iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2014

Abstract: Dermatoglyphics is the study of dermal ridges on palms and soles. Dermatoglyphics starts its development in 3rd month and completes by 5th month. Human beings are possessing their unique blend of intelligence. Human intelligence and dermatoglyphics, both are influenced by genetic factors.The aim of this study is to relate dermatoglyphics and human intelligence in young individuals pursuing medical graduation and medical lab technician courses. Subjects are 94 medical students pursuing first year of medical graduation course in Medical College and 80 students pursuing Medical lab technician course in the same college. Both groups have passed through common secondary education. Finger prints of each subject were collected by ink printing method . The pattern of finger prints were identified and analyzed. Finger prints pattern of most of the subjects are whorls and ulnar loops.Ulnar loops shows slightly increased prevalence in left hand of the medical students. Medical Lab technology students are having more number of whorl patterns in both hands.
Key words: Dermatoglyphics,Young individuals,Whorl pattern, Ulnar loops,Study

[1]. Penrose L.S (1969). Effects of additive genes at many loci compared with those of a set of alleles at one locus in parent-children and sib correlation. Annals of human genetics.33: 15-21
[2]. Penrose L.S and Ohara P.T (1973). The development of the epidermal ridges .Journal of Medical Genetics 10: 201-208
[3]. Nora J.J and Fraser F.C (1989). Medical genetics: Principles and Practice.3rd edition. Philadelphia : Lea Febiger
[4]. Cannon T.D (1997).The nature and mechanism of obstetric influence in schizophrenia: A review and synthesis of epidemiologic studies
[5]. Schaumann, B.A and Alter , M (1976). Dermatoglyphics in medical disorders. New York: NY Springer-Verlag.

Abstract: Patient Satisfaction is fulfilment or meeting of expectation of a person from a service or product .It is the evaluation of the hospital services in patient care, from the patient's perspective, based on his/her expectations. Assessment of patient satisfaction levels has become vital to every health care institution in order to deliver quality care as well as to sustain in the competitive industry. As a part of continuous quality improvement process, a survey has been conducted, in a tertiary care teaching hospital, to measure the levels of satisfaction, in objective ratings as well as subjective evaluation of care rendered by the hospital, in patients attending its Out Patient department. .The methodology of measurement was serving, to a sample of patients; a questionnaire, designed and structured on identified dimensions based on the literature, and obtaining their written response to it on a three point scale. At the end of the survey all the responses were analysed, dimension wise which showed that, while the staff behaviour, promptness of services, interactions with doctor have satisfied most people, services of pharmacy, waiting time issues did not meet their expectations adequately. Overall Impression of Hospital Services was rated as good by most of surveyed patients. Responses to open ended questions eliciting suggestions for improvement showed that areas such as pharmacy, laboratory and waiting time issuesneeded interventions

. Key words: Patient satisfaction, Experience, Expectation, Quality of care, Patient Centred Health Care

[1] Mishra, P. H., and Shakti Gupta. "Study of patient satisfaction in a surgical unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital." Journal of Clinical Orthopedics and Trauma 3.1 (2012): 4
[2] Rozenblum, Ronen, and David W. Bates. "Patient-centred healthcare, social media and the internet: the perfect storm?." BMJ quality & safety 22.3 (2013): 183-186.
[3] Drain, Maxwell, and Paul Alexander Clark. "Measuring experience from the patient‟s perspective: Implications for national initiatives." J HealthcQual 26 (2004): W4-W16.
[4] Zimlichman, Eyal, Ronen Rozenblum, and Michael L. Millenson. "The road to patient experience of care measurement: lessons from the United States." Isr J Health Policy Res 2 (2013): 35.
[5] Patwardhan, Anjali, and C. H. Spencer. "Are patient surveys valuable as a service-improvement tool in health services? An overview." J Healthcare Leadership 4 (2012): 33-46.

Abstract: Background: Deviated nasal septum (DNS) is one of the most common causes for nasal block. Endoscopic approach under good illumination and magnification lessens the chances of injuring the vital structures and hence lessens the complications. An attempt was made to study and compare the results and complication of conventional septoplasty with that of endoscopic septoplasty. Methodology: Patients with DNS, attending a tertiary care hospital with presenting complaints of nasal obstruction, head ache, post nasal drip and hyposmia were included. A total of 150 patients were subjected to detailed clinical examination and investigations like X-ray of PNS, Telescopic examination of nose and CT scan were done. One group of 75 patients were subjected to endoscopic correction of septal spur and the rest 75 were subjected to conventional septoplasty. Intra operative and post operative findings were compared in the two groups. Results: Age distribution of the study population ranged from 15 to 40 years. Half of them were in the age group of 21- 30 years. Males were 53.3% and females were 46.7%. Incomplete septal correction was 13.3% with conventional septoplasty and 6.6% with endoscopic septoplasty. Septal flap tear was seen in 32% of those who underwent conventional septoplasty as compared to 20% with endoscopic septoplasty (Z=1.69; P >0.05 Conclusion: Though conventional septoplasty is practiced since ages, the endoscopic approach by far can be definitely be considered as a better alternative in the correction of Deviated Nasal Septum.
Key words: Deviated nasal septum, septoplasty, endoscopic septoplasty.

