iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2014

Abstract: Background: Malaria control has attracted local and international attention, an on-going effort to curtail its associated health menace. In this on-going quest to curtail its spread, different forms of preventive measures are being instituted such as health education, environmental sanitation, Intermittent Presumptive Treatment (IPT), conventional use of effective antimalarias, distribution and consistent use of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) etc; which collectively ought to positively affect the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. Objectives: The study determined the knowledge and practice of malaria prevention among semi-urban dwellers as a measure of progress in malaria control Methodology: This was a community based cross sectional study conducted among adult females selected in each household through a multistage sampling technique. Data was obtained using an interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaires and analysed using statistical software SPSS version 17.0. Results: Forty eight percent (48.2%) had good knowledge of malaria while (28.4%) had good practices of malaria prevention such as sleeping under ITNs (12.3%); wearing of protective clothing (1.6%); clearing of surrounding bushes (2.1%); use of insecticidal sprays (7.1%); use of mosquito repellent coils (2.2%) and combination of more than one method of prevention (3.1%). Conclusion: Malaria preventive practices should be emphasized in order to facilitate the realization of MDG 6.
Keywords: Malaria, prevention, MDGs

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[5]. Tulene national primate research center. Malaria. 2013 [cited 2014 Fed 25]. Available from: www.tpc.tulane.edu/disease_malaria.html

Abstract: Ultrasound is a useful adjunct to the physical examination, particularly in obstetrics patients. By ultrasonography we visualize the placenta position in-situ and describe various positioning of placenta in the uterus. The placenta is positioned at different sites in the uterus which can predict methods of parturition. The objective of this study is to investigate the different positions of placenta as seen in ultrasound scan and it's significant in parturition among women in Delta state. The study comprises of 150 women who registered for antenatal care at Eku Baptist Hospital Eku, Delta state, and have given birth in the Hospital. The pregnant women were examined with ultrasound scan which determined the positions of the placenta at the radiodiagnostic department. The different positions such as anterior, posterior, fundal and previa were recorded. The methods of deliveries were also taken note of in the pre-maternal labour forms in obstetrics/gynaecology department and health record office of the Hospital. Data were presented as mean and standard deviation; data were analysed using statistical package for social science (SPSS). The cases of previa were related to the type of delivery out of 28 cases of previa 18 women delivered by caesarean section and 10 had normal delivery. 10 out of all are previa type I, 7 are previa type II, and 11 are previa type III. All type III cases delivered through caesarean section.
Key words: ultrasonography,placenta positions, placenta previa, ceaserean section and normal delivery

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Abstract: Lacrimal canaliculitis is an infection of the lacrimal duct system. It is an uncommon, often misdiagnosed diagnosis because it can mimic many other common ocular conditions.The classic features of lacrimal canaliculitis are mild to severe swelling of the canaliculus, mucopurulent discharge from the punctum, and a red, pouting punctum.Canaliculitis should be appropriately diagnosed and treated to avoid recurrent inflammation and possible obstruction of the upper portion of the lacrimal system.However, Primary chronic canaliculitis may account for approximately 2% of all tearing problems. Actinomycosis may form in up to 2% of all lacrimal disease and can cause conjunctivitis or lacrimal canaliculitis with no generalized systemic invasion.Canaliculotomy with systemic or topical antibiotics is the most appropriate treatment for this disorder. We report a case of lacrimal canaliculitis in a 57years old female who presented in our opd with painless swelling of the right medial upper lid and occasional redness for 2 years. Despite surgical management being the definitive treatment , the patient was managed conservatively with no recurrence till date.
Key words: Actinomyces israelii, canaliculotomy ,Lacrimal canaliculitis, punctum

[1]. Baldursdottir E, Sigurdsson H, Jonasson L, Gottfredsson M. Actinomycotic canaliculitis: resolution following surgery and short topical antibiotic treatment. Acta Ophthalmol 2010May;88(3):367–70.
[2]. Smartplug study group.Management of complications after insertion of the SmartPlug punctal plug: a study of 28 patients. Ophthalmology 2006Oct;113(10):1859.
[3]. Scheepers M, Pearson A, Michaelides M. Bilateral canaliculitisfollowing SmartPlug insertion for dry eye syndrome post LASIK surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:895–7.
[4]. Fulmer NL, Neal JG, Bussard GM,Edlich RF. Lacrimal canaliculitis. Am J Emerg Med 1999July;17(4):385–6.
[5]. Kaliki S, Ali MJ, Honavar SG, Chandrasekhar G,Naik MN. Primary canaliculitis: clinical features, microbiological profile, and management outcome. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;28:355–60.

Abstract: Objective - To evaluate clinical profile, maternal and foetal outcome in third trimester bleeding with the aim to reduce maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality in future. Methods – It is prospective and descriptive study from 1st February to 30 November 2012. Study included all cases of Third trimester bleeding (134 cases) in which 76 Live Birth, 58 Perinatal Mortality and 2 Maternal Mortality. Clinical features, complications and maternal mortality were evaluated. Data was analysed as percentage of total cases studied. Results –Incidence of third trimester bleeding was 1 in 144 deliveries, being higher with increased age and parity. Most common risk factor is previous caesarean section for placenta previa and hypertension for abruption placentae. Maternal mortality was 1.49% and perinatal mortality was 43.28%.Conclusion –Abruptio placenta and placenta previa remain important causes of perinatal mortality and maternal mortality in third trimester bleeding.
Keywords: Abruption placenta, antepartum haemorrhage, perinatal mortality, placenta previa,third trimester bleeding.

