): 50-71.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Melia azedarach L. bark |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Akhtari Khatoon || Somani Jethi || Sandeep Kumar Nayak || Sabuj Sahoo || Ashirbad Mohapatra || Kunja Bihari Satapathy |
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: | 10.9790/3008-09641417 |
Abstract: The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of n-hexane and methanolic extracts of Melia azedarach L. bark. The antibacterial potential of M. azedarach L. bark was tested against human pathogens causing diarrhoea and dysentery such as Shigella flexneri (MTCC-9543), Salmonella enterica ser typhi (MTCC-733), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-1305), Streptococcus mitis (MTCC-2897), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC-109) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-1430) using agar well diffusion method. The results of the study revealed that n-hexane extract of bark sample was highly effective against Shigella flexneri whereas Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis showed no response and other test pathogens under study responded moderately. It was observed that methanolic extract had high inhibition potential against Salmonella enterica ser typhi and Streptococcus mitis while moderate effect against other test bacteria. Studies on the antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging method revealed significant antioxidant potential of n-hexane and methanolic extracts with IC50 value 84.37 and 66.79 respectively.
Key Words: Agar well diffusion, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activities, Melia azedarach
[1]. R. Dubey, K. Dubey, C. Sridhar and KN. Jayaveera, Human Vaginal Pathogen inhibition Studies On Aqueous, Methanolic And Saponins Extracts Of Stem Barks Of Ziziphus mauritiana, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2(3), 2011, 659-663.
[2]. HH EL. Kamali and MYEL Amir, Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Extracts Obtained from selected Sudanese Medicinal Plants, Curr. Res. J. of Bio. Sci., 2 (2), 2010, 143-146.
[3]. P. Lalitha, KA. Arathi, K. Shubasini, Sripathi, S. Hemalatha and P. Jayanti, Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of an Ornamental Foliage plant, Pothos aurea (Linden ex Andre), An Int. J. of Chem., 1(2), 2010, 63-71.
[4]. H. Hussain, A. Badawy, A. Elshazly, K. Krohn and M. Riaz, Schulz B Chemical Constituents and Antimicribial Activity of Salix subserrate, Rec. Nat. Prod., 5(2), 2011, 133-137.
[5]. EO. Nwachukwu and Cl. Umechuruba, Antifungal activities of some leaf extracts on seed-borne fungi of African yam bean seeds, seed germination and seedling emergence, Appl J Sci and Enviro. Manag., 5(1), 2001, 29-32.
[6]. R. Preethi, VV. Devanathan and M. Loganathan, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Efficacy of Some Medicinal Plants Against Food Borne Pathogens, Adv. In Bio. Res., 4 (2), 2010, 122-125.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Anticancer effect of Ellagic acid and paclitaxel on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant status in female Sprague dawley rats |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Sambandham Jamunakumari |
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: | 10.9790/3008-09641823 |
Abstract:There has been growing interest in studying the role played by lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in breast cancer Free radicals are found to be involved in both initiation and promotion of multistage carcinogenesis. In the present study,effects of both ellagic acid and paclitaxel on the levels of lipid peroxides(LPO) and status of antioxidants in several tissues were studied in mammary carcinoma rats. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also measured in control and experimental animals.A significant increase in the levels of LPO,ROS and a decreased levels of antioxidants observed in mammary carcinoma bearing rats were found to be reverted back to near normal levels on treatment with both paclitaxel and ellagic acid.These results suggest that the free radical mediated damage during mammary carcinoma could have been controlled by both ellagic acid and paclitaxel by its free radical quenching and antioxidative potential.The above results also show that both paclitaxel and ellagic acid exert its anticancer effect on the development of breast cancer.
Keywords: Ellagic acid , Breast cancer, LPO, Reactive oxygen species.
[1]. Agarwal O.P and Nagarathnam A.Radioprotective property of flavonoids in man. Toxicon.19,1981,201-204.