[1]. Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; 7th edition. Volume 1. [2]. Cummings Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; 5th edition.
[3]. Leena Jain, Manish Jain, A.N. Chouhan, Rekha Harshwardhan. Conventional Septoplasty verses Endoscopic Septoplasty: A Comparative Study. People's Journal of Scientific Research Vol. 4(2), July 2011 [4]. SS Suligavi , MK Darade, BD Guttigoli; Endoscopic septoplasty: Advantages and Disadvantages, Clibnical Rhinology-An International Journal, January-April 2010;3(1):27-30 [5]. Tariq Ashour, Endoscopic Septoplasty Versus Traditional Septoplasty, Journal Of The Bahrain Medical Society, Vol 22, No: 2 April – June 2010.

Abstract: Aims: To compare the quality and duration of post operative analgesia, hemodynamic changes and peri operative complications, the total number of rescue analgesic doses required post operatively and the degree and duration of sedation in each group. Settings and Design: Randomised Double Blinded study. Material and Methods: 60 children of ASA I and II, aged 2-10 years, undergoing elective infra-umbilical surgeries were randomly allocated to group A(n=30) (0.25% plain bupivacaine 1ml/kg + 1 ml Normal Saline) and Group B(n=30) (0.25% plain bupivacaine 1ml/kg + 1μg/kg clonidine + 1 ml Normal Saline). Post operative pain, duration of analgesia, time of first rescue analgesic, total number of rescue analgesic doses, hemodynamic changes, complications and sedation were recorded. Statistical analysis used: Student's t-test Results: The duration of analgesia in the post operative period was more in Group B (9.98±0.86)Hrs as compared to Group A(4.3±1.12)Hrs.100% patients in Group A required two or more than two rescue analgesic within 12 hrs whereas in Group B 83% patients required single rescue analgesic and 17% required two rescue analgesic, respectively. The mean sedation scores were higher in Group B as compared to Group A. Conclusion: Addition of clonidine 1μg/kg to bupivacaine (0.25%) 1ml/kg for caudal block prolong the duration of analgesia in children.
Key-words: Paediatric patient, Post operative analgesia, Caudal block, Bupivacaine and Clonidine

[1]. Archna Koul, Deepanjali Pant, Jayshree Sood. Caudal clonidine in day-care paediatric surgery. Indian J Anaesth 2009;53(4):450-4.
[2]. Aruna Parameswari, Anand M Dhev and Mahesh Vakamudi. Efficacy of clonidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine for caudal analgesia in children undergoing sub-umbilical surgery. Indian J Anaesth 2010; Sept-Oct 54(5):458-63.
[3]. Bonnet F, Boico O, Rostaing S, Loriferne JF, Saada M. Clonidine-induced analgesia in postoperative patients:epidural versus intramuscular administration. Anaesthesiology 1990 Mar;72(3):423-7.
[4]. Coad NR, Hain WR. Caudal anaesthesia for postoperative pain relief in children:a comparative trial of different regimes using plain bupivacaine. Ann R Coll Surg Engl.1989 Jul;71(4):245-8.
[5]. Constant I, Gall O, Chauvin M, Murat I. Addition of clonidine or fentanyl to local anaesthetics prolongs the duration of surgical analgesia after single shot caudal block in children. Br J Anaesth;1998 Mar;80(3):294-8.

