iosr-JEEE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2015

Abstract: In electrical engineering load forecasting have been tried out using traditional forecasting models and artificial intelligence techniques and have become one of the major research fields. An accurate and efficient Short-term load forecasting (STLF) plays a vital role for economic operational planning of both regulated power systems and electricity markets. To develop a solution/methodology to demand forecast (Hourly load forecast) and by incorporating weather conditions. However, STLF it is pertinent to understand conventional methods. Therefore, popular conventional methods were implemented to learn methods for STLF. This paper presents Simple Moving Average, Weighted Moving Average, Exponential Moving Average, Auto Regressive and Multiple linear regressions for short term load forecasting. Conventional technique approach is implemented on historical load data for forecasting the load. PGVCL hourly load data used for training and testing is collected from ALDC, Jetpur, Gujarat. Hence hereby in this paper I have compared five conventional methods for STLF and have come out with a result that forecasting errors of time series models gives reasonably accurate hour ahead load forecast.

Keywords: Short-Term Load forecasting, traditional methods, matlab coding results.

[1]. Kothari D.P., and I.J. Nagrath, "Modern Power System Analysis", Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, Third Edition, New Delhi, India. 2003.
[2]. G. Gross, F. D. Galiana, "Short-term load forecasting‟, Proceedings of the IEEE, 1987, 75(12), 1558 – 1571.
[3]. I.Moghram& S. Ruhman, "Analysis and evaluation five of load forecasting techniques", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol 4, no.4 pp.1484–1491, 1989.
[4]. Papalexopoulos A.D., Hesterberg T.C, "Regression-Based Approach to Short-Term Load Forecasting", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.5, no. 4, pp 1535-1547,1990.
[5]. S. T. Chen, D. C. Yu, and A. R. Moghaddamjo, "Weather sensitive short-term load forecasting using nonfully connected artificial neural network," IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1098–1105, 1992
[6]. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112107142/32

Abstract: In any solar plant output of PV arrays varies due to change of solar irradiance and other conditions. Therefore, the maximum power point tracking algorithm is implemented in DC-DC converter to enable PV arrays to operate at maximum power point. This paper presents the averaged model for PV array with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) boost converter. This model consists of PV module and MPPT boost DC-DC converter. The incremental conductance algorithm is employed to control the boost converter. Instantaneous report of system stability & efficiency is stimulated under the normal variation of solar irradiance or in any condition through MATLAB simulation. Keywords: Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Boost converter ; Solar cell model ; Solar cell connected with Grid & PV array averaged Model,; Switched-mode Boost DC-DC converter; Distributed Generation (DG), Incremental Conductance (IC) algorithm; Concentrating Solar Plant(CSP).

[1]. Gow, J.A. and C.D. Manning. "Development of a Photovoltaic Array Model for Use in Power-Electronics Simulation Studies." IEEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Vol. 146, No. 2, 1999, pp. 193–200.
[2]. Aryuanto Soetedjo, Abraham Lomi, Yusuf Ismail Nakhoda, Awan Uji Krismanto. "Modelling of Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller for Solar Power System." TELKOMNIKA, Vol.10, No.3, July 2012, pp. 419~430
[3]. Jiang Y, Qahouq J A A. "Study and evaluation of load current based MPPT control for PV solar systems." Proceedings of IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition. Arizona. 2011: 205-210.
[4]. Elgendy M A, Zahawi B, Atkinson D J. "Assesment of Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm Implementation Techniques for PV Pumping Applications." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2012; 3(1): 21-33.

Abstract: in this paper, the speed control of an induction motor using Four Switch Three Phase Inverter (FSTPI) and Neural Network is proposed. The proposed work has been carried out by the design and implementation of inverter and control circuit. The four switch three phase inverter is used because of low cost, lesser switching losses and reduced complexity of control algorithm and interfacing circuits. The control circuit was developed by designing a three layered feed forward Neural Network estimator which estimates rotor flux, unit vectors and torque by taking voltage and current reference from machine terminals. Based on the Neural Network output and difference between actual peed and set speed, the digital signal controller (dsPIC30F6012A) generates pulse width modulated (PWM) pulses to the power switches of the inverter. The width and frequency of pulses are adjusted such that to maintain the constant v/f ratio of inverter output voltage to achieve the desired speed. The proposed system has been tested with different loads and different speed. The results are tabulated and corresponding graphs are drawn. From the graphs it is observed that, the constant speed has been achieved with variation of load. The neural network controller provides an accurate and faster speed control.

Index Terms: Three phase induction motor, FSTPI, PWM, Neural Network, dsPIC30F6012A

[1]. M. Nasir uddin, T. S. Radwan, and M. A. Rahman, "Performance Analysis of a Cost Effective4-Switch 3-phase Inverter Fed IM drive", Iranian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 2, summer-fall 2006
[2]. M. Godoy simces, Bimal k. Bose: "Neural network Based Estimation of Feedback Signals for a Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive", IEEE Transactions on Industr Applications.vol 31, no3 pp 620 to 629, May 19
[3]. M.A. Shamsi Nejad, M.Farshad, and H.Moayedi Rad,:" A New Method of PWM Pulse Generation in Induction Motor using Artificial NeuralNetwork",IEEE Transaction Intern--ational Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drive Automation and Motion, pp. 942-946, 2010.
[4]. Poornima and K. Prakasam: "V/F Control of Three Phase Induction Motor using Neural Network along with power factor correction", Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits. Vol 2, Special Issue 1, Part 1, February 2012.
[5]. D. D. Neema, R. N. Patel and A. S. Thoke, Member IEEE: "Rotor Flux and Torque Estimation for Vector Controlled Induction Drive using ANN",IEEE Transaction, pp.2215 to 2220, 2009.