[1]. Hiralal Konar ,D.C.Dutta's,Textbook of obstetrics,7th edition,chapter18(antepartum haemorrhage),(Kolkata, New central book agency,2011)pages 241-259
[2]. Susan Birk," Gellers Score gauges maternal care quality", Obs/Gyn News/10 Oct.2009.

Abstract: Abstract: Background.Cone-beam computed tomography is a new application of Computed Tomography that generates three-dimensional data at lower cost and absorbed doses than conventional Computed Tomography found in the practice of medical radiology. The objectiveness of this study was To explore the diagnostic values of cone beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in the determination of periodontal furcation involvements in molar area.in smoker and non smoker young subjects
Materials and Methods: forty subjects were included in the study ,they were free from any systemic disease their age group were range between 15-20 years old , they were divided in to two groups each group composed of 20 subjects first groups was smokers, they were smoke at least 10 cigarettes per day , smoking status was assessed by means of a self reported questionnaire which include :whether the subject had ever used any tobacco products , number of cigarettes smoke per day in addition to recording name of the subjects, age and gender while the second group was non-smokers free from any systemic disease For Cone-beam computed tomography scanning, the system we use in our study was Kodak 9500 CBCT Results: there was an equal number of male and female in smokers group while in non –smokers group the number of male was 13 while the number of female was7.inter group comparison of means of plaque and gingival index show anon significant difference between smokers and non smokers group where the p-value>0.05while Inter group comparison for the furcation involvement using cone beam computed tomography show a highly significant differences between smoker group and non –smoker group at p-values 0.000 .intra group comparison between gender show non significant difference for furcation involvement .correlation using pearson r between number of cigarettes and number of sites founded in each patients was a highly significantConclusion: Cone-beam computed tomography imaging has the potential to replace intraoral imaging for the assessment of periodontal architecture especially in buccal and lingual aspect. However, clinical studies would be helpful in supporting this conclusion. Also Cone-beam computed tomography may be a useful and more practical clinical tool than digital subtraction radiography for the assessment of changes in periodontal bone over time
Keywords: Cone-beam computed tomography

[1]. Chapple IL. Periodontal diagnosis and treatment; where does the future lie? Periodontol2000 2009;51(1):9–24
[2]. Donald A,. Tyndall DDS.,Sonali, Rathore. Cone-Beam CT Diagnostic Applications:Caries, Periodontal Bone Assessment,and Endodontic Applications Dent Clin N Am 52 (2008) 825–841
[3]. Ito K, Gomi Y, Sato S, et al. Clinical application of a new compact CT-system to assess 3-D images for the preoperative treatment planning of implants in the posterior mandible.Acase report. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001;12:539–42. N Am 52 (2008) 825–841
[4]. Vandenberghe B, Jacobs R, Yang J. Diagnostic validity (or acuity) of 2D CCD versus 3D CBCT- images for assessing periodontal breakdown. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;104:395–401.
[5]. Misch KA, Yi ES, Sarment DP. Accuracy of cone beam computed tomography for periodontal defect measurements. J Periodontol 2006;77:1261–6.

Abstract: Intracystic papillary breast carcinoma is a rare form of non-invasive carcinoma with an excellent prognosis. It accounts for less than 0.5% of breast cancers. We report the case of a 60 year old man presenting with a painless cystic lump in the left breast. Ultrasonography showed a cystic lesion and aspiration revealed benign fibrocystic lesion. Excisional biopsy was necessary to confirm the diagnosis and also indicated that local treatment was adequate.
Keywords: Intracystic, Papillary carcinoma, Male breast cancer

[1]. Gupta D, Torosian MH. Intracystic breast carcinoma in male: unusual case presentation and literature review. Oncol Reports. 2002; 9:405–7.
[2]. Andres B, Aguilar J, Torroba A, Martinez-Galvez M, Aguayo J. Intracystic papillary carcinoma in the male breast. Breast J. 2003; 9:249–50.
[3]. Tochika N, Takano A, Yoshimoto T, Tanaka J, Sugimoto T, Kobayashi M, et al. Intracystic carcinoma of the male breast: report of a case. Surg Today. 2001; 31:806–9.
[4]. Jones BM, Bradbeer JW. The presentation and progress of macroscopic breast cyst. Br J Surg. 1980;67:669–71.
[5]. Estabrook A, Asch T, Gump F, Kister SJ, Geller P. Mamographic features of intracystic papillary lesion. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1990; 170:113–6.

