iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2014

Abstract: Hepatitis C is a silient murderer that may create no symptoms for decades. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a chief source of both acute and chronic hepatitis. The transmission of HCV is primarly all the way through exposure to contaminated blood. In this research aim was to find out the prevalence of HCV in apparently healthy voluntary blood donors by using immunochromatographic test and ELISA kits. One hundersed blood samples were screened at "The Medical Laboratories Lahore-Pakistan". Immunochromatographic test kits were used for qualitative detection of anti-HCV and ELISA for quantitative detection of anti-HCV. ELISA system was found to be quite sensitive in detecting anti-HCV as compared to ICT. On the basis of gender category the prevalence of HCV in males was 10% when screened through ICT while 13.7% were positive via ELISA. In females prevalence of HCV was 5% when samples performed through ICT when these samples were performed through ELISA they were 10% positive. The prevalence of HCV differs by gender which is higher among males than females. Notable increase in prevalence of HCV among donors of age (36-45) years was recorded. Risks for transmission include blood donation. So blood donors should be tested from athentic laboratory before donating the blood.
Keywords: Prevalence, Hepatitis C, Healthy blood donors.

[1]. Ghany, M. G., Strader, D. B. and Thomas, D. L. Diagnosis, management and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatol, 49., 2009, 1335.
[2]. Thomas, D. L. The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection: host, viral and environmental factors. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 284 (4), 2000, 450–456.
[3]. Ryan, K. J. and Ray, C. G. Sherris Medical Microbiology. Mcgraw. Hill. Med., 4, 2004, 551–552.
[4]. Frank. C., Mohamed, M. K., Strickland, G. T., Lavanchy, D., Arthur, R. R. and Magder, L. S. The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt. Lancet., 355 (9207), 2000, 887-891.
[5]. Holmberg, S. D. The increasing burden of mortality from viral hepatitis in the United States between 1999 and 2007. Ann. Intern. Med., 156 (4), 2012, 271-278.

Abstract: Pneumoscrotum following traumatic pneumothorax is a rare clinical scenario . We report the case of a 62-year-old male who presented to the Cardiothoracic Department with respiratory distress sustaining blunt thoracic trauma following RTA. Massive surgical emphysema was present,extending from the face upto the scrotum. B/L chest tube were inserted with immediate gross improvement of the vital parameters of the patient.
Key words: camper's fascia, pneumomediastinum, pneumoscrotum , pneumothorax, scarpa's fascia.

[1]. R. Firman, D. Heiselman, T. Lloyd, and P. Mardesich, ―Pneumoscrotum,‖ Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 22, no. 8, pp.1353–1356, 1993.
[2]. Y. Wakabayashi and W. H. Bush Jr., ―Pneumoscrotum after blunt chest trauma,‖ The Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 603–605, 1994.
[3]. E. L. Keyes, ―Two cases of pneumo-scrotum following nephrotomy,‖ e American Journal of Urology and Sexology, vol. 8, pp.68–71, 1912.
[4]. R. Hasel, S. K. Arora, and D. R. Hickey, ―Intraoperative complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy,‖ Canadian Journal ofAnaesthesia, vol. 40, no. 5 I, pp. 459–464, 1993.
[5]. N. Katkhouda, G. M. R. Campos, E. Mavor, A. Trussler, M. Khalil, and R. Stoppa, ―Laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair: a safe approach based on the understanding of rectus sheath anatomy,‖ Surgical Endoscopy, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 1243–1246, 1999.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Omega-3 as an adjunctive to non surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis patients
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Suzan Ali Salman, Hadeel Mazin Akram, Omar Husham Ali
	:	10.9790/0853-13610811

Abstract: Host modulatory therapy has been proposed as a treatment for periodontal diseases. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) , were shown to have therapeutic anti-inflammatory and protective actions in inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. To test the effect of Adjunctive treatment of chronic periodontitis with daily dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid. Fifty patients with chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this study, in a double blind clinical study . the control group was treated with scaling and root planning(SRP) and a placebo, where as the study group was treated with SRP followed by dietary supplementation of Omega-3 ( 1000 mg EPA+DHA) for three months . plaque and gingival index, bleeding on probing , probing depth were recorded at base line , after 1 and 3 months after treatment. The omega-3 group had highly significant lower scores for Plaque index(P<0.001), gingival index(GI P< 0.001) and significant lower scores for the probing pocket at all examination than did the control group. At first visit mean PLI scores was 1.94 after three months it was 0.73. for the GI it was 1.98 at first visit ,after three months it was 0.733.for PPD it was 4.79 was reduced to 3.05 after three months. The results of this study suggest that dietary supplementation with omega-3 may provide a sustainable , low cost intervention to augment periodontal therapy.
Key word: omega-3 , fish oil , periodontal disease.

[1]. Jain A, Batista EL, Jr, Serhan C, Stahl GL, Van Dyke TE. Role for periodontitis in the progression of lipid deposition in an animal model. Infect Immun. 2003;71:6012–8.
[2]. Serhan CN, Jain A, Marleau S, et al. Reduced inflammation and tissue damage in transgenic rabbits overexpressing 15-lipoxygenase and endogenous anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. J Immunol. 2003;171:6856–65.
[3]. Zhao G, Etherton TD, Martin KR, Gillies PJ, West SG, Kris-Etherton PM. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:385–91.]
[4]. Eberhard J, Heilmann F, Acil Y, Albers HK, Jepsen S. Local application of n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of human experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29:364–9.
[5]. Campan P, Planchand PO, Duran D. Pilot study on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of human experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1997;24:907–13.

Abstract: An atmospheric pressure helium plasma needle type is studied. The plasma isgenerated at (10-40) kHzat very low power levels. It is in contact with a single electrode and is part of a resonantelectric circuit. The plasma needle consists of glass tube and stainless steel tube concentrated inside it,they are used for guiding the gas flow. The stainless steel tube also serves as the electrode, which is connected to a high-voltage (HV) sub microsecond pulsed direct-current (dc) power supply (amplitudes of up to 40 kV).The stainless steel tube is made with different outer diameters (2.7,3.5,5,6)mm and the glass tube was made with different inner diameters(1,4.4,5.3,10.6)mm, the non thermal plasma temperature was measured as a function of high voltage frequency (up to 30 kHz), and distance from the needle nozzle, for different flow rate of the gas (1,2,3,4,5)l/minfor every stainless steel tube, The helium gas temperature was measured with a digital thermocouple having the "hot" junction covered with a plastic-cap. It is found that the plasma temperature increases with increasing frequency up to given frequency (nearly 15 kHz)and then slow down with increasing frequency, also it is found the maximum temperature measured at the nozzle of the needle (d=0) and the slow down slowly with distance. It is found the diameter of the cylindrical electrode did not had significant effect on the temperature of the plasma.
Key words: plasma needle, non thermal plasma, plasma temperature.