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[5]. Birt DF Dietary agents in cancer prevention: Flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Pharmacol Ther,2001, 157-177.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Studies on the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and Seseli diffusum (Roxb. ex Sm.) Sant. & Wagh |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Priyadarsinee Mallik || Sagar Kumar Mishra || Kunja Bihari Satapathy |
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: | 10.9790/3008-09642427 |
Abstract: Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of various extracts from plants have recently been of great interest in both pharmaceutics and food industries, because of their possible use as natural additives which emerged from a growing tendency to replace synthetic antioxidants with natural ones. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, and Seseli diffusum (Roxb. ex Sm.) Sant. & Wagh, were selected for the evaluation of their antibacterial and antioxidant activities against different disease-causing microorganisms such as Shigella flexneri, Micrococcus sp, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The methanolic extract of Sonchus asper demonstrated more inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus as compared to other plant extracts and pathogens where as the n-hexane extract of Sseseli diffusum exhibited highest antioxidant activity. The TLC study indicated that the n-hexane extract of Seseli diffusum resuted in more number of spots as compared to other solvents.
Key Words: Antibacterialal, Antioxidant, Seseli diffusum, Sonchus asper
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Abstract:The mantle is an important molluscan organ. It serves as a respiratory organ in most of the pulmonates; its walls have a dense vascular network. It is an outer jacket of the visceral mass and harbors the pulmonary chamber on its right side. Mantle is the specialized organ of the gastropods for it not only bears the glands that secrete the shell but also acts as buffer between the hard calcareous shell and the animal itself, spreading like a cushion through the entire inner surface of the body whorl. In Lymnaea luteola two types of gland cells are noticed in the mantle;epithelia and sub – epithelial. The epithelial mucous glands secrete metachromatic, alcianophilic sulphated mucopolysaccharides. The sub – epithelial mucous glands are classified into two categories, according to their histochemical reactions. Some of them secrete non – metachromatic, alcianophilic sulphated mucopolysaccharides and others secrete mucosubstances which are carboxylated.
Keywords: Histology, histochemistry, mantle, Lymnaea luteola, mucocytes
[1]. Annandale, T.N., and Rao, H.S., 1925. Materials for a revision of the recent Indian Limnaeidae (Mollusca, Pulmonata).- Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, t. 27, pp. 137-189, 15 fig.
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[4]. Garcia – Gasca, A., R.I. Ochoa - Baez and Betancourt, M., 1994. Microscopic anatomy of the pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley, 1856). J. Shellfish Res. 13:85-91.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Method Development and Validation of SDS-PAGE for Quality Control Testing of Pegylated Interferon Alpha-2a |
| Country | : | Pakistan |
| Authors | : | A. Zahid || W. Jamil || R. Begum |
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: | 10.9790/3008-09643236 |
Abstract: Hepatitis is one of the most prevailing diseases in Pakistan. Free IFN & Pegylated IFN α-2a is being used to cure chronic hepatitis diseases. A method of impurities determination and molecular weight estimation of PEG-IFN α-2a and Free Interferon α-2a using SDS-PAGE is developed for the purpose of lot release during Quality Control testing. It is the most popular cost-effective method to estimate the molecular weights (MWs) of protein subunits with considerable accuracy.
[1]. Chunyang Y. Zheng. et al., Native PAGE eliminates the problem of PEG–SDS interaction in SDS-PAGE and provides an alternative to HPLC in characterization of protein PEGylation, Electrophoresis, 28, 2007, 2801-2807.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Studies on Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants of Lonar Lake Forest in Maharashtra |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Vinayak Rathod |
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: | 10.9790/3008-09643740 |
Abstract: Alkaline Lonar Lake ,located in the Buldhana district of Maharashtra State.India is the only hypervelocity meteotric impact Lonar Lake in basalt rock ,ranking third in the world.Lonar Lake is surrounded by dense forest Costituting many Plants with high medicinal values .Because of the high alkalinity and diverse atmospheric conditions we have selected the area of the Lonar lake forest for determining the various uses of for the treatment of enteric infection available at Lonar Lake forest.The plants used for the study were justicia adhatada,Calotropis gigantean against some enteric infections .These two plants used for treatment of various enteric infections justicia adhatada,leaves is used in the nasal infection cough,Throat infection and Calotropis gigantean plant Leaves use in the boils,Elephantiasis,in wounds.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Evaluation of the Equivalence in Dissolution Profiles of Brands of Metronidazole Tablet in Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Sefunmi Odetola |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-09644144 |
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether optimum metronidazole preparations are used for the second-line eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. The regimen uses a combination of antibiotics that includes amoxicillin and metronidazole. Erratic release of metronidazole, leading to sublethal concentration of the drug within the GIT, between different formulations is proposed as a possible reason for acquisition of resistance in H. pylori. A generic brand of metronidazole was compared to the innovator brand, Flagyl. The evaluation was performed by dissolution test and estimation for intragastric drug concentrations was done based on the dissolution data. The dissolution tests were performed using the paddle method of British Pharmacopoeia. The data obtained were used for the evaluation of similarity in intragastric concentrations of metronidazole following drug release. In the study, the time taken to achieve maximum concentration of metronidazole in the simulated gastric fluid, for Flagyl was less than that for the test drug. The reference and test products were found to be similar, both achieving more than 85% release of drug content in 20minutes in the simulated intestinal fluids. This result implies that the test product can be substituted for Flagyl use in H. pylori eradication therapy in Nigeria.