Abstract: Background: Although it has been repeatedly suggested from western studies that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with lot of emotional impact. A study was undertaken to investigate whether depression occurs more often in patients with COPD than in controls. The demographic and clinical variables associated with depression were also determined. Methods: Patients with a registered diagnosis of obstructive airway disease in general practice, aged ≥40 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) <80% predicted, FEV1reversibility ≤12%, FEV1/VC ≤ predicted – 1.64 × SD, and a history of smoking were selected. A random sample of subjects without a registered diagnosis of asthma or COPD aged 40 years or older acted as controls. Depression was assessed using the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Results: In patients with severe COPD (FEV1 <50% predicted), the prevalence of depression was 25.0% compared with 17.5% in controls and 19.6% in patients with mild to moderate COPD. When the results were adjusted for demographic variables and comorbidity, the risk for depression was 2.5 times greater for patients with severe COPD than for controls (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 5.4). In patients with mild to moderate COPD this increased risk of depression was not seen. Living alone, reversibility of FEV1 % predicted, respiratory symptoms and physical impairment were significantly associated with the scores on the CES-D scaleConclusion: Patients with severe COPD are at increased risk of developing depression. The results of this study underscore the importance of reducing symptoms and improving physical functioning in patients with COPD.

[1]. Rabe K F et al Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;176(6):532-555.

[2]. Mannino DM et alObstructive and restrictive lung disease and markers of inflammation: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination. Am J Med 2003;114(9):758-762.

[3]. Ng TP et al Depressive symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect on mortality, hospital readmission, symptom burden, functional status, and quality of life. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(1):60-67.

[4]. Dowson CA et al Psychopathology and illness beliefs influence COPD self-management. J Psychosom Res2004;56(3):333-340.

[5]. Norwood R et al Current perspectives on management of co-morbid depression in COPD. COPD 2005;2(1):185-193.

Abstract: Background: Strabismus is a common condition in children, but there is paucity of studies done exclusively on it in Nigeria Objective: To describe the pattern of presentation of strabismus among children presenting at the eye clinic, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH) Sagamu, Nigeria Study design:- Retrospective . Results: Strabismus constituted 0.01% of paediatric ophthalmic presentations to OOUTH over a 5year period of between January 2008 and December 2012.Age range is from 0.75-16years with a mean of 4.9years. The male female ratio was 1:2. Esotropia was the most common type of squint while the predominant refractive error was astigmatism. Only 5(31.3%) of those whose onset was before 6months presented on or before 1 year There was very low uptake of treatment in these children. Conclusion: The prevalence of strabismus was low, intensive health education of parents and teachers is necessary to encourage early presentation and good uptake of treatment as this has a direct effect on visual and cosmetic outcome.
Key words: Prevalence, Strabismus, Children, refractive error

[1]. Horwood A.M, Riddell P.M.Can misalignments in typical infants be used as a model for infantile esotropia? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2004 Feb; 45(2):714-20
[2]. Ocampo VVD et al, Infantile Esotropia, Medscape, May 2012
[3]. Azonobi IR1, Olatunji FO, Addo J.Prevalence and pattern of strabismus in Ilorin. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Sep;144(3):465-7
[4]. Akag A.P, Cakaloz B, Berk A.T, Pasa E. Psychosocial aspects of Mothers in Children with Strabismus. JAAPOS 2005;9:268-73
[5]. Prosser P.C.Infantle development: strabismic and normal children compared .Ophthalmic Optician 1979; 19:681-3

Abstract: Dry socket is one of the common complication after the removal of third molars. It occurs due to disruption of the clot within the socket. This article gives a brief overview about the clinical features, etiopathogenesis and the management of dry socket.

Key words: alveolar osteitis , fibrinolysis , management

[1]. Blum IR. Contemporary review on dry socket(alveolar osteitis):a clinical appraisal of standardization , aetiopathogenesis and management :a critical review. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2002;3(3):309-317 [Pub Med]
[2]. Crawford JY.Dry socket . Dental Cosmos. 1896;38:929-931
[3]. Cadoso CL, Rodrigues MT , Ferreira JO , Garlet GP , de Carvalho PS.Clinical concepts of dry socket .J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68:1922-1932
[4]. Bowe DC , Rogers S , Stassen LF. The management of dry scocket/alveolar osteitis .J Ir Dent Assoc 2011;57:305-310
[5]. Swanson AE:A double blind study on the effectiveness of tetracycline in reducing the incidence of fibrinolytic alveolitis. J Oral Maxillfac Surg 47:165,1989
[6]. Sasaki T.Okamoto T:Topical treatment of infections of alveolar socket infections following dental extractions. Rev.Bras Odontol 25:82,1968

Abstract: 50 year old male presented with painless haematuria and nocturia since 3 months.Routine examination revealed mild anaemia and raised ESR.Ultrasonography of Kidneys,Bladder and Prostate showed an irregular mass in urinary bladder.An abdominal contrast enhanced computed tomography scan showed a 4cm mass in the posterior wall of urinary bladder.Cystoscopy and Transurethral resection of the mass was done.Histopathology revealed it as Adenocarcinoma with muscle invasion.Surgical intervention in the form of cysto-prostatectomy ,bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection,