Abstract: Introduction: A dentigerous cyst is the most common developmental odontogenic cyst and is frequently noted as an incidental finding on radiographs. The most common teeth affected are impacted mandibular third molars and permanent maxillary canines. This case involves a dentigerous cyst encompassing the right impacted mandibular canine and crossing the midline. This is a rare case of dentigerous cyst encompassing non-adjacent teeth and crossing the midline reported in recent literature Case presentation: The patient presented to our department of oral and maxillofacial surgery for treatment of swelling in the lower chin area. The patient was a 10-year old girl with a dentigerous cyst extending from right to left mandibular canines and crossing the midline with the right mandibular canine being impacted. Conclusion: This case involves an unusual clinical and radiographic presentation of a dentigerous cyst crossing midline. It shows a new variant of presentation that dentists, especially maxillofacial surgeons, paedodontists and radiologists, should be aware of, since a dentigerous cyst crossing the midline is rare

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[5]. IndianJournal of Multidiciplinary Dentistry, Volume 1, Issue 5, July –August 2011

Abstract: Aims: Condylar region of the mandible is the most vulnerable site to fracture due to its anatomical weakness. It has been noted that mandibular third molars may reduce the occurrence of condylar fractures. This study was conducted to verify this hypothesis. Materials and methods: This retrospective study of records of 147 mandibular fracture patients treated during 5 year period during 2008 to 2013 were analyzed for the correlation between 3rd molars and incidence of condyle fractures.Results: Condylar fracture was two times greater in those with missing or completely erupted mandibular third molars as compared to those with unerupted ones (p<0.001), erupted mandibular third molar position can influence the occurrence of condylar fracture. Conclusion:erupted mandibular third molars significantly increased the occurrence of condylar fractures.
Key words: unerupted mandibular third molars, condylar fractures

[1]. Moore JR. Principles of Oral Surgery, 2nd edn. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1976: 175.
[2]. Wolujewicz MA. Fractures of the mandible involving impacted 3rd molar tooth: an analysis of 47 cases. Br J Surg 1980: 18: 125.
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Abstract: Scrotal carcinoma is a rare tumor. We report two cases of this rare tumor. First case, a 40 year male, presented with a non-healing ulcer at the upper part of scrotum on right side, which did not respond to routine therapy. Patient had this ulcer for last five months. He had been a worker at automobile work-shop for last fifteen years and a chronic smoker for two decades. Scrotal skin was excised and sent for histopathology. It was reported to be as squamous cell carcinoma. This was likely due to a repeated occupational exposure outcome. Second case was of a 38 year male presented with a cauliflower like growth at the upper part of scrotum on right side, which did not respond to therapy. Patient had this growth for last eight months. He is a chronic smoker for last 25 years. He had no significant occupational history. The patient underwent fine needle aspiration cytology and was reported to be squamous cell carcinoma with marked tumor diathesis. After literature review, we conclude that scrotal carcinoma is currently a rare tumor, and even more in cases with occupational exposure to carcinogens. These case reports highlight the importance of proper history taking regarding occupation, smoking etc.
Key words: scrotal carcinoma, fine needle aspiration cytology, histopathology, occupational cancer

[1]. Rosai J. Rosai and Ackerman's Pathology, London. Mosby. (tenth edition) 20011:1383-1398.
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Abstract: The acquired defects of the palate are created commonly surgical intervention of benign or malignant neoplasms. The size and location of the defect influence the level of difficulty in prosthetic rehabilitation. Surgical intervention creates anatomic defect which forms communication among the oral cavity, nasal cavity and maxillary sinus. The goal of prosthodontist is to rehabilitate missing oral and extra oral structures with restoration of normal anatomic and physiologic function. Prosthetic rehabilitation with obturator restores the oral structures and also acts as barriers between communications among the cavities.
Key words: Maxillary defect, Obturator, Oro antral communication

[1]. Aramany MA. Basic principles of obturator design for edentulous patients: Part I: classification. J Prosthet Dent. 40, 1978, 554-557
[2]. Aramany MA. Basic principles of obturator design for edentulous patients: Part II: classification. J Prosthet Dent.40, 1978, 656-662
[3]. Beumer J, Curtis TA, Firtell DN. Maxillofacial rehabilitation, prosthodontics and surgical considerations. The C. V. Mosby Company: St Louis; 1979. 188-243
[4]. Desjardins R, Obturator prosthesis design for acquired maxillary defects. J Prosthet Dent 39, 1978,424
[5]. Taylor TD, Clinical maxillofacial prosthetics. Quintessence publishing Co, Inc: 2000. 103-120

Abstract: We describe case of congenital lobar emphysema presented as a case of pneumoniawith pneumothorax in a newborn. Later on with HRCT we found to have left upperlobe emphysema for which the left upper lobectomy was done. After surgery the patient improved dramcatically, successfully extubated and discharged.
Key words: congenital lobar emphysema, lobectomy, neonates

[1]. Abel RM, Bush A. Congenital Lung Disease. In: Chernick Victor., editor. Kendig's disorders of the respiratory tract in children. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Saudners; 2006. pp. 280–316.
[2]. Kravitz RM. Congenital malformations of the lung. PediatrClin North Am.1994;41:453–72. [PubMed]
[3]. Parray T, Apuya JS, Abraham E, Ahsan F, Shah S. Anesthesiologist's dilemma in a patient with congenital lobar emphysema. Internet J Anesthesiol. 2010;24:1.
[4]. Floyd FW, Repici AJ, Gibson ET, Mcgeorge CK. Bilateral Congenital labor emphysema surgically corrected. Pediatrics. 1963;1:87–96. [PubMed]
[5]. Bush A. Prenatal presentation and postnatal management of congenital thoracic malformations. Early Hum Dev. 2009;85:679–84. [PubMed]

