iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-3 ~ March-2015

Abstract: The right lung usually has three lobes and two fissures while the left lung has two lobes and one fissure1,2,3. During this study on cadavers we observedin three cadaveric lungs in which one is showing a variant in-complete transverse fissure in the left lung separating the superior lingual and anteriorBroncho-pulmonary segments. In the second one the left lung, there is Absence of oblique fissure at the usual site & an incomplete fissure separating upper lobe from lower lobe and in the third one both lungs(right lung showing incomplete fissures in the diaphragmatic surface dividing the lower lobe into three lobes&the left lung showinga variant in-complete transverse fissure in the left lung separating the superior lingual and anterior Broncho-pulmonary segments). Such variant fissures and lobes are clinically important in cases of lobectomy& thoracotomy procedures.

Keywords: Bronchopulmonary segments, Lobectomies, Lung Fissure, Lung

[1]. Shah P, Johnson D, Standring S. In: Gray's Anatomy. 39th ed. Edinburgh:Churchill Livingstone: 2005.Thorax; pp. 1068–1069.
[2]. Modgil V, Das S, Suri R. Anomalous lobar pattern of right lung: A case report. Int. J. Morphol. 2006;24:5.
[3]. Meenakshi S, ManjunathKY ,Balasubramanyam V. Morphological variations of the lung fissures andlobes. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2004 Jul-Sep;46(3):179–82.
[4]. Larsen WJ. Churchill Livingstone, New Y ork: 1993. Human Embryology; pp. 111–30.
[5]. Y amashita H. Tokyo lgakuShoin: 1978. Roentgenologic Anatomy of Lung; pp. 49–53.
[6]. Godwin JD, Tarver RD. Accessory Fissures of the Lung. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;144:39–47.
[7]. Walker WS, Craig SR. A proposed anatomical classification of the pulmonary fissures. J R CollSurg Edinb.1997 1997 Aug;42(4):233–4.

Abstract: Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome is rare hereditary polyposis condition. Intussusception is a known complication of Peutz-Jeghers Polyposis. Recurrent adult intussusception is a very rare condition in a post total colectomy case for Peutz-Jeghers Polyposis. We report a case of adult intussusception in a 24 year old male, 8 years post total colectomy and ileo-rectal anastomosis for intussusception due to Peutz-Jeghers Polyposis, who presented with features of intestinal obstruction. Exploratory laparotomy revealing multiple Jejuno-Jejunal intussusceptions and Ileo-Rectal intussusception.

Key Words: adult, intussusception, multiple, Peutz-Jeghers Polyp ,recurrent.

[1]. Cunningham JD, Vine AJ, Karch L, Aisenberg J. The role of laparoscopy in the management of intussusception in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: case report and review of the literature. SurgLaparosc Endosc1998 ; 8(1):17-20
[2]. McGarrity TJ, Kulin HE, Zaino RJ. Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:596–604.
[3]. Sokmen HM, Nce AT, Bolukba C, Kilic G, Dalay R, Kurda OO . A Peutz - Jeghers syndrome case with iron deficiency anemia and jejuno - jejunal invagination. Turk J Gastroente-rol 2003; 14(1):78-82.
[4]. Schreibman IR, Baker M, Amos C, McGarrityTJ. The hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: a clinical and molecular review. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100(2):476-490
[5]. Zbuk KM and Eng C. Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes. Nat ClinPractGastroenterolHepatol 2007; 4(9):492 – 502
[6]. Gammon A, Jasperson K, Kohlmann W, Burt RW. Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes. Best Pract Res ClinGastroenterol 2009; 23(2):219 – 31
[7]. Utsunomiya J, Gocho H, Miyanaga T, Hamaguchi E, Kashimure A. Peutz -Jeghers syndrome: its natural course and management. Johns Hopkins Med J 1975; 136(2):71- 82

Abstract:As we all know that the Maternal Mortality Ratio/Rate is a Global Health Indicator which reflects the overall improvement of a community in terms of literacy, occupation, healthcare facilities, women empowerment and level of standard of living could also speaks the developmental status of a country. So it is very much important to study the factors associated either directly (or) indirectly with the high mortality to control the situation at large. The present study was undertaken to study the 151 maternal deaths happened over a period of three years from January 2012 to December 2014 in Government General Hospital (Teaching Hospital), Guntur with a view to analyse the situation related to age, period of delivery, outcome of fetus, Type of hospital/area from which the referral was happened, time interval between maternal admission & death and cause of maternal death etc. Results: About 89% of maternal deaths were happened among 20-29 years of age group with the mean age of 23.5 years and 70% occurred during postpartum period. Maximum cases were referred directly from PHCs and more than 40% deaths occurred during first 24 hrs after reaching the hospital. In this study 36% were primiparous, 60.26% delivered normally and live births were accounted for 45%. Toxemias of pregnancy was the commonest cause of maternal death(31.12%),followed by haemorrhage(14.5%), and Embolism(11.25%) was observed.