Keywords: dissolution profiles, eradication therapy, helicobacter pylori, in-vitro, metronidazole
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | In-Vitro Anthelmintic Bioactivity Study Of Eclipta prostrata L. (Whole Plant) Using Adult Haemonchus contortus worms A Case Study Of Migori County, Kenya |
| Country | : | Kenya |
| Authors | : | Sirama V || Kokwaro J || Owuor B || Yusuf A, |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-09644553 |
Abstract:The aim of this study was to investigate the anthelmintic activity of Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae) which is used by traditional medicine practitioners in Migori County using adult Haemonchus contortus worm as a model.50gm of ground powder of Eclipta prostrata (whole plant) was extracted separately with 300 ml methanol, acetone and water. The yields of the extracts were 3.53 gm, 4.19 gm and 4.02 gm for methanol, acetone and water respectively. The anthelmintic activity of 6.25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml concentrations of aqueous, acetone and methanol crude extracts of Eclipta prostrata (whole plant), were compared with the effect produced by the standard reference drug albendazole with Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) used as a negative control. Death of Haemonchus contortus worm was determined within a period of 24 hrs. Eclipta prostrata extract had mean mortality of 26.7-40.0 % at 6.25 mg/ml; 33.3-53.3 % at 12.5 mg/ml; 36.7-56.7 % at 25 mg/ml.All the extracts contained tannins and cardiac glycosides.
Keywords: Eclipta prostrata, Haemonchus contortus, In-vitro anthelmintic activity, Albendazole, Migori County, Kenya.
[1]. Muthu K. P., Ramalingam P., and Bapatla J.N.N. S., Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the extracts of Eclipta alba
Leaves. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 1 (2), 2011, 172-177.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Taxonomic Values of Pollen Features in Sanna Genus (Fabaceae) from South- Eastern Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Nnamani, C. V || Onu. E. |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-09645459 |
Abstract:Pollen features of five Senna species belonging to the Fabaceae were accessed palynologically after standard acetolysis methods. Their qualitative and quantitative features were determined by light microscopy (L. M.) in order to identify the observable peculiarities with respect to their taxonomic significance. These species are Senna obtusifolia (Linn.) H. S. Irwin and Barney, Senna occidentalis (Linn.) Link, Senna hirsute (Linn.) H. S. Irwin and Barney, Senna alata (Linn.) Roxb and Senna podocarpa (Guill.). Results revealed many interesting palynological features which are congruent with the taxonomy of this genus. Pollen were eurypalynous in nature, radially symmetrical, shed in monads and isopolar in all the taxa. They are all eudicot, with tricolporate apertural type, with coarse scabrate to scabrate in ornamentation. Shapes of pollen grains were subprolate for S. hirsuta and S. obtusifolia, spheriodial for S. podocapa and S. occidentalis, it was prolate for S. alata. Pollen shapes in polar view is circular for S. hirsuta and S.alata. S. occidentalis had the highest pollen size in equatorial view length (EVL) (16.5 ± 1.11), while in polar view length (PVL) S. hirsuta had the highest size of (15.25 ± 0.73). There was no significant difference (p< 0.5%) in the exine thickness and polar diameter for these species. The taxonomic implications of these similarities were discussed.
Keywords: Palynology, Pollen Features, Taxonomic values, Senna species, South-eastern Nigeria
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Antimicrobial Activity of Cell Free Supernatant of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Fermented Durian Flesh against Multiple Antibiotic Resistance's Salmonella Associated with Food Poisoning Cases in Malaysia |
| Country | : | Malaysia |
| Authors | : | Fajriah Salleh || Mohd Nizam Lani || Noraznawati Ismail |
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: | 10.9790/3008-09646065 |
Abstract: Epidemic of food poisoning cases and outbreaks associated with Salmonella spp. have been increased all over the world. Most of food poisoning cases in Malaysia related to Salmonella are associated with contaminated water compared to other sources. Finding alternative treatment to reduce foodborne cases becomes crucial, and bio-preservation using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is one of strategy that can be used in food industries. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activities in vitro of cell free supernatant from eight LAB strains isolated from fermented durian flesh, which were 5 strains from Lactobacillus buchneri, 1 strain from each culture, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis 1 and Lactobacillus acidophilus 1 against 23 species of various serotypes of pathogenic Salmonella obtained from food poisoning cases in Malaysia. The antimicrobial activity of crude bacteriocins from cell free supernatant (CFS) of LAB strains were tested using well diffusion method.