[1]. Christopher D.M Fletcher.Diagnostic Histopathology of tumors.3rd edition.Churchill Livingstone,Elsevier;2007.
[2]. Juan Rosai.Rosai and Ackerman's Surgical Pathology.10th edition.Mosby,Elsevier;2011
[3]. Stacey E.Mills.Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology.5th edition.Wolter's Kluwer,Lippincot Williams & Wilkins;2010.
[4]. Konstantinos Sigalas,Stavros I Tyritzis,Eleni Trigka,Ioannnis Katafigiotis,Nikolaos Kavantzas,Konstantinos G Stravodimos.A male presenting with a primary mucinous bladder carcinoma:A case report.Cases Journal.2010;3:49.
[5]. Mardi K,Gupta N.Urachal papillary cystadenocarcinomas:A rare case report.J Can Res Ther 2011;7:223-5.

Abstract: Objective: To compare the block characteristics and haemodynamic stability of intrathecal Ropivacaine and Levobupivacaine with Fentanyl and Magnesium as adjuvants for lower abdominal surgeries. Method: Sixty patients of ASA grade I and II coming for elective lower abdominal surgeries under spinal anaesthesia were randomly allocated to two groups with 30 patients in each group. Group R received Isobaric Ropivacaine 0.75% -2.5ml + Fentanyl 20μ + Magnesium 50mg and Group L received Isobaric Levobuivacaine 0.75% -2.5ml + Fentanyl 20μ + Magnesium 50mg. Sensory and motor block characteristics of were assessed by pin prick and modified Bromage scale respectively and observed haemodynamics were recorded.

[1]. Hunt CO. spinal anaesthesia for obstetrics. International anaesthesiology clinics. 1989;27:26-30
[2]. Riley E T, Cohens S E, Macaria et al. spinal anaesthesia versus epidural for ceasarean section: a comparision of time efficiency, costs, charges and complications. Anaesth Anal 1995;80:709-12
[3]. Morgan p.spinal anaesthesia in obstetrics. Can J Aesthesia 1995;42:1145-63.
[4]. Lucy S J, Naugler M A. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section[letter]. Can J Anaesthesia 1991;38:940-1
[5]. Shamuel Evron, Victoria Gurstieva, Tiberiu Ezri,transient neurological symptoms after isobaric subarachnoid anaesthesia with 2% lidocaine: the impact of needle type. Anaesth. Analg. Nov 2007;105:1494-99.

Abstract: Objectives: Study of prevalence, speciation and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species from samples received by Microbiology Laboratory during the period of one year Methods: A total of 103 Candida isolates were included in the study. Candida was identified from clinical samples by wet mount, gram stain and culture on SDA. The organisms were further speciated by germ tube test, cornmeal agar morphology, sugar assimilation and fermentation tests and CHROM agar. Antifungal sensitivity was performed by using disc diffusion method.

[1]. Segal E, Elad D. Candidiasis. In: Merz WG, Hay RJ, Topley Wilson's — Microbiology and microbial infection. 10th ed. Medical mycology: London: Hodder Arnold;2007 :579-613.
[2]. Arora D, Anand N, Goya G, Kumar R, Gupta P, Santa. Prevalence and risk factors of Candida in cases of candidemia in a tertiary care hospital. International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences 2011; 3(1): 157-159.
[3]. Wise GJ, Silver DA. Fungal Infections of the Genitourinary System. J Urol 1993;149:1377-88.
[4]. Girmenia C, Martiwo P. Fluconazole and the Changing Epidemiology of candidemia. Clinica.
[5]. Rizvi MW, Malik A, Shahid M, Singhal S. Candida albicans infections in a north Indian tertiary care hospital: Antifungal resistance pattern and role of SDS-PAGE for characterization. Biology and Medicine 201l;3(2) Special Issue: 176-181.

Abstract: Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a relatively rare benign mesenchymal tumor that is frequently found in the kidney and, rarely, in the liver.[1] Hepatic AML is a rare, primarily benign mesenchymal tumor, composed of blood vessels, fat tissue, and smooth muscle cells [2]. Ishak reported the first hepatic AML in 1976 [3] and since then, there have been about 200 cases reported in the literature [8-13]and they have been increasing with improvement in imaging modalities, including ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)[4] .