Key words: Maternal Mortality Ratio, Toxemias, Haemorrhage, Guntur

[1]. WHO (2005), Regional Health Forum, Vol 9, No.1, 2005
[2]. www.who/int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/enupdated May,2014
[3]. Data.worldbank.org>indicators "Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate per 100000 live births)
[4]. Indian Express, Feb 17, 2014
[5]. Government of India (2011), Annual Report to the people on Health, 2011, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi.
[6]. Data.worldbank-org>indicators lifetime risk of Maternal death (1 in : Rate varies by country)
[7]. WHO, UNICEF, WORLD BANK (2012), Trends in Maternal mortality: 1990-2010
[8]. Government of India (2011), Special Bulletin on Maternal Mortality in India 2007-09, Sample Registration System, Office of the Registrar General.

Abstract: The occlusal forces applied to a fixed partial denture are transmitted to the supporting structures through the pontic, connectors and retainer. Rigid connectors between pontics are preferred way of fabricating most fixed partial dentures as they provide desirable strength and stability to the prosthesis. But it has been theorized that forces are transmitted to the terminal retainers are as a result of the middle abutment acting as a fulcrum, causing failure of the weaker retainer. It has also been suggested that the intrusion of the abutments under the loading could lead to failure between any retainer and its respective abutment. To reduce this hazard, the use of nonrigid connector has been recommended as it acts as broken-stress mechanical union of retainer and pontic, instead of usual rigid connector.

Key Words: Connector, Pier abutment, Mortise, Tenon, Non-rigid connector

[1]. SP Dange , AN Khalikar , Shiv Kumar. Non-rigid Connectors in Fixed Dental Prosthesis - ACase Report , JIDANov 2008;2(11):356.
[2]. Saurav Banerjee, Arlingstone Khongshei,Tapas Gupta, and Ardhendu Banerjee. Non-rigid connector: The wand to allay the stresses on abutment. Contemp Clin Dent. 2011 Oct-Dec;2(4): 351-354.
[3]. Glossary of prosthodontic terms. 8
[4]. Selcuk Oruc, Oguz Eraslan, H. AlperTukay and Arzu Atay. Stress analysis of effects of non rigid connectors on fixed partial dentures with pier abutments J Prosthet Dent 2008;99:185-192).
[5]. P.V.Badwaik, A . J . P a k w a n . Non-rigid connectors in fixed prosthodontics: current concepts with a case report. J I P S , J u n e 2005;5(2):99-102.
[6]. Markley MR. Broken-stress principle and design in fixed bridge prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent.1951;1:416-23.
[7]. Adams JD .J Am Dent Assoc. Planning posterior bridges. 1956;53:647- 54.
[8]. Gill JR. Treatment planning for mouth rehabilitation. J Prosthet Dent. 1952;2:230-45.
[9]. Carl E.Misch Dental implant prosthetics. Elsevier Mosby. 2005; Pg:189-190.
[10]. Shillingburg HT, Jr,Hobo S, Whitsett LD, Jacobi R, Brackett SE; Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. 3rd ed. Chicago:Quintessence 1997;Pg:85-118.

Abstract: Introduction: In conventional Laparoscopic Appendicectomy, three ports are used wherein both the sub-umbilical and supra-pubic port sites are hidden the by the natural camouflages and the only visible scar is the third port in the iliac fossa. The third port scar can be made invisible by using a needle port for trans-parietal appendicular traction. Materials and Methods: From January 2013 to May 2014 we attempted 35 cases of Needle port assisted Two port Laparoscopic Appendicectomy of which 7 were converted to conventional three port technnique. After introducing 10 mm subumbilical telescopic port and a 5 mm suprapubic working port, an 18G needle fastned with prolene was made into a loop and introduced in right iliac fossa to retract the appendix as the third port, which scarless.