[1]. Abdel-Daim, A., Hassouna, N., Hafez, M., Ashor, M. S. A., & Aboulwafa, M. M. (2013). Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus isolates against Salmonella typhi in vitro. BioMed Research International, 2013, 680605. doi:10.1155/2013/680605
[2]. Archambault M, Petrov P, Hendriksen RS, Asseva G, Bangtrakulnonth A, Hasman H, Aarestrup FM (2006). Molecular characterization and occurrence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase resistance genes among Salmonella enterica serovar corvallis from Thailand, Bulgaria,and Denmark. Microb. Drug Resist., 12: 192-198. [3]. Aween, M.M., Hassan, Z., Muhialdin, B.J., Eljamel, Y.A., Al-Mabrok, A.S.W. and Lani, M.N. (2012) Antibacterial Activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus Strains Isolated from Honey Marketed in Malaysia against Selected Multiple Antibiotic Resistant (MAR) Gram-Positive Bacteria. Journal of Food Science, 77(7), M364-M371.
[4]. Battcock, M., & Ali, S.A. (1998). Fermented fruits and vegetables, a global perspective FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No 134, Rome, Italy.
[5]. Bouchrif B, Paglietti B, Murgia M, Piana A, Cohen N, Ennaj MM, Rubino S, Timinoun M (2009). Prevalence and antibiotic-resistance of Salmonella isolated from food in Morocco. J. Infect. Dev. Countries, 3(1): 35-40.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Evaluation of Moringa Oleifera, Zingiber Officinale (Ginger), Chromolena Odorata Plants Extract as Seed Borne Of Cowpea |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | C .O Abiamere || Ogbadu, L.J || Onyia, O.C1 || John, C.O || Nweke, F.N |
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: | 10.9790/3008-09646670 |
Abstract: Cowpea is an extremely resilient crop and is cultivated under extreme agricultural conditions. The high protein content of the seeds as well as their special characteristics as legume crops continue to make future expansion of cowpea cultivation highly desirable in Nigeria. It is mostly an important source of protein and high quality legumes hay for livestock feed. The efficiency of several leaf extracts applied as seed treatment in the control of major seed-borne fungi of cowpea and their effects on seed germination were evaluated using the standard blotter method. Cowpea seeds have natural incidence of Aspergillus flavus (55.3%), Aspergillus niger (63.0%), Aspergillus terreus (20.0%), Fusarium moniliforme (35.3%), Macrophomina phaseolina (10.5%), Botryodiphodia theobromae (5.8%), Penicillin sp. (21.0%) and Rhizopus stolonifer (25.8%). The results showed that all the leaf extracts reduced the incidence of the fungi and increased seed germination percentage. Inhibition of fungal incidence was highest in Chromolena odorata extracts and the lowest in extracts from ginger. Phytotoxic effects on cowpea were not observed. The result of this work showed that plant extracts are effective in controlling seed-borne fungi of cowpea seeds with increase in germination. The extracts have some fungicidal properties that inhibit the seed-borne fungi.
Key words: Plant extract, cowpea and seed borne
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Effect of Shaddock Citrus Fruit Juice on the Lipid Profile, Fasting Blood Glucose Level and Kidney Function of Male Wistar Albino Rats |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Nwaka, Andrew C. || Okeyikam, Colman C. || Bayim,Peter-Robins B. || Okafor,Irene N. |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-09647174 |
Abstract: The effect of shaddock citrus fruit juice on the lipid profile, fasting blood glucose level and some kidney function markers were evaluated in 16 male Wistar albino Rats. The rats were procured form Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Animal House, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and were of average age of 12 weeks, weighing 130 – 170grams. The rats were acclimatized for 7days and randomly separated into 2 groups of eights rats each, kept in 2 different standard cages. The groups were as follows: A – rats fed with rat feed (Control), B – rats fed with rat feed and shaddock citrus fruit juice.
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