Abstract: Aim:To assess the influence of Body Mass Index(BMI)on autonomic function using short term Heart Rate Variability(HRV) test.Method: This study was conducted in 40normal weight individuals and40overweight individuals, to assess the influence of BMI on autonomic function as measured by the time domain and frequency domain parameters of short term HRV testResults: The HRV values were significantly reduced in overweight individuals. ( SDNN p<0.05; RMSSD ,p<0.01 ;NN50 p<0.01 ; pNN50 ,p< 0.01 ; LF, p<0.05 ; HF ,p<0.01; LF/HF , p<0.01) , compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the possibility of autonomic dysfunction in asymptomatic overweight individuals. Limitation in the present study is that the correlation of HRV with visceral fat and the influence of ethnicity on BMI were not studied. More prospective studies in this regard are required to validate this inference.
Key words: HRV, BMI, overweight, cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction

[1]. http://metro.co.uk/2013/04/15/nearly-1-7billion-overweight-on-fat-planet-earth-3615851/
[2]. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indians-adding-to-world-obesity-problem-Report/articleshow/28395856.cms
[3]. http://health.india.com/news/world-health-statistics-2012-one-in-six-adults-obese-one-in-three-hypertensiveone-in-10-diabetic/
[4]. Paul Valensi, Régis-NessimSachs,BoubakeurHarfouchePredictive Value of Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Diabetic Patients With or Without Silent Myocardial Ischemia .Diabetes Care February 2001; 24 ( 2):339-343
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Abstract: Introduction: Poorly controlled blood glucose levels accelerate hyperglycaemia-induced excess free-radical generation, dyslipidemia and thereby causing OS induced cellular inflammation, damaging blood vessels in type2diabetics. Aim & Objectives: To evaluate OS in T2DM, by estimating malondialdehyde (index of lipid peroxidation), uricacid & ceruloplasmin (physiological, endogenous free-radical scavengers), and correlating them with HbA1C and lipid profile. Methodology: The study included 50 Type2diabetics and 50 age and sex matched controls (36-60yrs). Fasting & post-prandial glucose, HbA1C, lipid profile, malondialdehyde, uricacid and ceruloplasmin were estimated using standard methods. Results: In Type2diabetics increased Triglycerides, Total-cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, MDA, UA & CP and decreased HDL values were observed. MDA,CP,UA,LDL showed significant positive correlation with HbA1c while HDL showed significant negative correlation with HbA1C. MDA, CP, UA showed significant positive correlation with LDL and significant negative correlation with HDL. MDA,CP,UA showed significant positive correlation with one another. Conclusions: It is of utmost importance to achieve tight control of blood glucose(HbA1C < 6.5%), LDL(<100 mg/dL) and HDL(>40 mg/dL), earlier in the disease to reduce OS in T2DM.
Keywords: Oxidative stress(OS), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Uric acid (UA), Ceruloplasmin (CP), Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).

[1]. Ceriello A, Motz E. Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited. ArteriosclerThrombVascBiol 2004; 24: 816–23.
[2]. Santini SA, Marra G, Giardina B, Cotroneo P, Mordente A, Giuseppe E, et al, Defective plasma antioxidant defenses and enhanced susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in uncomplicated IDDM. Diabetes, 46:1853–1858, (1997).
[3]. Goldstein IM, Kaplan HB, Edelson HS, Weissmann G: Ceruloplasmin, a scavenger of superoxide anion radicals. J BiolChem254:4040-4045, 1979
[4]. Ames B.N., Cathcart R., Schwiers E., Hochstein P. Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1981; 78 (11): 6858- 6862.
[5]. Gutteridge JMC. Ceruloplasmin: a plasma protein, enzyme, and antioxidant. Ann ClinBiochem. 1978; 15:293 – 294.
[6]. Memisogpullari R, Bakan E. Levels of ceruloplasmin, transferrin and lipid peroxidation in the serum of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diab Comp. 2004; 18: 193 – 197.

Abstract: Kissing molars was first described by Van Hoofer in 1973 but the term was coined by Robinson in 1991. Also termed 'rosette' formation, they are an extremely rare condition with cases reported few and far between. These molars have occlusal surfaces contacting each other with their roots pointing in the opposite direction in a single follicular space. This condition has been linked to metabolic diseases such as mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) and related disorders and, therefore, patients presenting with 'kissing' molars need to be appropriately investigated So far, seven such cases have been documented in the literature. This case report highlights the fundamental tenet that conventional radiography, in routine case examination, still has great relevance especially in detecting dental anomalies. Optimal preoperative case preparation goes without saying, and the complications that follow require prompt recognition and appropriate management. However, due to the exceeding sporadic nature of this anomaly, it is extremely difficult to establish definitive management protocols.
Key Words: Mucopolysaccharidoses,Bilateral kissing molars.

[1]. Kissing molars: An unaccepted finding; Grant McIntyre: Dental update 1997; 24; 373-73.
[2]. Robinson PD. The impacted lower wisdom tooth: to remove or to leave alone? Dent Update 1994; 21: 245-248
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[4]. Robinson JA. Gaffney W Jr, Soni NN. Bilateral 'kissing' molars. OOO 1991; 72: 760
[5]. Van Hoof RF. Four kissing molars. OOO 1973; 35: 284

Abstract: Halitosis is a common and universal affliction suffered by many people irrespective of age, sex, and social status. Halitosis is estimated to be the third most frequent reason for seeking dental aid, following tooth decay and periodontal disease. It is one of the biggest proscriptions in the society. Halitosis may be an important factor in social communication therefore; it may be the origin of concern not only for a possible health condition but also for frequent psychological alterations leading to social and personal isolation. Causes of halitosis include certain foods, poor oral health care, dry mouth, deep carious lesions, periodontal disease, oral infections, peri-implant disease, pericoronitis, mucosal ulcerations, tongue coating, tobacco products and medical conditions. The present review was to describe the etiological factors, and the therapeutic approaches related to halitosis.
Key words: halitosis, tongue coating, volatile Sulphur compounds, halimeter, triclosan