[1]. Eypasch E, Sauerland S, Lefering R, Neugenbauer EM. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: Between evidence and common sense. Dig Surg 2002;19:518-22.
[2]. Yagnik VD, Rathod JB, Phatak AG. A retrospective study of two-port appendectomy and its comparison with open appendectomy and three-port appendectomy. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2010;16:268-71.
[3]. Garbutt JM, Soper NJ, Shannon WD, Botero A, Littenberg B. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing laparoscopic and open appendectomy.SurgLaparoscEndosc 1999;9:17-26
[4]. Udwadia TE. Single-incision laparoscopic surgery: An overview. J Minim Access Surg 2011;7:1-2.
[5]. Rao PP, Rao PP, Bhagwat S. Single-incision laparoscopic surgery - current status and controversies. J Minim Access Surg 2011;7:6-16.
[6]. Chamberlain RS, Sakpal SV. A comprehensive review of single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) technique for cholecystectomy J GastrointestSurg 2009;13:1733-40.
[7]. Romanelli JR, Earle DB. Single-port laparoscopic surgery: An overview. SurgEndosc 2009;23:1419-27

Abstract: The study is to know the incidence of gynecological problems in adolescent girls attending the department of gynecology in Siddhartha medical college , Vijayawada. The study includes 130 patients in the age group of 11-19 years attending the SMC VJA. The problems are the menstrual disorders are around 63.84%, unwanted pregnancy14.72%,vaginal dischaarge6.2%,trauma to genital tract3.87%.ovarian tumors3.1%,molar pregnancy2.32%, infertility2.32%breast tumors2.32%,ectopic pregnancy1.55%. They were counseled regarding normal and abnormal menstruation. malnutrition, safe sex, sexually transmitted disease, teenage pregnancy and personal hygiene. We made aware this legal act like Medical termination of pregnancy act, child labor act, marriage act etc to the adolescence.

Key words: Adolescent, breast tumors, Menorrhagia, ovarian tumors , polycystic ovaries, teenage pregnancy, unwanted pregnancy.

[1]. Howkins and Bourne, Shaw's Txt book of Gynaecology 15th Ed. Pg.No.52-53.
[2]. Sheil – O, Turner M. Adolescent Gynecology in ; Studd J (Ed) progress Onstetrics Gynaecology volume 12 (215) B.I. Churchill Livingstone New Delhi, 1997
[3]. Gowswami sebanti Duttarekha, Sen gupta Sibani, A profile of Adolescent and girls at Medical college and hospital Calcutte published in the journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India.2005;Vol55, No.4, 353-355.
[4]. Spheroff I, and D.B.Redwine 1980: Exercise and Menstrual function, Physician sport Medicine 8:42
[5]. WHO – 1975- the reproductive health of adolescents: A strategy for action- A joint WHO / UNFPA / UNICEF statement WHO, GENEVA.
[6]. The counseling process by Levis E, Paterson, Elizabeth, Welfel 5th Ed. 2000, pno.3
[7]. Bhalerao study 1988; Outcome of teenage pregnancy, journal of Post Graduate Medicine 1990;36(3)136-139.
[8]. Lalifah Hasan, Michel. F, Diejomoah, Jahed al harmi, Asiya T Mohd, thescope of pediatric and adolescence gynecological problems in Kuwait. Med principles and practices 2010.;19;384-89.

Abstract:Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major causes of parenterally acquired hepatitis. It is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). The common modalities of spread of hepatitis C infection are blood transfusion, injection drug use, unsafe therapeutic injections, health care related procedures, sexual and vertical transmission. HCV is known to have marked genetic heterogenicity. Presently HCV can be classified into at least 6 major types(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and series of subtypes. Genotype 1a is common worldwide. In India the most prevalent genotype is 3. HCV genotypes exhibit different profiles of pathogenicity, infectivity and response to antiviral therapy.

Keywords: Hepatitis C virus(HCV), chronic hepatitis,HCV transmission, HCV genotyping.

[1]. Prince AM, Brotman B, Grady GF et al. Long incubation post-transfusion hepatitis without evidence of exposure to hepatitis B virus. Lancet 1974; ii:241–246

[2]. Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purcell RH. Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis A or B. N Engl J Med 1975; 292:767–770

[3]. Alter HJ, Holland PV, Morrow AG, Purcell RH, Feinstone SM, Moritsugu Y. Clinical and serological analysis of transfusion-associated hepatitis. Lancet 1975; ii:838–841

[4]. Poovorawan Y, Chatchatee P, Chongsrisawat V. Epidemiology and prophylaxis of viral hepatitis: a global perspective. J GastroenterolHepatol. 2002;17:155–66.

