iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2014

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of two treatment strategies intravitreal anti-VEGF(bevacizumab-IVB) and steroid (triamcinolone acetonide-IVTA) combination in comparison to intravitreal anti-VEGF (IVB) in treatment of diabetic macular edema. Material and Methods: 98 eyes of 81 subjects with diabetic macular edema were included in this prospective, randomized, interventional study, divided into two groups of 49 each. Group A was treated with bevacizumab(0.05ml; 1.25mg) and Group B (IVB+IVTA)with bevacizumab and triamcinolone at 0 ,1 and 2 months respectively. Each eye was evaluated at baseline, at 3 months and at 6 months for central macular thickness (CMT), BCVA (logMAR) and intraocular pressure. Result: Parameters identified for comparative study included CMT, BCVA (logMAR) and intraocular pressure. The difference in mean CMT between the two groups at the end of 3 months was significant (Grp. A 360.59±92.44 vs. Grp. B 345.10±76.62) and much more so at the end of 6 months (Grp A 332.24±91.78 vs. Grp B 292.82±88.84), the other criteria like BCVA (logMAR) also showed marked improvement in Grp B at the end of 6months.The rise in IOP was found to be significant at the end of study period in Grp B. Conclusion: In the treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema, using a combination of IVB+IVTA is definitely more effective than using IVB alone, though caution has to be exercised in patient selection and close IOP monitoring is required in patients treated with IVTA.
Key words: Diffuse diabetic macular edema, bevacizumab, intra-vitreal triamcinolone acetonide, central macular thickness, intraocular pressure.

[1]. Munoz B,westsk, rubinGS,etal .cause of blindnessand visual impairmentin population of older americans ;The Salisburyeyeevalution study .Arch Ophthalmol 2000:118;819-25
[2]. Klein r, klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD ,Demets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy .4diabetic macular edema .ophthalmology 1984,91;1464-74
[3]. Moss se ,klein R, Klein BE. Ten year incidence of visual loss in a diabetic population. Ophthalmology 1994; 101: 1061-70
[4]. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. The 14 year incidence of visual loss in a diabetic population. Ophthalmology 1998; 105:998-1003.
[5]. Early Treatment Diabetic retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulationfor diabetic macular edema, Report No.1 Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:1796-1806

Abstract: Chronic suppurative otitis media is a potentially serious disease because of its complications usually with unsafe variety. Though modern drugs have made complications increasingly infrequent, they are still encountered. This implies that the underlying otitic disease should be effectively eliminated to prevent occurrence of complication. Aim of our study is to assess the role of computerized tomography scan in patients with CSOM undergoing surgery and to establish the extent of correlation between CT scan findings with per operative findings. A series of 25 patients was included in this study parameters like extent of cholesteatoma,ossicular status, fallopian canal assessment, tegmen erosion and anatomical variations are assessed. Our results showed preoperative CT scans useful in defining cholesteatoma extent and in determining ossicular status and early identification of complications.
Keywords: Chronic suppurative otitis media, computed tomography, cholesteatoma

[1] Otitis media, In Mawson‟s Disease of the Ear. Editor: Ludman H, Arnold publisher, London, 1988:403-435.
[2] Swartz JD. Cholesteatoma of the middle ear, diagnosis, etiology and complications. The Radiologic clinics of North America, 1984 Vol 22:15-36
[3] Osma U Cureoglu S, Hosoglu S. The complications of chronic otitis media; report cases. J Laryngol Otol 2000; 114(2):97 – 100.
[4] Latchow RE, Dreisbacj JN; Imaging the Petrous Bone and associated intracranial structures. In Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery. Editor Cumming CW, Mosby year Book Inc. St. Louis, 1993:2726 – 2728.
[5] Meimaneijahromi A, hoseinnejadariani F,Arabkhani R, hoseein nejadariani Sh. Evaluation of cholesteatoma frequency in Patients with chronic otitis media. Iranian jornal of Otolaryngology, 2010;22(59):21-4.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Study on Visceral Abnormalities during Cadaveric Dissection
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr Sarita Behera, Dr Bijaya Kumar Dutta, Dr Mamata Sar
	:	10.9790/0853-13641316