[1]. C. N. Yeh, M. F. Chen, C. F. Hung, T. C. Chen, and T. C. Chao, "Angiomyolipoma of the liver," Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 195–200, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
[2]. S. R. Prasad, H. Wang, H. Rosas et al., "Fat-containing lesions of the liver: radiologic-pathologic correlation," Radiographics, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 321–331, 2005.
[3]. K. G. Ishak, "Mesenchymal tumors of the liver," in Hepatocellular carcinoma, K. Okuda and R. L. Peters, Eds., pp. 247–307, Wiley Medical, New York, NY, USA, 1976.
[4]. T. A. Jiang, Q. Y. Zhao, M. Y. Chen, L. J. Wang, and J. Y. Ao, "Diagnostic analysis of hepatic angiomyolipoma," Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases International, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 152–155, 2005.
[5]. Y. De Bruecker, F. Ballaux, S. Allewaert et al., "A solitary hepatic lesion: MRI-pathological correlation of an hepatic angiomyolipoma (2004:4b)," European Radiology, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1324–1326, 2004.

Abstract: Background:The epidemic of obesity is a major health problem in the developed world with a great influence on morbidity and mortality. Diet therapy, with and without support organizations, is relatively ineffective in treating obesity in the long term. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has been introduced as a surgical option. Obestatin has been reported to have actions opposite to ghrelin, such as decreasing food intake, body weight, and delaying gastric emptying, and to antagonize the actions of ghrelin when both peptides are co administered.

[1]. Colquitt J, Clegg A, Sidhu M, et al. Surgery for morbid obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;CD003641.
[2]. Dallma MF. Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system.Trends EndocrinolMetab.2009; 21:159–65. [PMC free article] [PubMed
[3]. Buchwald H. A bariatric surgery algorithm.Obes Surg. 2002;12733-746.
[4]. Scott WR, Batterham RL: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: understanding weight loss and improvements in type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery. Am J PhysiolRegulIntegr Comp Physiol. 2011; 301:R15-27.
[5]. TzioniYehoshua R, Eidelman AL, Stein M, et al Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy—volume and pressure assessment. Obes Surg. 2008;18:1083–1088.

Abstract: Idiopathic hemifacial atrophy also known as Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome. It is characterized by slowly progressive atrophy of one side of the face, usually involving the skin, fat and connective tissue. A rare case of Parry-Romberg syndrome in a 30 year-old female is presented because of its rarity. The diagnosis of Parry-Romberg syndrome as established mainly based on the clinical findings. Not much is reported about the efficacy of agents used in the treatment of this syndrome in the literature making treatment decisions very difficult.

Keywords: Hemifacial atrophy, Parry-Romberg syndrome(PRS),Trigeminal Neuralgia.

[1]. Goldhammer Y, Kronenberg J, Tadmor R, Braham J, Leventon G: Progressive hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg's disease),
principally involving bone.J Laryngol Otol 1981, 95:643
[2]. Gulati S, Jain V, Garg G. Parry Romberg syndrome. Indian J Pediatr. 2006;73:448–449.
[3]. Stone J. Parry-Rombergsyndrome. PracticalNeurology. 2006;6:185–188. 4.Tollefson MM, Witman PM. En coup de sabre
morphea and Parry-Romberg syndrome: a retrospective review of 54 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:257–263.
[4]. Mazzeo N, Fisher JG, Mayer MH, Mathieu GP, Mcade FGG: Progressive hemifacial atrophy (Parry Romberg Syndrome)
[5]. OralSurgOralMedOralPatholOralRadiolEndod 1995, 79:30-35.

Abstract: Objectives: To describe the clinical characteristics of obstetric patients requiring mechanical ventilation in a tertiary referral hospital and their maternal and perinatal outcome ,in order to identify their risk factors and clinical outcome and determine adverse prognostic factors in these patients. Study design: A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,Government Medical College,Kozhikode of all pregnant women upto 6 weeks postpartum from January 1,2011 to December 31,2013 and subsequently required mechanical ventilation.Data was recorded in a predesigned proforma and was analysed and frequency and percentages were calculated.

[1]. Shaikh S, Shaikh NB, Abassi R, Balouch R. Obstetric admission to the intensive care unit:A one year review.Medical channel.2013;19:59-63
[2]. Kilpatrick SJ, Matthay MA. Obstetric patients requiring critical care:A five year review.Chest.1992;101:1407-12
[3]. Togal T, Yucel N, Gedik E, Gulhas N, Toprak HI, Ercoy O. Obstetric admissions to the intensive care unit in a tertiary referral hospital.Journal of critical care.2010;25:628-33
[4]. Kumar V. Critical illness in pregnancy.Medicine update.2012;22:700-10
[5]. Simsek T, Eyigor C, Uyar M, Karaman S, Moral AR. Retrospective review of critically ill obstetrical patients:a decade's experience.Turk J Med Sci.2011;41:1059-64
[6]. Monsalve GA et al. Maternal critical care:outcomes and patient characteristics in a combined obstetric high dependency unit in Medellin,Colombia.Rev.Col.Anest.2011;39:190-205