[1]. J.S. Chang, Physics and chemistry of plasma pollution control technology, Topical invited, 28th ICPIG, Prague, 2007.
[2]. A. Fridman, A. Chirokov, A. Gutsol, Non-thermal atmospheric pressure discharges, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 38, R1-R24, 2005.
[3]. I. E. Kieft,Van der Laan E. P., E. Stoffels, Electrical and optical characterization of the plasma needle, New Journ. Phys. 6,2004, 149–153 .
[4]. R.E.J. Sladek, E. Stoffels, Deactivation of Escherichia coli by the plasma needle, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 38, 2005, 1716–1721.
[5]. E. Stoffels, I.E. Kieft, R.E.J. Sladek, L.J.M. van der Bedem, E.P. Van der Laan, M. Steinbuch, Plasma needle for in vivo medical treatment: recent developments and perspectives, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15, S169-S180, 2006.

Abstract: The most commonly impacted teeth are the third molars, maxillary canines, maxillary central incisors and premolars. Impacted premolars may lead to aesthetic concerns, masticatory inefficiency and oral hygiene difficulties as well as follicle pathology and destruction of adjacent structures, including neighboring teeth, the purpose of this study to shade light on the prevalence of impacted premolar in Iraqi sample. Retrospective and protrospective studies invoved 2000 OPG examined by radiologist for age ranged between 15-55 years to indicate the prevelance of impacted premolar, uni or bilateral impaction, migration of impacted premolar and its association with pathology. From 2000 OPG 99 patient with( 101 impacted premolar), 2 (204.%) bilateral and 97 (97.97%) unilateral, prevelance of upper 1st and 2nd premolar was (2.97%) and (5.94%) respectively, while for lower 1st and 2nd premolar was (11.88%) and (79.20%) respectively. From all impacted premolars only (2.97%) associated with pathology and (o.99%) migrated teeth. The most prominent one of premolars was lower 2nd premolar and the latest one was1st upper premolar, migrated teeth was very rare and the pathology associated with (2.97%) only. The causes related with impaction in this study retaind first decediouce molar and not enough space for eruption
Key words: Impaction, OPG, premolars.

[1]. B. J. Moxham and B. K. Berkovitz, "Interactions between thyroxine, hydrocortisone and cyclophosphamide in their effects on the eruption of the rat mandibular incisor," Archives of Oral Biology, vol. 28, no. 12, 1083–1087, 1983.
[2]. J. O. Andreasen, "The impacted premolar," in Textbook and Color Atlas of Tooth Impactions: Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention, J. O. Andreasen, J. K. Petersen, and D. M. Laskin, Eds., pp. 177–195,Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1997.
[3]. V. J. Oikarinen and M. Julku, "Impacted premolars. An analysis of 10,000 orthopantomograms," Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society, 1974; 70 (3): 95–98,.
[4]. Thilander B, Myrberg N: The prevalence of malocclusion in Swedish schoolchildren. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 1973; 81(1):12-21.
[5]. Sutton PR: Migrating nonerupted mandibular premolars:a case of migration into the coronoid process. Journal of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, 1968; 25(1):87-98.

Abstract: Inguinal hernias are among the commonest clinical condition that requires surgical intervention in children. This study was a retrospective review of 118 inguinal hernias among 108 children which were surgical treated over a period of three years. Folders were sorted from records and reviewed. There were 105 males and 3 female children having 98 unilateral and 10 bilateral hernias .Age of the children ranged from 2 months to 15 years. The operation performed was a simple high ligation of sac without mobilization of cord. Most of the children were operated at much older age with peak ages at 2-3 years and 7-8 years .There were no operative mortality The findings in this series help to buttress the fact that hernias in infancy and childhood are amenable to surgery with gratifying result.
Keywords: Inguinal hernias, children, surgical treatment.

[1]. Skandalakis JE, Colborn GL, Androulakis JA, Skandalakis LJ, Pemberton LB. Embryologic and anatomic basis of inguinal herniorrhaphy Surg Clin North Am. 1993 Aug;73(4):799-836.
[2]. I. M. C. Macintyre :how i do it ,Inguinal hernia repair J.R.Coll.Surg.Edinb., 46, December 2001 349-353 [3]. Chirdan LB, Ameh EA, Abantanga FA, Sidler D, Elhalaby EA ;Challenges of training and delivery of pediatric surgical services in Africa. J Pediatr Surg. 2010 Mar;45(3):610-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.11.007.
[4]. Ameh EA, Adejuyigbe O, Nmadu PT, Pediatric surgery in Nigeria ;J Pediatr Surg. 2006 Mar;41(3):542-6.
[5]. The world bank,Nigeria Demography ,2013, http://data.worldbank.org/country/ nigeria.Retrieved 22/8/2013.

Abstract: It is now acknowledged that psychosocial and psychological factors may influence the etiology of periodontal disease.It has been proposed that patients with a more positive view of themselves were more likely to comply with continued maintenance therapy. The aim of this pilot study is to find the relationship between different domains of emotional intelligence and the response to a standardized initial treatment for chronic periodontitis.in our present study , the socio-economic and behavioural factors such as tobacco smoking were found to be related to treatment outcome measures in terms of plaque index, bleeding index , probing depth and clinical attachment loss. The size of the sample was small and did not allow for multivariate modelling. There is need for further research in order to test the effect of EI domains on the uptake of a positive behaviour such as smoking cessation following the introduction of smoking counselling in periodontal therapy.