Abstract: During routine dissection classes of first MBBS students, variations in different viscera are observed frequently. The present study was undertaken to highlight these salient features so as to improve the knowledge of anatomists and enable them to explain these variations to surgeons and radiologists .32 formalin preserved adult cadavers used for routine dissection from the year 2009-10 to 2012-13 were included in the study. Various visceral abnormalities were noted. The embryological basis and clinical significance were studied. During these four years we came across variations in lungs, kidney, liver and thyroid gland in the form of presence of accessory fissures in right lung (3 cases), abnormal position of hilum of kidney (2 cases), rudimentary left lobe of liver (1 case) and absence of isthmus of thyroid gland (1 case).This study will be helpful for the clinicians in planning and executing surgical and radiological interventions.
Key Words: Visceral abnormality, Accessory fissure, Hilum of kidney, Isthmus of thyroid gland.

[1]. Meenakshi S, Manjunath KY, Balasubramanyam V: Morphological Variations of the Lung Fissures and lobes. Indian J. of Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2004 Jul-Sep; 46(3):179-82.
[2]. Standring S, Borley NR, Collins P et al.Gray's Anatomy-: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice-Pleura, lungs, trachea and bronchi.40th ed.Spain: Churchill Livingstone; 2008: 993.
[3]. Godwin JD, Tarver RD: Accessory Fissures of the Lung. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Jan; 144(1):39-47.
[4]. Aktan, ZA., Savas, R., Pinar Y, Arslan, O et al. Lobe and Segment Anomalies Of the Liver.Anat. Soc. India 50(1) 15-16 (2001)
[5]. Muttarak M, SriburiT : Congenital renal anomalies detected in adulthood. Biomed Imaging Interv J 2012; 8(1):e7.

Abstract: For centuries, clinicians have been attempting to replace missing teeth with suitable synthetic materials. Dental implants are fixtures that serve as replacements for the root of the missing natural tooth and becoming popular in the current day dental practice. Success or failure of the dental implant treatment is mainly based on the principles of creating and maintaining an interface between the implant and surrounding bone. This can be achieved by a phenomenon called osseointegration, which is the direct and stable anchorage of an implant due to the formation of bony tissue around the implant. A number of systemic and local factors influence the production of an osseointegrated interface and therefore the stability of the implant. However, surface characteristics of the implant materials in general and surface roughness in particular have received a great deal attention in the recent years to help achieve favourable interaction between the implant and biological tissues. Present article is a review of surface topography and treatments and its effect on the osseointegration of dental implant materials and also about sterilization of implants.
KEYWORDS; Implants, Osseointegration, Surface topography, Surface treatment, Sterilization.

[1] Linkow implant dentistry today, vol 1; a multidisciplinary approach.
[2] CARL E Misch; Contemporary Implant Dentistry, 2nd edition
[3] Williams DF. (2008). On the mechanisms of biocompatibility. Biomaterials. Vol.29, pp. 2941,2953, ISSN 0142-9612.
[4] Morais LS, Serra GG, Palermo EFA, Andrade LR, Muller CA, Meyers MC, Elias CN. (2009). Systemic levels of metallic ions released from orthodontic mini-implants. American Journal Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics. Vol.135, pp.:522-529. ISSN 0889-5406.
[5] Hanssen S, Norton M relationship between surface roughness and facial strength of bone .anchored implant. A Mathematical model .J Biomech 1999; 32; 829-836.

Abstract: The foramen Magnum is a large opening in the occipital bone of the cranium. The dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because vital structures passing through it may endure compression such as in cases of foramen magnum herniation, foramen Magnum meningiomas and foramen magnum achondroplasia. We studied one hundred dry, adult human skull of unknown sex and measured antero-posterior and transverse diameter with the help of vernier caliper. Additionally surface area of foramen magnum was also calculated. The mean antero-posterior diameter of the foramen magnum was 40.2mm(range 26-40mm) and the transverse diameter was 28.29mm(range 21.5-33.5mm). The mean surface area of foramen magnum was 755.37mm.The knowledge of dimensions of foramen magnum will be helpful radiological diagnostic procedures and neurosurgical procedures to approach in the region of Foramen Magnum. Considering above mentioned importance, this study is worthwhile.
Keywords : Foramen Magnum, skull, morphometry