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Effects of Hevea Bransiliensis Natural Rubber on Kidney Free and Total Cholesterol Concentrations of Experimental Rats
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Bawa Abubakar. Njoku O. U. Salihu Suleiman. Joshua Parker E. Agu Chidozie V. Okonkwo C. C.
	:	10.9790/0853-13526971

Abstract: The effects of Hevea bransiliensis natural rubber on kidney free and total cholesterol concentration of experimental rats were analyzed. Forty albinos wister rats of either sex weighing 140-450g were used. The rats were divided into five equal groups marked A, B, C, D and E of eight rats each, and each group was fed on different dietary regime A, B, C, D and E respectively as indicated in tables 1 and 2. Diet A, (the control) had no rubber seed oil in the diet, whereas diets B, C, D and E (the experimental) had 2% refined rubber seed oil, 2% crude rubber seed oil, 4% refined rubber seed oil and 4% crude rubber seed oil by weight incorporated respectively. The results showed that the increase in mean kidney total cholesterol level was greater in group B (2% refined rubber seed oil incorporated diet) followed with groups A (control), C (2% crude rubber seed oil), E ( 4% crude rubber seed oil) and D (4% refined rubber seed oil) incorporated diets for the corresponding weeks. The results also showed an increase in kidney free cholesterol level throughout the period of experiment. It was observed that the increase in mean kidney free cholesterol level was greater in groups E and C (4% and 2% crude rubber seed oil incorporated diets) than group A control, B (2% refined seed oil incorporated diets) and D (4% refined rubber seed oil) for the corresponding weeks. Group D animals showed very little increase in mean kidney free cholesterol level as indicated in Table 4.

Keywords: Hevea bransiliensis, Natural rubber, Kidney and Cholesterol.

[1]. Njoku, O.U. and Ononogbu, I.C. (1996). Toxicology Studies of the rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed oil. West African J. Biol.Sc. 4(2): 135-140.
[2]. Nwokolo, E. Kitts, D.D. and Kanhai, J. (1988). Serum and Liver Lipids of rats fed rubber seed oil. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 38. Pp. 145-153.
[3]. Okonkwo, S.N.C. (1992). Biotechnology and Natural Resources Management Whydah Newsletter of Africa Academy of Science 3. No. 2. Pp. 1-10.
[4]. Okoye, W.I. (1986). Storage of Natural Rubber Seed Oil and Cakes: In Industrial Utilization of Natural Rubber (Hevea Brosiliensis) Seed, latex and rubber. Edt. Enahor, E.E. Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Benin City. Pp. 123-128.
[5]. Ononogbu, I.C., and C.N. Eleazu (1979). Plasma phospholipid changes in trick infested Nadama cattle. Res. Vet. Sci. 27., 123.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Iraqi medicinal plants: Total flavonoid contents, free-radical scavenging and bacterial beta-glucuronidase inhibition activities
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Abdul-Lateef Molan. Abdulkhaliq Saleh Mahdy
	:	10.9790/0853-13527277

Abstract: Water-soluble extracts from 12 traditional Iraqi medicinal plants and herbs were investigated for their abilities to scavenge the free radicals and to inhibit the activity of the bacterial enzyme, β-glucuronidase. The extracts were determined for the total flavonoid content by using aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. The phytochemical analysis revealed that the total flavonoid content (TFC) of the aqueous extracts were in the range of 0.9-48.2 mg catechin equivalent (CA)/g dry weight (DW). DPPH-radical scavenging activity ranged from 3.4% to 80.7% with the highest activity being found in extracts prepared from Mentha piperita, while extracts from Citrulus colocynthis showed the lowest activity. In line with the variations observed in the DPPH activity, the inhibitory effect of the aqueous extracts against bacterial β-glucuronidase enzyme was also the highest in M. piperita (88.9%), while extracts from Citrulus colocynthis showed the lowest activity (14.6%). The IC50 values of the tested medicinal plants and herbs against β-glucuronidase enzyme occurred at concentrations of 0.14-3.0 mg/ml. Both DPPH-radical scavenging capacities and inhibitory effects against β-glucuronidase showed positive correlation with the TFC (R2 = 0.4416 and 0.4653, respectively). In conclusion, our results may provide novel and useful information regarding the inhibition of microbial β-glucuronidase activity, preventing deglucuronidation and reducing possible cancer risk by crude extract from selected Iraqi medicinal plants and herbs.