[1]. CostaFO,Cota LO, Lages EJ, et. al.Progression of periodontitisin a sample of regular and irregular compliers under maintanence therapy. J Periodontol 2011;82:1279-1287.
[2]. Tonetti MS ,Steffen P.Initial extractions and tooth loss during supplemental care in a periodontal population seeking comprehensive care.JClinPeriodontol 2000;824-831.
[3]. Fardal O ,JohannessenAC.Tooth loss during maintanence following periodontal treatment in a periodontal practice in Norway.JClinPeriodontol 2004;31:550-555.
[4]. Costa FO, Cota LOM.Oral impact on daily performance,personality traits and compliance in maintanence periodontal therapy.JPeriodontol 1993;64:311-314.
[5]. Becker, B. E., Karp, C. L., Becker, W. & Berg, L. (1998) Personality and stressful life events. Differences between treated periodontal patients with and without maintenance.Journal of Clinical Periodontology15, 49–52.

Abstract: Neuromuscular blockers (NMB) are very important for generalanesthesia, Rocuronium and Vecuronium are used as non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. In a randomized study we had compared both drugs as regard theonset of action, intubating condition and hemodynamic changes. Method:-Sixty patients ( 20 to 60 year), scheduled to undergo elective general surgery, were included in thisrandomized, double-blind controlledstudy.After induction of anaesthesia, patientswere divided randomly into two groups according to the muscle relaxant used. Group I received Inj. rocuronium while GroupII received Inj.vecuronium.Haemodynamic parameters comprising of heart rate, mean arterial pressure were measuredpreoperatively, pre induction, post induction, post relaxant, post intubation (1 min) and after 3, 5,7,10,15 and 30 min after intubation. Results:-Rocuronium has maintained excellent cardiovascular stability for the dose used in present study. There was an increase inheart rate following rocuronium administration but the average maximum increase of 5 beats/min was clinically insignificant.Rocuronium is 3-6 times less potent than vecuronium as a neuromuscular blocker but is slightly more potent in blocking theresponses to either vagal or preganglionic sympathetic stimulation.
Keywords: Intubating conditions, Vecuronium, Rocuronium, Hemodynamic changes

[1]. Aparna Shukla, K. P. Dubey, M. S. N. Sharma, Indian J. Anaesth. 2004 476; 48 (6): 476-479.
[2]. Misra, Agarwal, Pandey, Gupta Indian J. Anaesth. 2005; 49 (6): 469 – 473.
[3]. Fuchs-Buder T, Tassonyi E. Intubating conditions and time course of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block in children. Br J Anaesth. 1996; 77: 335-338.

[4]. Tolmie JD, Joyce TH, Mitchell GD. Succinylcholine danger in the burned patient. Anaesthesiology.1967;28:167–70.

[5]. Griffith KE, Joshi GP, Whitman PF, Garg SA. Priming with rocuronium accelerates the onset of neuromuscular blockade. J ClinAnaesth. 1997; 9:204–207.

[6]. Heier T, Caldwell JE. Rapid tracheal intubation with large dose rocuronium: A probability-based approach. AnaesthAnalg. 2000; 90:175–179.

Abstract: Objectives: To compare the results of tympanoplasty alone and tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) patients with sclerotic bone in terms of graft uptake, perforation closure, improvement in hearing and disease eradication. Study Design: Retrospective study of patients at tertiary referral hospital. Method: 50 cases of non-cholesteatomatous chronic suppurative otitis media were selected. Tympanoplasty alone was done in 25 cases and tympanoplasty combined with cortical mastoidectomy was done in another 25 cases. Patients were reviewed postoperatively at 4, 8 and 12 weeks to inspect the operated ear for graft uptake or any complication. Pure tone audiometry(PTA) was done at 2nd and 4th month to evaluate the hearing improvement. Results: In our study, hearing gain in decibel ( dB ) in tympanoplasty group was 7.64 and in tympanoplasty combined with cortical mastoidectomy was 8.84. Graft uptake was 76% in tympanoplasty group and 88% in tympanoplasty combined with cortical mastoidectomy. Recurrence of discharge was seen in 2 cases of tympanoplasty. Though tympanoplasty combined with cortical mastoidectomy is better in hearing improvement, graft uptake and clinical improvement but the difference in 2 groups is statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Hearing improvement, graft uptake and clinical improvement were statistically incomparable in 2 groups. Combining cortical mastoidectomy with tympanoplasty will not give additional benefits in terms of hearing gain, disease clearance and graft uptake.
Keywords: chronic suppurative otitis media, tympanoplasty, cortical mastoidectomy, pure tone audiometry.

[1]. Jahn AF, Chronic otitis media: diagnosis and treatment. Med Clin North America, 1991,75(6),1227
[2]. Hall IS, Colman BH. Diseases of nose, throat, ear and head and neck, 13th ed.Edinburgh: Livingstone ltd; 1987.pg 231.
[3]. Smith AW, Hatcher J, Mackenzie, Thompson S, and Bal J: Randomized control of CSOM in Kenyan school children. Lancet. 1996; 348:1128-1133.
[4]. Goycoolea MV, Hueb MM, Ruah C: Definitions and terminology. Otolaryngol Clin North America, 1991, 24(4); 757-76
[5]. Gleeson M.Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.7th ed.London: Hodder Arnold; 2008.pg. 3396.
[6]. Macfadyen CA, Acuin JM, Gamble C. Systemic versus topical antibiotic treatments for chronically discharging ears with underlying eardrum perforations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25.
[7]. Ruhl CM and Pensak ML: Role of aerating mastoidectomy in non cholesteatomatous CSOM. The Laryngoscope 1999 December, 109 (12); 1924-7.