[1]. Scheuer L, Black S. The juvenile skeleton. Elsevier, London, 2004;1-19
[2]. Hecht TJ, Horton WA, Reid CS, et al. Growth of the foramen magnum in achondroplasia. American Journal of Medical Genetics 32: 528-35, 1989.
[3]. Reich JB, Sierra J, Camp W, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging measurements and clinical changes accompanying transtentorial and foramen magnum brain herniation. Annals of Neurology 33: 159-70, 1993.
[4]. Ropper AH. MRI demonstration of the major features of herniation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56: 932-5, 1993.
[5]. Muthukumar N, Swaminathan R, Venkatesh G, Bhanumathy SP: A morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum region as it relates to the transcondylar approach. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 147:889-895, 2005

Abstract: Aims: Study of foramen Ovale is of great surgical importance in procedures like percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia, electroencephalographic analysis for seizure and diagnostic transfacial fine needle aspiration technique in perineural spread of tumour. Localization of the foramen ovale can be difficult due to imaging quality (improved by biplanar radiology systems), operator inexperience and anatomical variations. Methods and Material: The present study was conducted over 100 dry human skulls obtained from Anatomy department, Govt. Medical College, Surat and B.J.Medical college Ahmedabad, Gujarat. In this study presence of anatomic variations in shape of foramen ovale was noted and length and width of foramen were measured. Comparison between right and left was done. Results: Mean length of foramen ovale was 6.5mm and mean width was 3.5mm. There was no significant difference between mean of the length and width of the right and left foramen ovale. Foramen ovale was typically oval in 119 sides, almond in 12 sides, round in 55 sides and slit like in 2.There was accessory foramina in front of foramen ovale in one case and presence of septation in one case. Conclusions: Anatomical variations in size and shape of foramen ovale could be explained by developmental reasons. Considering the surgical and diagnostic importance of foramen ovale, this study was worthwhile.
Key words: foramen ovale, skull, anatomical variation.

[1]. Susan Standring.The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice.In:Susan Standring,editor. Gray's Anatomy,40th ed.London UK: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone;2008.p.415
[2]. Yanagi S. Developmental studies on the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale and foramen spinosum of the human sphenoid bone. Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 1987; 62:485-96.
[3]. Reymond J, Charuta A, Wysocki J. The morphology and morphometry of the foramina of the greater wing of the human sphenoid bone. Folia Morphological 2005; 64:188-93.
[4]. Lang J, Maier R, Schafhauser O. Postnatal enlargement of the foramina rotundum, ovale et spinosum and their topographical changes. Anatomischer Anzeiger 1984; 156(5): 351- 87.
[5]. Landl MK, Walter Grand. Trigeminal Neuralgia: Fluoroscopically –Assisted Laser Targeting of the Foramen Ovale. Technical Note.Minrad International2005

Abstract: The face is the most visible part of the human anatomy and determines our social appearance. Facial appearance is of great concern to every one for it is a significant part of the self image. It is customary that we greet our friends and relatives with our smiling faces. Face has been defined as a chart of destiny, an impression of fullness of life, and mirror of soul. The loss of teeth, because of the effect on facial appearance often causes psychological trauma. Nature has endowed everyone with dignity and satisfaction of being an individual personality. The study has been done to know the history in the development of esthetics in dentistry.
Keywords: Esthetics, Teeth, Dentures, Face.

[1]. Young HA, Denture Esthetics, J Prosthet Dent 1956; 6 (6), 748 - 755.
[2]. The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms. J Prosthet Dent 2005; 94(1): 10 - 92.
[3]. Theory of Beauty : Webster's International Dictionary, ed. 3
[4]. Asbell MB. Introduction to Esthetics. In Esthetic Dentistry - A clinical approach to techniques and materials by Ashheim KW, Dale BG, Mosby 2nd Ed. 2001. p 23 - 26.
[5]. Walter Hoffmann - Axthelm. The Ancient Orient. In 'History of Dentistry': Quintessence, 1981, p 19 - 34.