Keywords: Iraqi medicinal plants; total flavonoid content; free-radical scavenging activity; bacterial β-glucuronidase enzyme

[1] Kavak, D.D., Altıok, E., Bayraktar, O. and Ulku S. (2010). Pistacia terebinthus extract: As a potential antioxidant, antimicrobial and possible β-glucuronidase inhibitor. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 64:167–171.
[2] Beaud, D., Tailliez, P. and Anba-Mondoloni, J. (2005). Genetic characterization of the β-glucuronidase enzyme from a human intestinal bacterium, Ruminococcus gnavus. Microbiology, 151:2323–2330.
[3] Kuhn, J.G. (1998). Pharmacology of irinotecan. Oncology, 12:39–42. [4] LoGuidice, A., Wallace, B.D., Bendel, L., Redinbo, M.R. and Boelsterli, U.A. (2012). Pharmacologic targeting of bacterial β-Glucuronidase alleviates Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Enteropathy in Mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 341:447–454.
[5] Brady, L.J., Gallager, D.D. and Busta, F. (2000).The role of probiotic cultures in the prevention of colon cancer. Journal of Nutrition, 130:410–414.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Epidemiological Profile of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka–A Hospital Based Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ram Kumar Sah. B.P.H., (M.P.H.), Dr. Rajesh Powar
	:	10.9790/0853-13527881

Abstract: Cleft Lip and/or Palate (CL±P) is the most common congenital malformation of the face and its pattern varies with geography worldwide. Pattern and magnitude remains uncertain due to very few studies. This study has been conducted to study the epidemiological profile of CL±P patients attending a Tertiary Care Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Karnataka, India. This study includes 2453 CL±P Patients registered from 2007-2012 in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of this Hospital & Medical Research Centre. Data were collected from January to September 2013. Variables like age, sex, socioeconomic status, cleft pattern, birth order and consanguinity were noted. Associations of clefts with different variables were studied using Chi-square test. Among all cleft cases, 55.7% were males and 44.3% were females. Age of patients at presentation ranged from 1 day to 71 years with a median age of 2 years. Cleft Lip, Cleft Lip-Palate, Cleft Palate and rare clefts were noted in 21.7%, 61.1%, 16% and 1.1% cases, respectively. Family history was present in 1.3% cases. Consanguineous marriage was noted in 48.9% parents. 54.6% had income of less than Rs 5000 per month. 77% cases were first and second born child. Prevalence of CL±P was significantly higher in children of consanguineous parents (p<0.0001).
Key Words: Cleft Lip, Cleft Lip-Palate, Cleft Palate, Consanguineous marriage, Epidemiological Profile

[1]. Aljohar A, Kandasamy R, and Shazia S. Pattern of Cleft Lip and Palate in Hospital-Based Population in Saudi Arabia: Retrospective Study. Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Journal, 45(6), 2008, 592-96.
[2]. Redett RJ. A guide to understanding Cleft Lip and palate Dallas, Texas: Children's craniofacial association 2009.
[3]. Dvivedi J, Dvivedi S. A clinical and demographic profile of the cleft lip and palate in Sub-Himalayan India: A hospital-based study. Indian J Plast Surgery, 45(1), 2012, 115–20.
[4]. Reddy SG, Reddy RR, Bronkhorst EM, Prasad R, Ettema AM, et al. Incidence of cleft lip and palate in the state of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Indian journal of plastic surgery, 43(2), 2010, 184-89.
[5]. Khan M, Ullah H, Naz S, et al. Patterns of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate in Northern Pakistan. Arch Clin Exp Surgery, 1(2), 2012, 63-70.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Observational Study on Myopia Progression in Children
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Dr. Harish Singh. Xiao Shou Hua. Rukhsar Ahmad. Pankaj Kumar. Sui Jian
	:	10.9790/0853-13528285

Abstract: This review examin the trend toward greater rates of myopia as well as possible reasons for this increase rate in children. A lots of basic factors are responsible for myopia progress in children. An attempt to control childhood myopia progression have included various type of spectacles correction and contact lence use. Historical evidence indicates that corneal reshaping contact lenses may slow myopia progression in children. Like these there are various other factors which are responsible for myopia progression, like – genetic defect, axial length ,food habit ,sex ,race, hobbies.
Keywords: Children ,corneal reshaping , genetic ,axial length.