Abstract: Background: Fructose consumption has largely increased over the past few decades. Recent studies suggested that overconsumption of fructose might increase the risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of high fructose diet (HFD) on the liver structure and the possible protective role of cinnamon. Material &methods: Twenty adult male albino rats were used and equally divided into four groups. Group I; control rats were fed control diet, groupII; rats were fed control diet in concomitant with oral administration of cinnamon extract (80mg/kg/day), group III; rats were fed HFD and group IV; rats were fed HFD in concomitant with oral administration of cinnamon extract (80mg/kg/day). All rats were sacrificed after 60 days and the liver was processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Results: The liver of rats of group III (HFD group) showed cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes around the central vein with a significant increase in the area percentage of the collagen fibers in between the hepatocytes as compared to that of the control group. Electron microscopy examination of the liver of rats of group III (HFD group) revealed numerous swollen mitochondria with loss of their cristae. Collagen fibrils in close proximity to hepatic stellate cell (HSC) and macrophage were frequently seen in between the hepatocytes. The liver of rats of group IV (HFD and cinnamon) revealed structural profile comparable to that of the control group. Conclusion: the present work revealed that HFD produced a remarkable injurious effect on the liver structure which was markedly ameliorated by concomitant cinnamon extract administration. Reduction of the daily consumption of HFD and increase of cinnamon intake is highly recommended

Key words: High fructose diet- liver- cinnamon- histopathology- fibrosis

[1]. Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79:537-543.
[2]. Harrington S. The role of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in adolescent obesity: a review of the literature. J Sch Nurs. 2008; 24: 3-12.
[3]. Shapiro A, Mu W, Roncal C, Cheng KY, Johnson RJ, Scarpace PJ. Fructose-induced leptin resistance exacerbates weight gain in response to subsequent high-fat feeding. Am J Physiol.2008; 295: R1370-1375.
[4]. Faeh D, Minehira K, Schwarz JM, Periasamy R, Park S, Tappy L. Effect of fructose overfeeding and fish oil administration on hepatic de novo lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes. 2005; 54: 1907-1913.
[5]. Thuy S, Ladurner R, Volynets V, Wagner S, Strahl S, Konigsrainer A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans is associated with increased plasma endotoxin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 concentrations and with fructose intake. J Nutr. 2008; 138:1452-1455.

Abstract: Background: Anemia in pregnancy is common in malaria endemic areas like ours and is a risk factor for maternal morbidity and mortality. Its consequences can be prevented by instituting adequate preventive measures. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of anemia among unbooked women presenting in labour at term and its association with asymptomatic malaria parasitemia. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study conducted in the labor ward complex of the Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki over three months period from March-May 2012. Two hundred and fifty unbooked pregnant women who presented in labor were consecutively recruited after an informed consent. A structured data sheet was administered to each parturient. The hemoglobin concentration was determined using the Hemocue system. Analysis was done using Epi info programme (2005) of CDC Atlanta USA 3.3.2 version. Logistic regression was used to determine level of associations. Level of significance was set at P-value <0.05. Results: A total of 250 parturients participated in the study. The mean age in the study was 28.2±7.2 years and ranged from 19 – 45 years. The mean parity was 2±1.7 and ranged from 0 – 5. One hundred and seven parturients (42.8%) were primigravida while 143 (57.2%) were parous women. Majority of the parturients were of low socio-economic class. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia was 194 (77.6%). The prevalence of anemia in the study was 46.8%. There was significant association between asymptomatic malaria parasitemia and maternal anemia with P<0.001. None of the parturients without malaria parasitemia had anemia. Conclusion: Anemia in pregnancy was common among unbooked pregnant women. It was also common among parturients with asymptomatic malaria parasitemia.
Keywords: Anemia, Asymptomatic malaria parasitemia, pregnancy, unbooked

[1]. World Health Organization. Malaria: high risk groups/pregnancy. Accessed August 15, 2011.
[2]. Okpere EE. Malaria in pregnancy. In: Okpere EE (ed). Clinical Obstetrics. Revised edition. UNIBEN Press. Benin. 2004. Pp 56-61.
[3]. Nwagha UI, Ugwu VO, Nwagha TU and Anyaehie USB. Asymptomatic plasmodium parasitemia in pregnant Nigerian women: almost a decade after Roll Back Malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009; 103 (1): 16-20.
[4]. Federal Ministry of Health. National malaria control programme in Nigeria. Roll Back Malaria Annual Report. Abuja. 2005; Pp 8-9.
[5]. Olugbenga AM et al. Malaria at parturition in Nigeria: Current Status and Delivery Outcome. Infectious disease in Obs and Gynae. 2009; 2009: 7 pages. DOI:10.1155/2009/473971.
[6]. Cercamondi CI, Egli IM, Ahouandjinou E, Dossa R, Zeder C, Salami L. et al. Afebrile plasmodium falciparum parasitemia decreases absorption of fortification iron but does not affect systemic iron utilization: A double stable isotop study in young Beninese women. AM J Clin Nutri. 2010; 92 (6): 1385-1392.

Abstract:Hepatitis is among the world's most prevalent and life threatening diseases. High risk populations like sanitary workers dealing with all sorts of infective materials are easy targets for transmission of this killer disease.
The primary objective of our study is to determine the burden of hepatitis B and C among people belonging to this occupation. The secondary objective is to compare the efficacy of ELISA with ICT for screening of both the maladies.
107 subjects who gave informed consent were included in this study. Blood samples were drawn and screening performed with both ELISA and ICT. For HCV, 26 subjects were found to be sero-positive with ICT while 39 were
positive with ELISA. For HBV, 20 subjects were found sero-positive with ICT and 36 with ELISA. Our study found that there is a high burden of HBV and HCV among sanitary workers and therefore, there is a great need to devise
preventive regimens for protection of this high risk group against viral hepatitis.

.
Objectives: To evaluate the burden of Hepatitis B & C among Sanitary Workers in Pakistan, To compare the sensitivity of ICT and ELISA for screening of HBV and HCV

[1]. AltafBosan, Irtaza Ahmad, Rehan Hafiz , HumaQureshi , KhalifMohamud Bile JPMA, A review of hepatitis viral infections in Pakistan

[2]. Alter MJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2007; 13:2436-2441.

[3]. Khan F et al, Hepatitis B virus infection among different sex and age groups in Pakistani Punjab. Virol J. 2011 May 13;8:225. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-225.
[4]. Rachiotis G, Papagiannis D, Markas D, Thanasias E, Dounias G, Hadjichristodoulou C. Hepatitis B virus infection and waste collection: prevalence, risk factors, and infection pathway. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55: 650-5

[5]. Ali M et al, Hepatitis B virus in Pakistan: a systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes.Virol J. 2011 Mar 6;8:102. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-102.

[6]. Abbas Z, Jeswani NL, Kakepoto GN, Islam M, Mehdi K, Jafri W. Prevalence and mode of spread of hepatitis B and C in rural Sindh, Pakistan. Trop Gastroenterol. 2008; 29: 210-6.