Abstract: A chronic anal fissure is a non-healing linear tear in the distal anal mucosa below the dentate line and is a painful entity. A fissure is defined as chronic when it fails to heal within 6 weeks from an acute attack1. This study is an attempt to compare efficacy of lateral internal sphincterotomy versus topical 2 % Diltiazem ointment for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. This prospective comparative study was done in our hospital during one and half year from February'11 to August'12. 50 patients were treated with 2 % Diltiazem ointment and rest 50 underwent lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure. Patients were followed for 8 weeks and thereafter evaluated for symptoms relief in both the groups. Observations were recorded at 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th week regarding relief of symptoms like pain, bleeding per rectum, healing of ulcer and side effects of fecal incontinence in surgical group. All data were collected and analyzed accordingly. It revealed that 56 % were male and 44 % were female and maximum numbers of patients were in the age group 30-39 years. The chief complaints of patients at presentation—29 % had pain during defecation with constipation, 22 % bleeding per rectum and 49 % had only pain during defecation. Most of them (90 %) had posterior anal fissure. Most of the patients (63 %) had ulcer only. But in 37 % of cases there were ulcer with sentinel piles. Lateral internal sphincterotomy is the treatment of choice while treating chronic anal fissure, because of its simplicity, better healing rates, better patient satisfaction, minimal morbidity and low complication rates. Taking this option also helps the patient to resume his/her normal works earlier than that of topical 2 % Diltiazem ointment.
Keywords: Lateral internal sphincterotomy, 2 % Diltiazem ointment, chronic anal fissure.

[1] K.P. Nugent. Benign Anal disease. In: Johnson CD, Taylor I (eds.) Recent advances in surgery. 25th ed. London, Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd, 2002, PP 147-60.
[2] McDonald P, Driscoll AM, et al. The anal dilator in the conservative management of acute anal fissures. Br J Surg 1983; 70: 25–6.
[3] Lock MR and Thompson JPS (1977) Fissure in Ano. The initial management and prognosis BTS 64, 355–358.
[4] Lund JN, Armitage NC, Scholefield JH (1996) Use of Glyceryl trinitrate ointment in treatment of anal fissure Br J Surg 83(6): 776–777.
[5] Poh A, Tan Y, Seow- Choen F. Innovations in chronic anal fissure treatment: A systemic review. World J Gastrointest Surg 2010; 2: 231–41.

Abstract: Platelet rich plasma is an autologous concentration of eight growth factors PDGF –AA,
PDGF –BB ,PDGF –AB,Transforming growth factor β 1 and β2 ,vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ,epidermal growth factor (EGF) ,and insulin like growth factor .Nowaday PRP is widely used in all the fields of dentistry .This article explains the various potential clinical applications .PRP is prepared from the patient's own blood and there is a less risk of transmission of diseases.
Key Words: PRP, platelets , growth factors, bone regeneration.

[1]. Harrison JS(1994):haemostasis .In Harrisons principles of internal medicine.
[2]. Tara - aghaloo .investigation of platelet rich plasma in rabbit cranial defects - a pilot study .journal oral maxillofacial surgery ; 2002 ,1176- 1181.
[3]. Wirthlin RM (1989): growth substances : potential use in periodontitis .J west soc of periodontal / periodontal abstract 37:3
[4]. Dean H Whitman : an autologous alternative to fibrin glue with applications in oral and maxillofacial surgery .journal oral and maxillofacial surgery ; 1997 ,1294-1299
[5]. robert E .marx et al platelet rich plasma : growth factor enhanced for bone graft .journal of oral surgery ,oral medicine ,pathology .oral radiology and endodontics 1998,638-46

Abstract: Bad breath is related to poor oral hygiene is most common and caused by release of sulphur compounds by bacteria in the mouth.There are several causes of bad breath such as diet,drymouth,tobaccoproducts,medicaldisorders,denture or dental appliances and morning breath.Organoleptic measurements rank the intensity of odours which are considered the criterion standard for the measurement of malodour.Bad breath can be analysed by instrumental analysis and bacteriological analysis.Instrumental analysis which level of intraoral volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) can be estimated while bacteriological analysis is a complete head and neck examination including nasal endoscopy,flexible laryngoscopy and sites directed cultures are indicated.This oral malodour can be treated by maintaining good oral hygiene practices such as flossing ,care of denture,mouthwash and diet

[1]. Halitosis article | Bad breath &Halitosis|Colgate |Oral Care Information.American Dental Association,2 002 – 2013 Aetna,Inc
[2]. AuthorAshutoshkackerMD;ChiefEditor:Arlen D Meyers,Halitosis,MedScape,Updated Nov 8,2012
[3]. PeteJanet,Improve Oral Health &What You Can Do About Bad Brath,WebMD Feature, 2005 – 2013 WebMd
[4]. S R Porter and C Scully ,Oral Malodour(Halitosis),2006 September 23
[5]. JohnP.Cunha,The American Dental Association "Bad Breath (halitosis)",MedicineNet.com
[6]. BreathOdour|University of Maryland Medical center
[7]. Christian Nordqvist,Medical News Today,7 Oct 2009