[1]. Albert Tangermine and Nijmigan. Halitosis in medicine –A review. International Dental journal 2002; 201 – 206
[2]. Van den Broek AM, Feenstra L, de Baat C. A review of the current literature on management of halitosis. Oral Dis.2008;14(1):30-9.
[3]. Sanz M, Roldán S, Herrera D. Fundamentals of Breath Malodour. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2001 Nov 15;2(4):1-17.
[4]. Bosy A. Oral malodor Philosophical and practical aspects. J Can Dent Assoc 1997;63:196-201
[5]. Rosenberg M. Clinical assessment of bad breath: current concepts. J Am Dent Assoc. Apr 1996;127(4):475-82.
[6]. Grapp GL. Fetor oris (halitosis). A medical and dental responsibility, Northwest Med. 1933;32:375-80.
[7]. Tonzetich J. Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J Periodontol. Jan 1977;48(1):13-20

Abstract: Background: Type 2 diabetes, currently affecting 5% to 10% of most populations, has become the most frequently encountered metabolic disorder in the world. Diabetes is a common cause of acquired blindness in developed and developing countries. In fact it is second only to cataract as a cause of blindness in India.Aim of the study: To study the proportion of Diabetic Retinopathy and the associated risk factors. Methodology: 100 Diabetic patients admitted in Medicine ward of a tertiary care hospital were included in the study. A pretested questionnaire was administered and a complete ophthalmic evaluation was done. Study variables include age, gender, BMI, Microalbuminurea, retinopathy etc. Results: Diabetic Retinopathy was detected in 41% of Diabetics; Microalbuminurea was 36%; Hypertension was 28%; HbA1C levels >6.5% was reported statistically higher among the diabetics with retinopathy (90%) as compared to Diabetics without Retinopathy (59.9%). All the risk factors like obesity, hypertension, presence of Microalbuminurea were significantly higher among diabetics with retinopathy than diabetics without retinopathy Conclusion: Our study confirms that poor glycemic control, increase in duration of the diabetes, hypertension and presence of Microalbuminurea were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy. Hence there is a need for screening of risk factors & control of these risk factors to prevent diabetic retinopathy.
Keywords: Diabetes, Diabetic Retinopathy, risk factors, HbA1C

[1]. RSSDI text book of Diabetes Mellitus Second addition volume1 2008 by research society for the study of Diabetes in India.
[2]. Hand book on Diabetic Mellitus. 5th edition by Prof. V. Seshaiah 2010. All India publishers New Delhi.
[3]. Mala Dharmalingam diabetic retinopathy – risk factors and strategies in prevention in t. j. diab. dev. countries (2003), vol. 11 : 10-13.
[4]. Faida T Shaya and Mohammad Aliwadi. Diabetic Retinopathy. Clin Opthalmol. Sep 2007; 1(3):259-265.
[5]. Muawyah D, Al-Bdour, Maha I. Ai- Till , and Khawla M. Abu Samra. Risk factors for Diabetic Retinopathy among Jordanian Diabetics. Middle East Afr J Opthalmol. 2008 Apr-Jun; 15(2): 77-80.

Abstract: Background: men with diabetes mellitus 2 have been claimed to have low level of serum testosterone than Non-Diabetic men.the aim of this study was to investigate if there is any relation of serum level of total and free testosterone,LH and FSH with diabetes mellitus 2,risk factor for CAD in diabetic men,HbA1c,and duration of diabetes mellitus. Methods: In this case control study, 80 male subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2 ,between 30-70 years age ,attending Diabetic OPD and admitted in medicine ward of M.L.B Medical college was taken as cases.40 Age & sex matched healthy controls were taken from the medicine OPD. Study was done between march 2012 and february 2013.relationship with serum level of free and total testosterone, LH and FSH as well as other factors including age,risk factors for CAD,HbA1c,and duration of diabetes mellitus were investigated. Results: Serum FT concentration is lower in type 2 diabetic patients compared with non-Diabetic men and low serum free testosterone in diabetes correlates positively with reduced sexual desire, low HDL, increased BMI, high serum triglyceride, increase total cholesterol and LDL level. Low serum free testosterone is also significantly associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. suggesting further research to better understand the underlying biologic mechanisms. free and total testosterone than non-diabetic

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[4]. J ClinEndocrinolMetab 2006; 91:4335-43. Epub 2006 Aug 22 Zitzman M, Faber S, Nieschlag E. Association of specific symptoms and metabolic risks with serum testosterone in older men
[5]. 8 Stellato RK, Feldman HA, Hamdy O, Horton ES, McKinlay JB. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and the development of type 2 diabetes in middleaged men: prospective results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Diabetes Care 2000; 23 : 490–4