Abstract: Total laminectomy for the removal of intradural-extramedullary spinal cord tumors has been used widely, but postoperative complications often develop, such as kyphosis, spinal instability, and persistent back pain. In this study, we evaluated seven patients with intradural-extramedullary spinal cord tumors with respect to the value of unilateral limited laminectomy.Our cases included six schwannomas, and one meningioma. The cervical region was involved in four cases, the thoracolumbar region in two cases, and the lumbar region in one case. The rationale for choosing a unilateral approach is to preserve musculoligamentous attachments and posterior bony elements as much as possible. The patients were mobilized on the third postoperative day and preoperative neurological symptoms were recovered within a few weeks. We did not observe any complication relating to unilateral limited laminectomy and at follow-up evaluation (at 3 and 12 months postoperatively), none of the patients showed spinal deformity or spinal instability. We think that the unilateral limited laminectomy is a safe and efficient technique for the treatment of intradural-extramedullary spinal cord tumors. We suggest that this technique is one of the best treatments for these tumors.

Keywords: Laminectomy, Intradural extramedullary spinal cord neoplasm

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[2]. Bertalanffy H, Mitani S, Otani M, Ichikizaki K, Toya S. Usefullness of hemilaminectomy for microsurgical management of intraspinal lesions. Keio J Med. 1992;41:76–79.

[3]. Cervoni L, Celli P, Cantore G, Fortuna A. Intradural tumors of the cauda equina : a single institution review of clinical characteristics. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1995;97:8–12.

[4]. Chiou SM, Eggert HR, Laborde G, Seeger W. Microsurgical unilateral approaches for spinal tumour surgery : eight years' experience in 256 primary operated patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien)1989;100:127–133.

[5]. Eggert HR, Scheremet R, Seeger W, Gaitzsch J. Unilateral microsurgical approaches to extramedullary spinal tumours. Operative technique and results. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1983;67:245–253.

Abstract: The present study was done to assess the levels of total sialic acid & lipid associated sialicAcid. Lactate dehydrogenase and total proteins in sera of patients with various malignant diseases and compared with sera of non malignant diseases, benign tumors & controls. Serum total sialic acid, LASA & LDH values are significantly increased in malignancies when compared to the controls (P<0.001), indicating altered metabolism of tumour cell surface glycoprotein & sialoglycolipids and there is decrease of total proteins in malignancies especially Gastro intestinal tract malignancies (P<0.001). We had followed up 23 patients suffering from different malignancies and were received treatment. All these patients showed clinical improvement gradually at an end of 20 days followed up period. The TSA, LASA, & LDH significantly decreased (P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.05) respectively. So this study suggests sialic acid as a tumour marker which shows good diagnostic potential.
KeyWords: LASA, TSA, LDH & Malignancies.

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[5]. Hakomor. S. Tumour associated carbohydrate antigens. Annual review of immunology 2:103, 1984.
[6]. Hakomor. S. TumorGlycosphingolipids in cellular interaction. Differentiation and oncogenesis. Annual review of Biochem. 50:733, 1981.

Abstract: The notion of carbon is quite central to climate change mitigation and adaptation programmes. Although carbon is one of the harmful gases that drive the climate change scourge, it is the lexical creativity around the word carbon that brings out some comic reliefs in a seemingly complex and confusing situation. The word carbon may be modeled around several clusters such as the Moral and Religious Cluster (carbon sinner, carbon guilty or carbon criminal), Dietary Cluster (low-carbon diet, carbon calories), the Financial Cluster (carbon trading, carbon finance or carbon markets) and the Political cluster (carbon neutrality, carbon battle, carbon war).Climate change documents, texts, pamphlets and briefings fall under the descriptive survey (qualitative methodology). Approaches such as Document Analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis and Text Analysis will be used to find the Communicative Functions of these carbon clusters. Interview techniques will be used to probe the policy makers and environmental officials on the contribution of these clusters in adaptation and mitigation programmes. The analytic approaches will be used in relation to ethnography of communication in order to evaluate the socio- economic status, cultural and ethical implications of the society. The ideological orientations of the climate change carbon clusters will be analyzed in relation to the major emitting nations.
Key Words: Carbon, Cluster, Mitigation, Adaptation, Ethnography

[1]. Hensen, R. (2006) THE ROUGH GUIDE to climate change: The Symptoms. The Science. The Solutions. Rough Guides Ltd. London.
[2]. Borchert, P. (2007) AFRICA Geographic: WILDLIFE. NATURE. CONSERVATION. TRAVEL. FACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE. Africa Geographic (Pty) Ltd. Cape Town.
[3]. Crystal, D. (1991) LINGUISTICS. Harmondsworth. Penguin.
[4]. Dow and Downing (2006) Atlas of Climate Change. Rutledge. London.
[5]. Larkoff, G and Johnson, M. (1989) Metaphors we live by. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
[6]. Larkoff, G and Turner, M. (1989) More than a cool reason: A field Guide to poetic Metaphor. Chicago. Chicago University Press.
[7]. Unquerer, F. and Schmidt, H. (1996) An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. London. Longman

Abstract: The effects of Hevea bransiliensis natural rubber on phospholipid concentrations of experimental rats were analyzed. Forty albino wister rats of either sex weighing 140-450g were used. The rats were divided into five equal groups marked A, B, C, D and E of eight rats each, and each group was fed on different dietary regime A, B, C, D and E respectively as indicated in tables 1 and 2. Diet A, (the control) had no rubber seed oil in the diet, whereas diets B, C, D and E (the experimental) had 2% refined rubber seed oil, 2% crude rubber seed oil, 4% refined rubber seed oil and 4% crude rubber seed oil by weight incorporated respectively. The results showed an increase in plasma phosphatide level for groups B and A rats. Little increase in plasma phosphatide levels were found in groups D, C and E rats. The results of liver phospholipids showed an increase in phospholipids concentration of groups C, D and E rats compared to groups B and A (control) for the corresponding weeks.

Keywords: Hevea bransiliensis, Natural rubber, Phospholipids concentration and Diets.