[5]. Chaudhuri S, Das S, Chowdhury A, Santra A, Bhattacharya SK, Naik TN. Molecular epidemiology of HCV infection among acute and chronic liver disease patients in Kolkata, India. J ClinVirol. 2005;32:38-46.

[6]. Gowri V, Chandraleka C, Vanaja R. The current seroprevalence of Hepatitis C virus in a Tertiary Care Centre in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Indian J. Community Med. 2012; 37(2):96-110. [7]. Pal KS, Choudhuri G. Hepatitis C :The Indian Scenario. Physicians Digest. 2005; 46-53

[8]. Garg S, Mathur DR, Garg DK. Comparison of seropositivity of HIV, HBV HCV and syphilis in replacement and voluntary blood donors in western India. Indian J PatholMicrobiol 2001;44:409–12.

[9]. Jaiswal SP, Chitnis DS, Naik G, Artwani KK, Pandit CS, Salgia P, et al. Prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in central India. Indian J Med Res. 1996;104:177–81.

[10]. Panigrahi AK, Panda SK, Dixit RK, Rao KV, Acharya SK, Dasarathy S, et al. Magnitude of hepatitis C virus infection in India: prevalence inhealthy blood donors, acute and chronic liver diseases. J Med Virol. 1997;51:167–74.

Abstract: Hematoma of auricle is a collection of blood beneath the perichondrial layer of pinna usually posing a challenge to an ENT surgeon due to its high rate of recurrence after treatment and lack of appropriate material for use as stitch dressing. This is a pilot study in which shirt buttons were used as a stitch dressing after routine incision and aspiration. Aim: To determine the effectiveness of buttons in the treatment of auricular seroma/hematoma. Materials and Methods: 20 patients of recurrent auricular seroma/hematoma presenting at OPD, SMS hospital, Jaipur, underwent aspiration and button suturing and were taken up for the study. Results: All patients underwent aspiration and button suturing, had uneventful recovery and were followed up for 1-3 months. Conclusion: Buttons which are readily available have been found very helpful as stitch dressing g in the management of auricular seroma/hematoma. Keywords: auricle, hematoma, seroma, buttons, stitch dressing.

[1]. Giles WC, Iverson KC, King JD, et al. Incision and drainage followed by mattress suture repair of auricular hematoma. Laryngoscope 2007; 117 (12): 2097-9 [2]. Kikura M, Hoshino T, Matsumoto M, et al. Auricular seroma: A new concept, and diagnosis and management of 16 cases. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 132 (10): 1143-7 [3]. Cohen P.R., Katz B.E. Pseudocyst of the auricle: Successful treatment with intracartilgenous trichloracetic acid and button bolsters. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1991;17:255-58.
[4]. Eliachar I, Golz A, Joachims HZ, Goldsher M. Continuous portable vacuum drainage of auricular hematomas. Am J Otolaryngol1983;4:141-3 [5]. Borroni, G., Brazzelli, V., and Merlino, M. Pseudocyst of the auricle. A birthday ear pull. Br J Dermatol. 1991; 125:292

Abstract: AIMS & OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspepsia undergoing upper Gastrointestinal endoscopy(UGIE) in KARPAGA VINAYAGA MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, MADHURANTHAGAM and to study the association of Helicobacter pylori with Acid peptic diseases & Malignant conditions of upper Gastro intestinal tract. MATERIALS & METHODS: 389 cases of dyspepsia, studied clinically, were subjected to UGIE, during which 4 biopsies, two each from the antrum and the pathological areas were taken. One of the antral area and the other of the pathological finding were immediately subjected to Rapid urease test. Positive test for Helicobacter pylori was indicated by change in colour of the medium from yellow to pink or red.