Abstract: The clustering of obesity with other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors has been described in various ways as the metabolic syndrome. However, a sub-set of obese people with none of these risk factors have been classified as metabolically healthy obese (MHO). The aim of this study was to investigate CVD risk factors in obese subjects with and without metabolic syndrome and the significance of metabolically healthy obesity. Clinical measurements of body mass index, blood pressure and waist circumference were carried out in 307 subjects, of which 150 were obese and 157 non-obese. Fasting blood glucose and lipids were measured About 69.3% of the obese subjects did not have any of the risk criteria for metabolic syndrome (MHO). The difference in risk factors for the two groups was mostly significant for hypertension, abdominal obesity, low HDL, impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes. The MHO were similar to the non-obese controls in all risk factors except hypertension and abdominal obesity. The presence of metabolic syndrome in the obese subjects resulted in a highly increased prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors, while the MHO were similar to non-obese subjects in most of the risk factors.
Keywords: Cardiovascular risk, metabolically healthy, metabolically unhealthy, obese Nigerians

[1]. Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet 2011;378:804-814.
[2]. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM: Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS Data Brief 2012, 1–8.
[3]. Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in developing countries. J ClinMetab, 93(11), 2008, S9-S30.
[4]. Yumuk VD, Hatemi H, Tarakci T, Uyar N, Turan N, Bagriacik N, Ipbuker A. High prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus in Konya, a central Anatolian city in Turkey. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 70, 2005, 151-158.
[5]. Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, Clarke R, Emberson J, Halsey J et al. Body mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900,000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet 2009; 373: 1083-1096.

Abstract: Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of the use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) augmentation of a cannulated and fenestrated pedicle screwfixation for the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease accompanied withosteoporosis. Methods:Thirty-one patients of lumbar degenerative disease accompanied with osteoporosisfrom Jun 2008 to Jan 2013 were selected .They were 11 males and 20 femaleswithaverage age of 73. 5 years including lumbar degenerative stenosis 14 cases，lumbar intervertebral discherniation combined with segmental instability 9 cases，lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis 6 cases，andlumbar degenerative scoliosis 2 cases. The patients were treated with lumbar canal decompression, fusion and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) augmentation of a cannulated and fenestrated pedicle screw fixationaccording to their clinicalfeature and imaging. Results:All cases were followed up for 40 months (range,36-48months). No screw breakage, rod breakage, screw extraction, loosening, pseudoarticulation formation, or incision infection wasfound.The postoperative VAS score wasremarkably lower than preoperative score (P < 0.05). The JOAscore were improved significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion:For patients suffering from lumbar degenerative disease accompanied with osteoporosis，PMMA augmentation of a cannulated and fenestrated pedicle screwfixation was helpful for increasing the stabilization of screw and preventing from loosen and dislocation of the screws，therefore beneficial for improvement and maintenance of clinical efficacy.

Key word: Osteoporosis; cannulated and fenestrated pedicle screw; PMMA; Lumbar degenerative disease

[1]. Ponnusamy, K E, et al. Instrumentation of the osteoporotic spine: biomechanical and clinical considerations. The Spine Journal, 2011. 11(1): p. 54-63.
[2]. Amendola, L, et al. Fenestrated pedicle screws for cement-augmented purchase in patients with bone softening: a review of 21 cases. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2011. 12(4): p. 193-199.
[3]. Zhuang, X M, et al. Effect of the degree of osteoporosis on the biomechanical anchoring strength of the sacral pedicle screws: an in vitro comparison between unaugmentedbicortical screws and polymethylmethacrylate augmented unicortical screws. Spine, 2010. 35(19): p. E925-E931.
[4]. Sengupta DK，Truumees E，Patel CK，et al. Outcome of Local Bone Versus Autogenous Iliac Crest Bone Graft in the Instrumented Posterolateral Fusion of the Lumbar Spine. Spine，2006, 31(9):985- 991.
[5]. Amendola, L, et al, Fenestrated pedicle screws for cement-augmented purchase in patients with bone softening: a review of 21 cases. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2011. 12(4): p. 193-199.

Abstract: Honey and Sugar dressings were applied to long standing surgical wounds in two groups comprising 25 patients in each matched for age and comorbidities.Dressings were done once in 3 days .Patients in sugar dressing group had faster healing rate, shorter hospital stay with rapid slough and microbial clearance. Sugar dressing also proved to be cost effective with decreased debridement frequency at the end of the study.
Key Words: Sugar dressing ,Honey dressing ,chronic surgical Wounds

[1]. Molan PC.Clinical Usage of Honey as wound Dressing.J Wound Care 2004;13(9):353-356
[2]. Dunford C,Hanano R .Acceptability of Honey dressing for non healing Venous leg ulcers.J Wound Care 2004;13 (5):193-7.
[3]. Chirife J,Scarmato GA,Herszage L. Scientific basis for use of granulated sugar in treatment of infected Wounds.Lancet 1982 ;1:560-561
[4]. Scott WJ.Water reactions of staphylococcus aureus at 30 OC.Aust J Biol Sci 1953 :6 :549-552.
[5]. Kamat N .Use of Sugar in infected Wounds.Trop Doct .1993 ;23(4):185.