[1] Abumrad, N.A., Stearns, S.B., Tepperman, H.M. and Tepperman, J.J. Lipid Res. 19, 423-432 (1978). In: The Lipid Composition of Adipose Tissue in Pro. Lipid Res. Vol. 27. Pp. 39-60.
[2] Bashes, S., Blecker, C., Deroanne, C., Driva, N. E., and Hamadi, A., (2004). Date Seeds: Chemical Composition and Characteristics Profiles of the Lipid Fraction. Food Chemistry 84. Pp. 577-584.
[3] Carroll, K.K. (1978). Protein in Nutri-relation to plasma cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis. Nutri-rev., 36, 1.
[4] Harper, H.A. (1977) ed. Review of Physiological Chemistry. 15th edn., Lange med. Pub., California., pp. 300.
[5] Henry; P.J. (1966). In: Clinical Chemistry. Harper and Row pub., New York., 1966; pp. 843-864.

Abstract: The antibacterial activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sida acuta and Ocimum gratissimum on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus faecalis and Peudomonas aeuginosa were determined using disc diffusion assays. All the extracts exhibited moderate to high level of inhibtion against the four microorganisms.The antibacterial activities were measured by the diammeter by dimeter zone of inhibiton, in which ethanolic extracts of Sida acuta exhibit the highest yield which is 18mm and the lowest yield in aqueous(cold) extract 7mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is 0.125mg/ml on both plant extracts using the ethanollic extracts of Sida acuta and Ocimum gratissimum were positive on both the four microorganism and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) were also positive and gram negative organisms. This research is discussed in relation to the accepatable herbal medicines as a means of disease control. Keywords: Ocimum gratissimum,Sida acuta,Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus faecalis and Peudomonas aeuginosa.

[1] Calixto,J.B.(2000).Efficiency,Safety,Quality Control Marketing and Regulatory Guideline for Herbal Medicines(Phytotherapeutic Agents).Brazil Journals of Medical and Biological Research 33:179-189.
[2] Ijeh,I.I.,Njoku,O.U. and Ekenze,E,C.(2004).Medicinal Evaluation of Xylopia Ethopica and gratissimum.Journal of Medical Aromatic Science 14:283-285.
[3] El-said,F.,Sofowora,E.A.,Malconm,S.A.,Alfer,A.(1996).An Investigation inti the Efficacy of Ocimum gratissimum as used in Nigeria Native medicine.Planta dedica.17:195-200.
[4] Iwu,M.M.(1993).Handbook of African Medicinal Plants.CRC.Press Boca Baton,pp.11-15.
[5] Lamidi,M.E.,Oliver,R.,Faure,L.,Debrauweri,L.,Nze-ekukang and Balansard,G.(1995).Quino Vic Acid Glycolysides.Journal Planta Medica 6:280-281.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if the probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, generates compounds that affect the sporulation of the oocysts of three species of Eimeria using an in vitro assay. In addition, anticoccidial effects of L. rhamnosus cell-free supernatant (CFS)-based diets were evaluated in chickens following experimental infection with Eimeria tenella and the anticoccidial effect was assessed using fecal oocyst shedding and the sporulation process. L. rhamnosus was grown in Mann-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) broth for 48 h at 37 oC anaerobically and the cells were removed from the broth by centrifugation to get the CFS. Exposure of the oocysts of the 3 species of Eimeria, namely E. acervulina , E. tenella and E. maxima, to 4-fold diluted CFS resulted in 37%, 33% and 46% inhibition of sporulation, respectively while exposure to undiluted CFS resulted in 100% inhibition of sporulation in all species. Chickens fed 1% or 3% CFS- supplemented diets in E. tenella-infected groups shed significantly less (P < 0.0001) oocysts than their counterparts fed the control diet. More importantly, the sporulation rate of the oocysts recovered from the CFS-supplemented birds was significantly lower than that of the oocysts recovered from the infected birds fed the control diet (P < 0.0001). The results showed for the first time that CFS from L. rhamnosus cultures has anticoccidial activity.
Keywords: Coccidiosis, oocysts, sporulation, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, cell-free supernatant, anticoccidial activity

[1]. Cox, F.E.G. (1998). Control of coccidiosis: lessons from other sporozoa. International Journal for Parasitology, 28: 165-179.
[2]. Allen, P.C. and Fetterer R.H. (2002). Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites of poultry. Clinical Microbiolgy Reviews, 15: 58-65.
[3]. Chapman, H.D. (1998). Evaluation of the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs against Eimeria species in the fowl. International Journal for Parasitology, 28: 1141–1144.
[4]. Yadav, A. and Gupta, S.K. (2001). Study of resistance against some ionophores in Eimeria tenella field isolates, Veterinary Parasitology, 102: 69–75.
[5]. Lehto, E.M. and Salminen, S.J. (1997). Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium adhesion to Caco-2 cell cultures by Lactobacillus strain GG spent culture supernatant: only a pH effect? FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 18: 125–132.

Abstract: Objectives: The objectives of the study were to study knowledge, attitude and practice of oral hygiene in the school children of eastern region of Nepal of age group 6-13 years. Methods and materials: The study was undertaken in the eastern region of Nepal with a sample population of 2,500 children in the age group of 6-13 years. A questionnaire which was formulated to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of oral hygiene was used. Silness and Loe Plaque index was used to record plaque scores.Results: It was found that 62.3% of the 10-13 years age group had plaque score of 3 (fair) and 37.7% had a plaque score of 4 (poor) as compared to 59.7% and 40.3% in the 6-9 years age group. The children aged 10-13 years had higher percentage of good oral hygiene compared to 6-9 years children.Conclusion: The present study concludes that in spite of good oral hygiene practices in children, their overall oral hygiene status was found to be poor. Upon investigating about the knowledge of how to maintain good oral hygiene, maximum number of children responded by brushing twice daily. This implicates that knowledge without proper practice is lacking in children of eastern Nepal.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Oral hygiene, Plaque, Eastern Nepal.