Abstract: Fixed Prosthodontics is a dynamic and ever evolving branch mainly because of the numerous advantages that it warrants over removable prosthesis. With the blooming implant technology fixed prosthesis has become very popular owing to its definite psychological advantage. As we all know the oral cavity is a difficult area to treat, many a times we encounter complicated clinical scenarios like periodontally weak abutments, non-parallel abutments, long edentulous spans, reduced crown – root ratio etc where fixed prosthodontic treatment option stands jeopardized. Over the years many innovative clinical designs based on modifications to the conventional bridges have been proposed by several authors so as to restore not only the appearance and function of the masticatory unit in such complicated and perplexing situations, but also the present and future health of the tissues . This review envisages the conventional bridge design to the most contemporary, as well as their variations that have been proposed by various authors which can be applied effectively in various clinical situations. These various designs till date, both of historical and clinical importance have been overviewed and presented forming a working classification of bridge designs.
Key words: Adhesive bridge, Andrew's bridge, Cantilever bridge, Rochette bridge, Virginia bridge,

[1]. Schillinburg H.T. et al. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics (Chicago, Quintessence, Third edition)
[2]. Picton DCA. Tilting movements of teeth during biting. Arch Oral Biol 1962;7:151-159
[3]. Schillinburg H.T, Fisher D.W. Non-rigid connectors for fixed partial dentures. J Am Dent 1973;87:1195 -1199.
[4]. Goodkind R.J, Heringlake C.B. Mandibular flexure in opening and closing movements, J Prosthet Dent 1973; 30:134
[5]. Fischman BM. The influence of fixed splints on mandibular flexure. J Prosthet Dent 1976; 35:643
[6]. Schweitzer JM, Schweitzer RD, Schweitzer J. Free-end pontics used on fixed partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1968;20:120-
138.

Abstract: Thalassemia is one of the most confusing hemoglobinopathies. It is a kind of chronic inherited microcytic anemia characterized by defective hemoglobin synthesis and ineffective erythropoesis. It poses definite problems in relation to the dental treatment. Dental professionals should be aware of the nature and course of the disease and its implication on dental care and treatment. The severity of thalassemia varies from minimal anemia to transfusion dependence. Over the last twenty years, management for thalassemia major has improved to the point where we predict almost normal life expectancy of the patient, thus the provision of integral rather than palliative dental treatment must be considered. In this article orofacial, and non-skeletal manifestations of thalassemia are discussed with an overview of radiographic and dental considerations in such patients. The variable anemic condition of the patient, the transfusional and absorptive iron overload and the hyperplastic erythroid masses to compensate anemia complicate even the routine dental procedures in a thalassemic patient .

Key Words: Anemia,,Chip-munk facies, Erythroid hyperplasia, Hair-on-end appearance, Rodent facies, Thalassemia.

[1]. Cooley TB, Witwer ER, Lee P. Anemia in children with splenomegaly and peculiar changes in the bones. Am J Dis Child 1927;34:347
[2]. Weatherall JD, Clegg JB. The thalassaemia syndromes(3rd ed, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific: 1981). p.132-74
[3]. Ronald J A Trent. Diagnosis of Hemoglobinopathies. Clin Biochem Rev 2006;27:27-38
[4]. Nienhuis AW, Nathan DG. Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of the β- Thalassemias. Available www.perspectiveinmedicine.org on July 3, 2013.
[5]. Ronald J A Trent. Diagnosis of the haemoglobinopathies. Clin Biochem Rev 2006;27:27-38
[6]. Adeyemo TA, Adeyemo WL, Adediran A et.al. Orofacial manifestations of hematological disorders: Anemia and hemostatic disorders. Indian Journal of Dental Research 2011;22:454-461

Abstract: We report the case of a 28-year-old male Nigerian student, who presented in the Accident and Emergency Department of our Hospital with a five-hour history of fish hook and line impaction in the oesophagus. Patient noticed the line dangling from his mouth after swallowing a bolus of food. His initial attempts to remove it by pulling the string failed and he then resolved to swallow some more boluses in an attempt to dislodge the hook which also failed. There was an associated history of dysphagia, odynophagia and drooling of saliva. There was no difficulty in breathing, chest pain or fever.
X-ray soft tissue neck done showed a radio-opaque foreign body in the oesophagus at the level of the 6th cervical vertebrate. A rigid oesophagoscopy was done to retrieve the foreign body and a size 18FR naso-gastric tube was passed to rest the oesophagus. Third day post surgery, patient was started on tubal liquid diet and the tube removed on day six and was discharged.
Keywords: Fishhook, line, impaction, oesophagus