Abstract: Background: Hearing is a sense that enables man to establish contact with his fellows via speech to experience life more fully. Deafness in varying degrees of severity is a big impediment to the integration of a person into the social structure. The otologist in the past had not much to offer to hearing handicapped people with chronic middle ear disease. With recent times the advent of the antibiotic era, the operating microscope and modern anesthetics techniques aimed at producing a dry, magnified operating field, have radically altered the outlook.Methods: This study comprises of patients who were subjected to tympanoplasty for the treatment of chronic suppurative otits media. Each patient was subjected to a detail examination of nose, paranasal sinuses and throat to rule out any focus of infection, which could influence the result of tympanoplasty. 20 Patients were subjected to tympanoplasty with temporalis fascia while the remaining 20 patients underwent with tragal perichondrium Tympanoplasty is performed using temporalis fascia in 20 patients and tragal perichondrium in 20 patients in the age group of 15-45 years (males and females both ). Patients with the complaint of discharging ear and decreased hearing were also screened Results: Majority of the patients shows mild to moderate hearing loss. 47.5% of them had air-one gap up to 20 dB. 52.5% of them had air-bone gap 21-40 dB. None of them had air-bone gap above 40 dB. In the postoperative hearing analysis, 77.5% of the patients showed air- bone gap upto 20dB. 22.5% of the patients showed air- bone gap in the range of 21-40 dB . 80% of the patients operated with temporalis fascia showed air bone gap upto 20dB. 75% of the patients operated with tragal perichondrium showed air-bone gap upto 20dB. Mean improvement in hearing temporalis fascia is 09.5 dB. Mean improvement in hearing using tragal perichondrium is 09.0 dB. Mean improvement in hearing using tragal perichondrium is 09.0 dBCnclusion: Tympanoplasty is the most effective method for control of the tubotympanic type of CSOM disease and hearing improvement. Both temporalis fascia and tragal perichondrium are excellent graft materials for closure of perforation of tympanic membrane and hearing improvement. Improvement in hearing is not significantly influenced by duration of disease, age or sex of patients.
Kew Words: Tympanoplasty, Tragal Perichondrium, Temporalis Fascia, hearing

[1]. Wullestein H. Method for split-skin covering of perforation of the drum by tympanoplasty operations in cases of chronic otitis. Arch Ohr Nas- u.Kehlk –Helik 1952; 161:422.
[2]. Zollner F. Tympanoplasties intented to replace large drum defects combined with defects of ossicles. Panel on myringoplasty. Second workshop on reconstructive Middle Ear Surgery. Arch Otolaryng 1953; 78:301.
[3]. Zollner F. Abandoned split skin graft because of its low resistance, preferring full thickness retro- auricular skin grafts. Proc 5 Int Congr Otolaryng 1953; 119. [4]. Mc Laughlin, C.R. Composite ear grafts and their blood supply. Brit J Plast Surg 1954 Oct; 7(3):274-8.
[5]. Frenckner P. Pedicle graft from ear canal skin for myringoplasty. Acta Otolaryng 1955; 45: 19.

Abstract: Objectives: To assess and compare the maternal and fetal outcome of Euthyroid, Hypothyroid and Hyperthyroid women during 1st trimester of pregnancy. Methods:It is a prospective cross sectional study Conducted on 1200 pregnant women who were enrolled between January 2011 to December 2012.Result: Out of 1200 pregnant women were studied between 5-13 weeks of gestation of which 50(4.16%) were diagnosed to be hypothyroid, were treated with Thyroxine and 1150(95.83%) were euthyroid. and all the women were followed upto delivery .Conclusion:The above study concludes that the frequency of hypothyroidism during pregnancy is 4.16%..
Keywords: Abortion, Hypothyroidism, Perinatal, Pregnancy, Thyroid gland

[1]. Kochupilli N Clinical endocrinology in India.Current science,2000 oct 25; vol79(8),1061-1064.
[2]. Medvei VC,The History of Clinical Endocrinology,The Parthenon Publishing Group,New York,1993
[3]. Haddow JE,Palomaki GE,AllanWC et al.Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsedquent neuropsychological development of the child.N Engl J.Med 1999;341;549-555
[4]. LaFranchi SH, Haddow JE & Hollowell JG. Is thyroid inadequancy during gestation a risk factor for adverse pregnancy and development outcomes? Thyroid 2005,vol 15;60-71
[5]. Morreale de Escobar G, Obregon MJ & Escobar del Rey F. Maternal thyroid hormone in early pregnancy and fetal brain development. Best practice & research.Clinical endocrinology & Metabolism 2004;vol(18);248-255

Abstract: Hypertension is a global public health challenge and major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. It is third leading silent killer which is affecting 1 billion adults and is estimated to cause 7.1 million deaths annually. India being low & middle income country and larger proportion of population are living in urban slum where overcrowding and standard of living are due to this, prevalence of hypertension is more, and have a major impact on health and health care. Therefore, it is important to find the prevalence of hypertension among adults residing in urban slum of Ramnagar, Belgaum city. A cross-sectional community based study among 364 adults of aged 20-59 years in urban slum. The anthropometric measurement and blood pressure was taken according to WHO criteria. The data was analyzed by using percentage for prevalence and Chi-square test was used to find out the association. The overall prevalence of hypertension was found to be 90(24.7%). Majority of the hypertensive (60.4%) were seen in the age group between 50-59 years. The higher prevalence of hypertension was found with overweight (37.5%, obesity (48.6%), extra salt intake (30%), lack of physical exercise (22.9%), saturated fat intake (29.6%), non-vegetarian diet (24.5%) and shown significant association. Prevalence of hypertension was high among adults. Advancing age, sex, lack of physical exercise, BMI were found to be important factors contributing to the causation of hypertension. Therefore, preventive programs are necessary to tackle the rising burden of hypertension.
Key words: Hypertension, Risk factors, Urban Slum, Body Mass Index

[1]. Baliga R.R. & Narula J. "Salt never calls itself sweet". Indian J Med Res. 2009; 129:472-477.
[2]. Marry C.J.L.and S.S Loezard. Mortality by cause for eight region of the world. Global burden of disease study. Lancet 1997; 349:1269-1276.
[3]. Rao CR, Kamath VG, AvinashShetty A, Kamath A. High blood pressure prevalence and significant correlates : A quantitative analysis from Coastal Karnataka, India. ISRN Preventive Medicine 2013; 1:1-6.
[4]. The WHO statistics 2012 report, Geneva, published 16 May 2012.www.who.int/.../publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2012_Full.pdf.
[5]. Kulkarni A.T. Hypertension – A silent killer. India medical Gazette. 1998; 32(3):73-77.