[1]. Manuc D, Bulgaru S, Iancu. International perspectives on correlation of CIO behavioral risk factors with dental caries journal of
preventive medicine 2006;14(1- 2):46-59.
[2]. Namal N, Vehit HE, Can G. Risk factors for dental caries in Turkish preschool children. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodont ics
and Preventive Dentistry. 2005;23(3):115-118.
[3]. Rao A, Sequeira S.P, Peter S. Prevalence of dental caries among school children of Moodbidri. J Indian SocPedoPrev
Dent1999;17:2:45-48.
[4]. Microbial Physiology. Albert G. Moat, John W. Foster and Michael P. Spector Copyright 2002 by Wiley-Liss, Inc. ISBN: 0-471-
39483-1
[5]. Hunt RJ. Behavioral and socio-demographic risk factors for caries. In: Bader JD, ed. Risk assessment in dentistry. Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Dental Ecology 1990; 29-34.

Abstract: Knowledge of variations of lobar pattern of lung is important for identification of broncho-pulmonary segments. It is of great clinical significance for surgeons and radiologists. Normally the right lung has two fissures, one oblique and one horizontal and three lobes, upper, middle and lower lobes. Many authors have described the lobar variations on imaging techniques but a few studies have reported in gross anatomy. The present case highlights an abnormal lingual lobe of the right lung which was detected incidentally during the undergraduate dissection. Also it highlights the abnormal pattern of oblique and horizontal fissures.
Keywords: right lung, horizontal fissure, oblique fissure, lingual lobe, variation

[1]. Standring S. Gray's Anatomy. 40thEdition. Churchill Livingstone, 2008. pp-993
[2]. Walker WS & Craig SR. A proposed anatomical classification of the pulmonary fissures. J R Coll Surg Edinburgh 1997; 42(4):233-4.
[3]. Godwin JD & Tarver RD. Accessory Fissures of the Lung. AJR 1985; 144(1):39-47.
[4]. Modgil V, Das S, Suri R K. Anomalous lobar pattern of right lung- A case report. Int J Morphol 2006; 24(1):5-6.
[5]. Meenakshi S, Manjunath K, Balasubramanyam V. Morphological Variations of the Lung Fissures and lobes. The Indian J of Chest Diseases & Allied Sciences 2004; 46(3): 179-82.
[6]. Das S, Latiff AA, Othman FB et al. Topographical anatomy of anomalous oblique fissure and lingual of the lung. Braz J Morph Sci 2007; 24(3):155-56.

Abstract: Angiogenesis is the process of formation of new capillary blood vessels whichis one of the most pervasive and fundamentally essential biological processes encountered in mammalian organisms. Angiogenesis is an important event in a variety of physiological settings, such as embryonic development, chronic inflammation,wound repair and in pathological states like tumor progression. Here we are describing about the main biological events involved in angiogenesis and their importance in cancer progression
Key words: Angiogenesis, Cancer, Blood Vessels, Wound healing.

[1]. Plank MJ, Sleeman BD. Tumour-induced Angiogenesis: A Review. Journal of Theoretical Medicine 2003; 5:137–53.
[2]. Polverini PJ. The Pathophysiology of Angiogenesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1995; 6(3):230-247.
[3]. Karamysheva AF. Mechanisms of Angiogenesis. Biochemistry (Moscow), 2008; 73(7):751-62.
[4]. Murohara T. Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis for Therapeutic neovascularisation. Nagoya J. Med. Sci 2003; 66:1-7.
[5]. Koizumi Y, Kauzman A, Okada H, Kuyama K, McComb RJ, Yamamoto H. Assessment of Proliferative Activity and Angiogenesis in Ameloblastoma. Int J Oral Med Sci 2004;
[6]. Ancuta C, Ancuţa E, ZugunEloae FL, Carasevici E. Neoangiogenesis in cervical cancer: focus on CD34 assessment. Rom J MorpholEmbryol 2010; 51(2):289–94.

Abstract: The presence of a midline diastema in adults is considered as an esthetic or a malocclusion problem. Various treatment modalities are available for diastema closure. One of the options of closing interdental spaces using proximal direct composite resin restorations is considered to be practical and conservative. This case report describes the management of a patient with multiple diastemas, using bonded direct composite resin without any tooth preparation thereby achieving enhanced esthetics conservatively. Keywords: Diastema closure, Direct resin bonding, Midline diastema, Silicone Putty Index

[1] Wolff D, Kraus T, Schach C, Pritsch M, Mente J, Staehle HJ, Ding P. Recontouring teeth and closing diastemas with direct composite buildups: a clinical evaluation of survival and quality parameters. J Dent.2010;38:1001–1009

[2] Lenhard M. Closing diastemas with resin composite restorations. Eur J Esthet Dent. 2008;3:258–268.

[3] Kim YH, Cho YB. Diastema closure with direct composite: architectural gingival contouring. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2011;36:515–520.

[4] Heymann HO, Hershey HG. Use of composite resin for restorative and orthodontic correction of anterior interdental spacing. J Prosthet Dent. 1985;53:766–771.

[5] Brisman AS. Esthetics: a comparison of dentist's and patient's concepts. J Am Dent Assoc. 1980;100:345–352.

[6] Murchison DF, Roeters J, Vargas MA, Chan DCN. Direct Anterior Restorations. In: Summitt JB, Robbins JW, Hilton TJ, Schwartz RS, editors. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach. 3rd ed. Chicago: Quintessence; 2006. pp. 274–279.

Abstract: The quality of life after the rhinectomy is severely compromised if an efficient surgical reconstruction or a prosthetic device is not provided. Sometimes the results of the plastic surgery are not sufficient to restore the entire volume of the nose .In these patients, a facial prosthesis is aesthetic and provides the respiratory function. Three solutions exist to retain the prosthesis: a mechanically supported prosthesis, an adhesive prosthesis,or a prosthesis anchored on craniofacial implants.In this case report a 64 year male reported to Dept.of prosthodontics GDC Kozhikode for reconstruction of nose.His nose was lost following a RTA. Rehabilitation of patient was done by mechanically supported prosthesis using spectacles.Patient's aesthetics and respiratory function has been significantly improved following prosthetic rehabilitation.
Keywords: nasal prosthesis,silicone,spectacles

[1]. Ûiyhan Gurbuz, V Mustafa Kalkan, Nilgun Ozturk, Gurcan Eskitascioglu. Nasal prosthesis rehabilitation: A case report, Quintessenceint 2004: 35: 655-656
[2]. Toljanic JA, Lee J, Bedard JF. Temporary nasal prosthesis rehabilitation: A clinical report, J Prosthet Dent 1999; 82: 384-386,
[3]. Godoy AJ, Lemon JC, Nakamura SH, King KG. A shade for acrylic facial prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 68; 120-122,
[4]. Gale MA, Combination intraoral and extra-oral maxillofacial prosthesis retained by osseointegrated implants placed in previously irradiated bone: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 1990:64:403-405.
[5]. Lemon JC, Martin JV, King GE Modified technique for preparing a polyurethane lining for facial prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent 1992:67:228-229
[6]. Cheng AC, Morrison D, Wee AG, Maxymiw WG, Archibald D, Maxillofacial prosthodontic management to facial defect complicated by a necrotic frontal bone flap: A clinical report, J Prosthet Dent1999 82:3-7.