[1]. Tong L, Huang XL, Koh AL, Zhang X, Tan DT, and Chua WH. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: effect on myopia progression after cessation of atropine. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:572–579. [PubMed: 19167081]
[2]. Beuerman RW, Saw S-M, Tan DTH, Wong T-Y: Myopia: Animal Models to Clinical Trials. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd 2010:345–346. Interventions for Myopia
[3]. B., Young, T. L., Mitchell, P., Varma, R. et al. (2010). Prevalence of refractive error inSingaporean Chinese children: the strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive error inyoung Singaporean Children (STARS) study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51, 1348-1355
[4]. Ganesan, P. and Wildsoet, C. F. (2010). Pharmaceutical intervention for myopiacontrol. Expert Rev. Ophthalmol. 5, 759-787..
[5]. Rose KA, Morgan IG, Smith W, et al. Myopia, lifestyle, andschooling in students of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore and
[6]. Sydney. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:527–530

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Dentists' Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior towards the Dental Ergonomics
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Karibasappa G.N. Dr.Sujatha Anandan. Dr. Rajeshwari K
	:	10.9790/0853-13528689

Abstract: Background: The prevalence of the work –related musculoskeletal disorders among the dentist is high. Ill health retirement adds on the burden to the health care delivery system. Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the work related disorders but limited data is available on the knowledge, attitude and behavior during dental health care among the Indian dentist.
Materials and Methods: The questionnaire survey was carried out among 55 Indian dentists aged between 24 to 46 years, from Dhule, India. The questionnaire related to knowledge, attitude and behavior related to ergonomic practices in the dental office. Data were statistically analyzed applying chi-square test (p<0.05) Results: The total sample consists of 40 males and 15 females. Out of total 55, 44% are MDS and 56% are BDS graduates. There is a significant difference between knowledge ,attitude and behavior among dentist (p<0.05).Around 53% dentist worked for 6-8 hours and 45.4% adopted sitting posture and 43.6% adopted the combination of sitting and standing position. The main work related musculoskeletal disorder symptoms included pain in Back, Neck and shoulder region Conclusion: MDS graduates had better knowledge, attitude than BDS graduates towards dental ergonomics. Increase in knowledge and attitude didn't result in the desired behavior. Female MDS had adopted better ergonomic principles. Motivation and encouragement to adopt the dental ergonomics helps to prevent the work related musculoskeletal disorders.

[1]. Dul J,Weerdmeester B. Practice ergonomic.Sao Paulo: edgar Blucher,2004.
[2]. Castro SL,Figlioli MD.Ergonomics applied to dentistry: evaluation of posture and work positions of the dentist and the assistant handed dentistry in restorative procedures.JBC J Bras Clin Estet Odontol 1999;3: 56-62
[3]. Sartprio F,Vercelli S,Ferriero G,D'Angelo F,Migliario M,Franchignoni M.Work-related musculoskeletal diseases in dental professionals. Prevalence and risk factors. Ital Med Lav Ergon 2005;27(2):165-9
[4]. Ratzon N,Yaros M,Mizlik A,Kanner T.Musculoskeletal symptoms among dentists in relation to work posture. Work 2000;15:153-8
[5]. Hayes M,Crockrell D,Smith DR.A Systematic review of musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals.Int J dent Hug 2009;7:159-65

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	One visit apexification using a novel dental material Biodentine – A Case report
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Akilan Balasubrahmaniam. Dr. Sabna B S. Dr. M. Ramesh Kumar. Dr. Jayasree.S
	:	10.9790/0853-13529092

Abstract: The management of a nonvital tooth with open apex consists of either the induction of a natural barrier or the creation of a artificial apical barrier. Since the conventional apexification using calcium hydroxide has certain drawbacks recent approach is to form an artificial apical plug. In addition to the current gold standard, MTA, a large number of novel materials have been studied for the purpose. This article describes the successful management of a traumatized and necrotic permanent maxillary central incisor with an open apex using artificial apical barrier technique with a novel material, Biodentine
Key words: Artificial apical plug, Biodentine, One visit apexification

[1]. Bhasker SN. Orban‟s oral histology and embryology, 11th edn. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1991
[2]. American Association of Endodontists. Glossary of endodontitc terms,7th edn. Chicago: American Association of Endodontists; 2003
[3]. Kubasad GC, Ghivari SB. Apexification with apical plug of MTA-report of cases. Arch Oral Sci Res 2011
[4]. Fridland M & Rosado R (2003) Mineral Trioxide aggregate (MTA) solubility and porosity with different water-to-powder ratios. Journal of Endodontics
[5]. Torabinejad M, Hong C, McDonald F & Pitt Ford T (1995) Physical and chemical properties of a new root-end filling material .Journal of Endodontics 21(7) 349-353