Abstract: The effects of Hevea bransiliensis natural rubber on phospholipid concentrations of experimental rats were analyzed. Forty albino wister rats of either sex weighing 140-450g were used. The rats were divided into five equal groups marked A, B, C, D and E of eight rats each, and each group was fed on different dietary regime A, B, C, D and E respectively as indicated in tables 1 and 2. Diet A, (the control) had no rubber seed oil in the diet, whereas diets B, C, D and E (the experimental) had 2% refined rubber seed oil, 2% crude rubber seed oil, 4% refined rubber seed oil and 4% crude rubber seed oil by weight incorporated respectively. The results showed an increase in plasma phosphatide level for groups B and A rats. Little increase in plasma phosphatide levels were found in groups D, C and E rats. The results of liver phospholipids showed an increase in phospholipids concentration of groups C, D and E rats compared to groups B and A (control) for the corresponding weeks.
Keywords: Hevea bransiliensis, Natural rubber, Phospholipids concentration and Diets

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[4]. Harper, H.A. (1977) ed. Review of Physiological Chemistry. 15th edn., Lange med. Pub., California., pp. 300.
[5]. Henry; P.J. (1966). In: Clinical Chemistry. Harper and Row pub., New York., 1966; pp. 843-864.

Abstract: Good knowledge and compliant to antihypertensive therapy can have a positive effect on high blood pressure control. The objective of this study is to assess compliance to and knowledge of antihypertensive therapy amongst outpatient's attending the hypertensive clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos.
This descriptive cross-sectional study on out-patients attending the hypertension clinic of LUTH, was conducted from the16th June to 20th July, 2012. Multistage sampling technique was utilized to select the calculated minimum sample size of 282 (133 males and 149 females). A validated questionnaire by Morisky Green was modified to suite the study, pretested and self administered by two (2) trained medical personnel (nurses). Collected data was entered, cleaned and analyzed using Epi-Info version 2007 statistical software.
Up to 252(96.18%) of the hypertensive patients showed good knowledge of anti-hypertensive therapy while only 10(3.82%) had poor knowledge. Majority 196 (74.81%) of the respondents were not compliant to antihypertensive treatment while only 66(25.19%) complied. Poor compliance was found to be mainly due to forgetfulness 188(71.76%) and non-availability of drugs in respondent's place of domicile 136(51.91%). There was relationship between sex, religion, education and knowledge of respondents to hypertensive therapy. Significant association was found between knowledge of hypertensive therapy and forgetfulness. There was a significant association between forgetfulness and poor compliance 14.8(3.9-54.8).
Good knowledge of antihypertensive therapy has not significantly improved compliance to antihypertensive therapy thereby leading to low healthcare outcome.
Keyword: Antihypertensive therapy, Compliant, Hypertension, Knowledge.

[1] P.M Kearney, M Whelton, K Reynolds, P.K Whelton and J. He. "Worldwide prevalence of hypertension: a systematic Review; Journal of Hypertension, 22(1), 2004 PP. 11-19.
[2] P.M Kearney, M Whelton, K Reynolds, P.K Whelton and J. He. Global Burden of hypertension; analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 365 (9455), 2005 PP 217-223.
[3] M.M Carlene, S.V Hoorn, A. Rodgers. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, Lancet 2008; 371, 1513–18.
[4] R. Cooper, C. Rotimi, S. Ataman, D. McGee, B. Osotimehin, S. Kadiri, et al. The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of West African origin. American Journal of Public Healt h, 87(2), 1997, 160-8.
[5] I.I Ulasi, C.K. Ijoma, and O.D Oriodago. "A community-based study of hypertension and cardio-metabolic syndrome in semi-urban and rural communities in Nigeria'', BMC Health Services Research, Vol.10 (71), 2010.

Abstract: The effect of various volumes of theophylline (Aminophylline) (4mg/kg) on the blood pressure of normotensive cats pre-administered with adrenaline was determined. The results obtained revealed that theophylline showed a potentiating effect (p<0.05)oncatecolamines (adrenaline (10μg/ml) in elevating the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure of the normotensive cats. Although,theophylline alone caused an increase (p<0.05) in the diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure which may be due to the increase sympathetic discharge by theophylline. The antagonistic test carried out reveals the attenuatic effect (p<0.05) of the calcium channel blocker (nifedipine 2mg/ml) on the combination (adrenaline and theophylline). Theophylline posesses a potentiating effect on catecholamine in determining it effect on blood pressure of normotensive cats and it was inhibited by L-type calcium channel blocker (nifedipine).
Key words: Theophylline, accentuation, adrenaline, nifedipine, blood pressure.

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