[1]. Doenges J L. "Spirochaetes in gastric glands of macacus rhesus and humans without definite history of related disease." Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1938; 38: 536-38.
[2]. Freedburg A S, Barron L E. "The presence of spirochaetes in human gastric mucosa." Am. J. Dig Dis, 1940; 7: 443-45.
[3]. Ito S. "Anatomic structure of the gastric mucosa." Handbook of Physiology, section 6: Alimentary canal, vol II: secretion. Washington,DC: American Physiological Society, 1967; 705-41.
[4]. Steer H W, Colin-Jones D G. "Mucosal changes in gastric ulceration and their response to carbenoxolone sodium." Gut, 1975; 16: 590-97.
[5]. Maeda S, Ogura K et al. "Major virulence factors, VacA and CagA, arecommonly positive in Helicobacter pylori isolates in Japan."GUT, 1998; 42: 338-343.

Abstract: Aim: Meningitis is referred to as an inflammatory process of the leptomeninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the sub-arachnoid space of the brain. globally distributed as either sporadic or epidemic forms. Meningitis can be caused by many infectious agents like bacteria, viruses and fungi, and non-infectious factors (like trauma The aim of the present study is to look for a simple, rapid, cost effective, non-invasive and fairly specific test in differentiating viral from other causes. Material and Methods: The present study was carried to evaluate the changes in biochemical parameters including glucose, protein, C-reactive proteins (CRP), electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride) and enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, CK and LDH) in the CSF and serum samples of the viral meningitis patients (n=25) and compared with control subjects (n=25).

[1]. Sharma N et al., ( (1)Braunwald E, Longo DL, Jameson JL. Infectious diseases. In: Braunwald E, (editor). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 15th ed. New York:Mc Graw-Hill; 2001.
[2]. Rajnik M, Ottolni MG. Serious infections of central nervous system: encephalitis, meningitis and brain abscess. Adolesc Med. 2000; 11: 401-25.
[3]. Romero JR, Newland JG. Viral meningitis and encephalitis: Traditionaland emerging viral agents. Semin Pediat Infect Dis. 2003; 14(2): 72-82.
[4]. Thomas k.e et al.the diagnostic accuracy of kernigs sign,brudzinsfkis sign and nuchal rigidity in adults with suspected meningitis.clin infect dis.july,2002 :35;46-52.
[5]. Shelburne C, Statler M. (2008). Meningitis: distinguishing the benign from the serious. JAAPA. 21:54–59.
[6]. Jadali, F., Sharifi, M., Jarollahi, A., & Nahidi, S. (2009). C - Reactive protein And Lactate Dehydrogenase in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Rapid and Early Diagnosis of Childhood Meningitis. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology., 1(4), 37-46.
[7]. Sormunen P, Kallio MJ, Kilpi T, Peltola H. (1999). C-reactive protein is useful in distinguishing Gram stain-negative bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis in children. J Pediatr. 134(6):725-9.

Abstract:Repeated abortion, Habitual abortion, recurrent miscarriage or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is the occurrence of three or more Pregnancies that end in miscarriage of the fetus, usually before 20 weeks of gestation. RPL affects 0.34% of women who conceive. When miscarriage occurs repeatedly at a certain period of pregnancy, it is termed `habitual abortion`. Repeated abortion takes place due to various causes like chromosomal abnormalities, physical illness, polycystic ovary syndrome, immune problems, antiphospholipid antibodies, problems in the uterus, intra uterine natural killer cells, thrombophilia, and life style in women. And some more valid issues that we have performed a study on genetic and immunological aspects like pathophysiology, angiogenesis, VEGF gene polymorphism, IgG, IgM And TORCH ( which stands for Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes) . In this study we have taken 60 numbers of female patients in the age group between 24±6 age, by using techniques like agarose gel electrophoresis, PCR, RFLP and TORCH tests were performed in the sterile laboratory conditions to get accurate results in the patient samples. We determined IgG and IgM levels specific of TORCH group of infectious agents in women with recurrent miscarriage.
Keywords: Repeated abortion, Habitual abortion, recurrent miscarriage, VEGF gene polymorphism and TORCH infection

[1]. Abel E, 1997. Maternal alcohol consumption and spontaneous abortion. Alcohol. 32:211–219. [PubMed]
[2]. American Academy of Pediatrics. Cytomegalovirus infection. In: Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 29th, Pickering LK (Ed), American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL 2012. p.300.
[3]. Cherry JD, Adachi K. Rubella virus. In: Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 7th, Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, et al. (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2014. p.2195.
[4]. Cnattingius S, Signorello LB, Anneren G, et al. 2000. Caffeine intake and the risk of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med. 343:1839–1845. [PubMed] [5]. Cruse, Julius M., and Robert E. Lewis.1995.Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology. New York: CRC Press.
[6]. Eastman, N. J. 1947. Editorial comment on habitual abortion, Obstet. andGynec. Survey, 2:17, Feb.