Abstract: Scapula, the triangular flat bone links the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton of upper limb along with clavicle. It shows modifications in its shape in the evolutionary process from quadrupeds to bipeds. Much of the changes have taken place in the infraspinous region. In the present study scapular measurements like breadth, length and infraspinous length are taken and parameters like scapular index, infraspinous index and are calculated which may help in comparative anatomy and defining the race.
Key words: Scapula, Scapular breadth, Scapular length, Scapular index, Infraspinous index

[1]. R.M.H Mc Minn, Last's Anatomy., 9th ed. UK edition: Churchill Livingstone, 2009. P. 53
[2]. Barden CR. Skeleton. American Journal of Anatomy 1905; 4:265-73.
[3]. Inman, Saunders JB, Abbot. Observation on the junction of the shoulder joint. Journal of bone & joint surgery 1944; 1:30.
[4]. Flower WH, Garson JG. The scapular index as a race character in man. Journal of anat physiol 1879; 14(1): 13-17.
[5]. The scapular index as a race character in man. Available from: http://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-47/PDFpages/0082.pdf. Accessed May 28th, 2014.
[6]. Transactions and proceedings of the Royal society of New Zealand 1868-1961. Available from: http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_26/rsnz_26_00_000470.html Accessed May 28th, 2014.

Abstract: The suprascapular notch is located medial to the root of coracoid process of the scapula. Suprascapular notch presents various types, among which narrowed one looks like V shaped and is vulnerable for suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome. Hence we attempted to define various varieties of shapes of suprascapular notch in 104 dried scapulae and compared with the previous studies.
Keywords: Suprascapular notch, suprascapular foramen, suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome

[1]. R.M.H Mc Minn, Last's Anatomy., 9th ed. UK edition: Churchill Livingstone, 2009. P.68 [2]. Suprascapular Neuropathy by Thomas H Trojian et al. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92672-overview#a0106 Accessed May 30th, 2014.
[3]. Natsis K, Totlis T, Tsikaras P, Appell H G Skandalakis P, Koebke J. Proposal for classification of SSN: a study on 423 dried scapulae. Clin Anat 2007; 20:135-39.
[4]. Iqbal K, Iqbal R, Khan SG. Anatomical variations in shape of suprascapular notch of scapula; J Morphol.Sci. 2010,27(1): 1-2.
[5]. Sinkeet SR. The suprascapular notch: its morphology and distance from the glenoid cavity in a Kenyan population; Folia Morphol, 2010; 69:241-45.

Abstract: Successful prosthetic rehabilitation in hemimaxillectomy patients require careful clinical and laboratory procedures to get an acceptable outcome. The main objectives of rehabilitation include restoration of aesthetic and cosmetic appearance of patient, restoration of function, protection of tissues, therapeutic and healing effect, psychological therapy and improving thequality of life.
This case report describes a clinical case of subtotal maxillectomy, which was rehabilitated successfully with a hollow bulb cast obturator.
Key words: Hemimaxillectomy, hollow bulb obturator, defect.

[1] Beumer .J, Curtis .T.A, Firtel D N, Maxillofacial rehabilitation. (St.Louis:Mosby ,1979) 188-243.
[2] GPT-8.The academy of prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent, 2005; 94:56.
[3] Desjardins R.Obturator prosthesis design for acquired maxillary defect. J Prosthet Dent 1978, 39:424-435.
[4] Taylor T, Gerrow J, Brudvik J. Resin bonded components for maxillofacial prosthesis construction. A clinical trial. J Prosthet Dent.1988; 59; 334-339.
[5] Aramany MA. Basic principles of obturator design for partially edentulous patients. Part I: Classification. J prosthet dent 2001, 86(6), 559-561.
[6] Aramany MA. Basic principles of obturator design for partially edentulous patients. Part II: Design principles. J prosthet dent 2001, 86(6), 562-568.

Abstract: The effects of Hevea bransiliensis natural rubber on kidney free and total cholesterol concentration of experimental rats were analyzed. Forty albinos wister rats of either sex weighing 140-450g were used. The rats were divided into five equal groups marked A, B, C, D and E of eight rats each, and each group was fed on different dietary regime A, B, C, D and E respectively as indicated in tables 1 and 2. Diet A, (the control) had no rubber seed oil in the diet, whereas diets B, C, D and E (the experimental) had 2% refined rubber seed oil, 2% crude rubber seed oil, 4% refined rubber seed oil and 4% crude rubber seed oil by weight incorporated respectively. The results showed that the increase in mean kidney total cholesterol level was greater in group B (2% refined rubber seed oil incorporated diet) followed with groups A (control), C (2% crude rubber seed oil), E ( 4% crude rubber seed oil) and D (4% refined rubber seed oil) incorporated diets for the corresponding weeks. The results also showed an increase in kidney free cholesterol level throughout the period of experiment. It was observed that the increase in mean kidney free cholesterol level was greater in groups E and C (4% and 2% crude rubber seed oil incorporated diets) than group A control, B (2% refined seed oil incorporated diets) and D (4% refined rubber seed oil) for the corresponding weeks. Group D animals showed very little increase in mean kidney free cholesterol level as indicated in Table

Keywords: Hevea bransiliensis, Natural rubber, Kidney and Cholesterol.

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[5]. Ononogbu, I.C., and C.N. Eleazu (1979). Plasma phospholipid changes in trick infested Nadama cattle. Res. Vet. Sci. 27., 123.