[1]. Akenroye M I, Osukoya A T. Uncommon, undeclared oesophageal foreign bodies. Niger J Clin Pract 2012;15:244-6
[2]. Afolabi OA, Bolaji BO, Adebola SO, Ogah SA, Ologe FE. Penetrating aero-digestive fish bone injury. J Med Trop 2013;15:162-4
[3]. O'Connor S, Ono R, Clarkson C. Pelagic fishing at 42,000 years before the present and the maritime skills of modern humans. Science. 2011; 334: 1117–1121.
[4]. Thommasen HV, Thommasen A. The occasional removal of an embedded fish hook. Can J Rural Med 2005;10(4):254-9.
[5]. D'Costa H, Bailey F, McGavigan B, George G, Todd B. Perforation of the oesophagus and after eating fish: An unusual cause of chest pain. Emerg Med J 2003;20:385-6
[6]. Okeowo PA. Foreign Bodies in the Pharynx and Oesophagus: A Ten Year Review of Patients seen in Lagos. Nigerian Quart J Hosp Med 1985;3:46-50

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different irrigating solutions on mercury released from dental amalgam. Method and materials: Thirty samples of dental amalgam of similar size were prepared and exposed to a 10-ml solution of either 3% naocl, 17% EDTA, combination of 3% naocl + 17% EDTA solution,2% chlorhexidine, 3% naocl + 2% Chlorhexidine solution, saline solution-controlgroup. For periods of 60 minutes. Mercury concentrations in the solutions were measured by using a cold-vapor atomic absorption Mercury Analyzer System, and the differences between the groups were statistically analyzed.Results-All amalgam samples exposed to 3%naocl , 17% EDTA ,combination of 3% naocl + 17% EDTA , 2% Chlorhexidine solution, 3%naocl + 2%chlorhexidine solution and saline (control) released mercury into solutions. Mercury released was significantly higher in naocl group (3.01) & EDTA + naocl (1.08) as compared to the other test solutions chlorhexidine + naocl (0.6), EDTA (0.29) chlorhexidine (0.24) & saline (0.24) . Chlorhexidine does not show any difference in mercury release with saline (control group).Conclusions. Naocl solutions commonly used for root canal cleaning and shaping cause mercury release from dental Amalgam and may alter its chemo-physical properties as a sealant for root perforations .

Keywords: Mercury release, Dental Amalgam, Chlorhexidine, EDTA,Hypochlorite

[1]. Lantz B, Persson PA. Periodontal tissue reactions after root perforations in dogs' teeth. A histologic study. Odontol Tidskr 1967;75:209-37.

[2]. Seltzer S, Sinai I, August D. Periodontal effects of root perforations before and during endodontic procedures. J Dent Res 1970;49:332-9.

[3]. Frank AL. Resorption, perforations, and fractures. Dent Clin North Am 1974;18:465-87.

[4]. Sinai IH. Endodontic perforations: their prognosis and treatment. J Am Dent Assoc 1977;95:90-5.

[5]. Beavers RA, Bergenholtz G, Cox CF. Periodontal wound healing following intentional root perforations in permanent teeth of Macaca mulatta. Int Endod J 1986;19:36-44.

[6]. Fuss Z, Trope M. Root perforations: classification and treatment choices based on prognostic factors. Endod Dent Traumatol 1996;12:255-64.