Abstract: Fibroadenoma is most common benign neoplasm after fibrocystic disease of the breast which occurs in an age group of 15-35 years. It is uncommon before the age of 16 years. 4% of fibroadenomas can present juvenile age group. Tumor usually presents as unilateral breast mass with asymmetry of the breast. Diagnosis is made on clinical basis since it moves freely within the breast. FNAC is done to confirm the diagnosis; USG breast will give well circumscribed swelling with mixed echogenicity. Surgery is the treatment of choice followed by breast reconstruction for asymmetry in well developed breast in adults. 12 years old female presented with asymmetry and enlargement of left breast. On examination there was a lump of 12X10 cm in size, occupying the entire breast. The lump was firm in consistency, freely mobile and no palpable lymph nodes were present in the axilla. Our clinical diagnosis was fibroadenoma. Lump was completely excised by periareolar incision. The diagnosis is confirmed by histological examination. Since fibro adenoma is rare in juvenile age group and in most of the cases it is giant fibro adenoma. To our knowledge one case of juvenile giant fibroadenoma was reported in 11 year old girl in literature, to best of our knowledge this would be a second lowest age group reported in the literature. However, fibroadenoma was reported in 13 months old female child which was lowest age group.

Keywords: Cytoablation, Giant fibroadenoma, juvenile fibroadenoma, Ultrasonogram (USG)

[1]. Valdes EK, Boolbol SK, Cohen J, Feldman SM. Malignant transformation of a breast fibroadenoma to cystosarcoma phyllodes: Case report and review of the literature. Am Surg. 2005; 71:348–53.
[2]. Caleffi M, Filho DD, Borghetti K et al. Cryoablation of benign breast tumors: evolution of technique and technology. Breast 2004; 13:397–407.
[3]. Tavassoli FA, ed. Chapter 11. Biphasic tumors. In: Pathology of the Breast, Second Edition. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1999:571–631.
[4]. Kleer CG, Tseng MD, Gutsch DE et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in rapidly growing fibroadenomas of the breast in immunosuppressed hosts.Mod Pathol 2002;15:759–764.
[5]. Jung YS, Lee KJ, Yoon TI, et al. Juvenile fibroadenoma in 13-month-old female child. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005; 41:78–9. [PubMed]
[6]. Ahuja A, Seth A. Juvenile fibroadenoma of breast. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:72. [PubMed]
[7]. Senel SH, Caki BC, Kibar AE. Breast fibroadenoma in female adolescents. Saudi Med J. 2007; 28:137–8.

Abstract: Background: Mercury is a naturally occurring metal which exists in three forms: Elemental (metallic), inorganic and organic forms. Elemental mercury is a shiny silver white liquid (quicksilver) obtained by refining of mercuric sulphide in cinnabar ore. Inorganic mercury compounds or mercury salts are formed when mercury combines with other salts like chlorine , sulphur or oxygen. When inorganic mercury is methylated or combines with organic agents it forms organic mercury. Organic mercury gets ingested in the body mainly by the consumption of seafood. Mercury is also stated to cause various adverse health effects like gastrointestinal disturbances, dermatitis muscle weakness and neurological disorders. In dentistry, amalgam which is an alloy of mercury is used in various restorative procedures. In recent years the use of amalgam has become a controversy stating the various adverse effects of mercury. Hence a study to estimate the mercury levels in various fresh and salt water fish, and in practising dentist who consume it has become necessary Aim: To determine the levels of mercury in the most frequently consumed fresh and salt water fish and in practising dentist who consume it.

[1]. Anusavice.Phillips science of dental materials.11th ed.Missouri:Elsevier;2003
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[3]. Office of Public Health. Information for health care professionals mercury exposure and toxicity[Internet]. 2008 [cited2008Dec]. Available from: new.dhh.lousiana.gov/ assets/oph/center EH/envepi/mercury_for_health_professionals_Hg_Final.pdf
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[5]. Bhanoo SN. Toxic mercury is more at home in sea water, Study finds. The New York Times[Internet].2010 Jun 28[cited 2010 Jun 28];Available from:green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/toxic_mercury_delights_more_in_seawater_study_finds/?r=0.