Abstract: Introduction - The aim of the study was to evaluate Streptococcus mutansMTCC 890 biofilm retention on the orthodontic brackets with 3 different techniques of ligation using scanning electron microscopic analysis. Methods and Materials - The extracted premolars for orthodontic purpose were taken and were stored in normal saline solution. The 60 extracted premolars were divided into 3 groups:Group – A – Conventional PEA metal brackets with .022 in slot with elastomeric or rubber module (n=20), Group –B – Conventional PEA metal brackets with .022 in slot with steel wire ligatures (n=20) and Group – C – Self ligating brackets (SLB) with .022 in slot for straight arch technique (n=20). The tooth samples were immersed in Brain-Heart Infusion Broth (BHIB) containing S.mutans and incubated aerobically for 72 hours at 37◦C to allow biofilm formation. The formation of biofilm and its retention to the brackets was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results – The SEM images showed significant statistical difference (p< 0.05) in biofilm retention between the three groups of ligating method. Brackets ligated with elastomeric modules and SLB had more biofilm retention when compared to steel wire ligature group. Conclusion - Fixed orthodontic appliances significantly increase the retention of biofilm regardless the type of bracket system chosen. The result of the present study indicates that steel ligature had least amount of biofilm retention when compared to elastomeric module and self-ligating bracket.
Keywords: Ligation techniques, PEA, SEM, SLB, S.mutans

[1] Scheie AA, Arneberg, Krogstad O: Effects of orthodontic treatment on prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in plaque and saliva. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 92 (1984)
[2] Lundstrom F and KrasseB : Caries incidence in orthodontic patients with high levels of streptococcus mutans. Eur J Orthod (1987) 9 (1): 117-121.
[3] Richard G. Rosenbloom and Norman Tinanoff. Salivary S. mutans levels in patients before, during and after orthodontic treatment. Am J OrthodDentofacOrthop 1991;100:35-7.
[4] Eliades, T., Eliades, G., Dr. Odont, Brantley, W.A. Microbial Attatchment on orthodontic appliances: I. Wettability and early pellicle formation on bracketmaterials. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop; 108 (1995): 351-360.
[5] Fournier A., Payant L., Bouclin R.: Adherence of Streptococcus mutans to orthodontic brackets. Am J. of Orthodontics and DentofacialOrthop; Vol. 114:4 (1998): 414-417.

Abstract: The Towards Freedom volumes have been edited by scholars of great distinction and eminence. 1 They bring together historical materials relating to the period of 1937-47 from a wide variety of sources - official records , private and organisational papers , newspapers and other contemporary publications available within the country. As such they prove to be an important source of information to study the history of this period and provide clear and unbiased information regarding the ongoing mass movements as part of the freedom movements in various parts of British India and the Princely states , in the backdrop of the Gandhian movement. They clearly define the role of the Kisan Sabhas and Praja Mandals and how they influenced in shaping the ideology of mass movements not only in British India, but also in the Princely states. The Towards Freedom series was an answer which the Indian government decided to take out as a response to the 'Transfer of Power' documents from the British side.

[1]. British Policy towards Princely States of India - Vyas ,R P
[2]. Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan - Tod James
[3]. Peoples Movement in the Princely States - Vaikuntham, Y
[4]. Editorial Note on Towards Freedom Series
[5]. RajputanaUnder British Paramontacy - The Failure of Indirect Rule- Susanne Hoeler Rudolph and Lloyd I Rudolph

Abstract: Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is characterized by a burning sensation in the tongue or other oral sites, usually in the absence of definitive clinical and laboratory findings. Affected person often present with multiple oral complaints, including burning, dryness and altered taste. Difficulty in diagnosing BMS lies in excluding the other known cause of oral burning. A logical/practical approach in clarifying this issue is to divide the patients into either primary (essential/idiopathic) BMS, whereby other disease is not evident, or secondary BMS whereby oral burning is explained by a clinical abnormality. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of various factors which may be responsible for oral burning associated with secondary BMS, therefore providing a foundation for diagnosing primary BMS.
Key words: Burning mouth syndrome, Oral burning, Local factors, Systemic factors, Psychological factors.

[1]. International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache disorders. 2nd edi. Cephalalgia 2004;24(suppl 1):9-160
[2]. Balasubramaniam R, Klasser GD, Delcanho R. Seperating oral burning from burning mouth syndrome: unravelling a diagnostic enigma. Aust dent J 2009;54;293-299.
[3]. Main DM, Basker RM. Patients complaining of a burning mouth. Further experience in clinical assessment and management.. Br.Dent J 1983;154:206-211.
[4]. Soares MS, Chimenos-Kustner E, Subira-Pifarre C, Rodriguez de Rivera-Campillo ME, Lopez-Lopez J. Association of burning mouth syndrome with xerostomia and medicines. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2005;10:301-308.
[5]. Lamey PJ, Lamb AB. Prospective study of etiologic factors in burning mouth syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988;296:1243-1246.