Abstract: The use of Wind Energy for Electrical Power generation has increased considerably over past few decades and emphasis is continuously given for its integration with power grids. It has been found difficult to keep doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) connected to grid under various dynamic conditions like Fault, etc. One of the most important parameters of the system where wind turbine generators (WTGs) are connected is voltage profile at the point of common coupling (PCC). Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) can improve the dynamic performance of a wind turbine equipped with DFIG during voltage sag and swell events. The converter and the chopper of the SMES unit are controlled using a hysteresis current controller (HCC) and a fuzzy logic controller (FLC), respectively. Detailed simulation will be carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK software to highlight the impact of the SMES unit in improving the overall system performance under voltage profile.

Keywords: DFIG, Dynamic system, SMES, TSO, PCC, HCC, FLC

[1]. A.M.Shiddiq Yunus, Mohammad A. S. Masoum, A. Abu-Siada, "Application of SMES to Enhance the Dynamic Performance of DFIG During Voltage Sag and Swell, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 22, No. 4, August 2012
[2]. M. Tsili and S. Papathanassiou, ―A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms, IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 3, Sep. 2009

[3]. M. Altin, O. Goksu, R. Teodorescu, P. Rodriguez, B. B. Jensen, and L. Helle, "Overview of recent grid codes for wind power integration," in Proc. 12th Int. Conf. OPTIM, 2010, .

[4]. J. Lopez, E. Gubia, E. Olea, J. Ruiz, and L. Marroyo, "Ride through of wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator under symmetrical voltage dips," IEEE Trans. Oct. 2009.

[5]. Mohseni, Islam, and Masoum, "Impacts of symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sags on DFIG-based wind turbines considering phase-angle jump, voltage recovery, and sag parameters," IEEE Trans, May 2011.

Abstract: An electric drive performance is paramount for crucial motion application and greatly influenced by capabilities of controller. For high performance application, vector control technique is normally applied with the permanent magnet induction motor (PMSM) drive. Instead of conventional PID controller fuzzy logic controller (FLC) has been widely used for such application. However, the real time computational burden is directly influencing by size of rule-based of FLC, which subsequently restricts its application with the processors of limited speed and memory. The performance of drive and the number of rule base are inversely with each other. It is evident that don't equally participate all the rules in the response and can be reduced for simplicity which utilizing less computational resources. In this paper, presented for three different rule based namely 49, 25and 9 rules for the performance of vector controlled PMSM drives. The performance of the drive has been investigated for speed control at load and at no load. With larger FLC rule base the performance of drive system is found superior as compared to the lesser rules at the cost of large computational resources and speed.

Keywords: PMSM drives, vector control, Fuzzy logic controller

[1]. B. K. Bose, Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives, Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice hall, 1986.
[2]. M. N. Uddin, T. S. Radwan, and M. A. Rahman, "Performances of Fuzzy-Logic-Based Indirect Vector Control for Induction Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1219-1225, Sep./Oct. 2002.
[3]. T. S. Radwan, M. N. Uddin, and M. A. Rahman, "A new and simple Structure of fuzzy logic based Indirect Field Oriented Control of Induction Motor Drive," in Proc.35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Germany, 2004, pp. 3290-3294.
[4]. Z. Ibrahim and E. Levi, "A Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy Logic and PI Speed Control in High-Performance AC Drives Using Experimental Approach," IEEE Trans. on Industry applications, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1210-1218, Sep./Oct. 2002.
[5]. C. Shanmei, W. Shuyun, and D. Zhengeheng, "A Fuzzy Speed Controller of Induction Motors," in Proc. International Conference on Intelligent Mechatronics and Automation, China, 2004, pp. 747-750.
[6]. B. Sahu, K. B. Mohanty, and S. Pati, "A Comparative Study on Fuzzy and PI Speed Controllers for Field-Oriented Induction Motor Drive," in Proc. International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control and Robotics, India, 2010, pp. 191-196.

Abstract: Talking about the expansion taking place in power of electronic apparatus, a noteworthy influence has been put up by the evolution of high-power and high-voltage semiconductor technology. Complete or partial deregulated networks have used this approach in order to carry out management and other efficient operations related to electrical grids. High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) transmission of power as well as the Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) has advanced forward to fit in the futuristic aspects. In this paper, we have presented a brief as well as deep overview of aspects related to HVDC which can help to decide whether to go for HVDC or for any other option. Firstly, history of the HVDC is discussed which is followed by the introduction of different types of links used by HVDC. The key factors which need to focused upon while taking the any decision related to transmission systems is then explained by analyzing and considering the conceptual, economical, environmental and technical perspectives. Reasons for why and why not to go for HVDC are then presented. It squabbles that HVAC can take a back seat in some scenarios whereas HVDC will stand the test of futuristic challenges as the emphasized advantages of HVDC will always turn out to be winners as compared to its disadvantages. Some of major HVDC transmission systems and HVDC application areas are explained. The paper concludes by pinpointing the open future research challenges related to this technology.

Keywords: High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC),Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS), High-Voltage Analog-Current (HVAC).

[1] Bahrman, Michael P., and Brian K. Johnson. "The ABCs of HVDC transmission technologies." Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE 5.2 (2007): 32-44.
[2] Rudervall, Roberto, J. P. Charpentier, and Raghuveer Sharma. "High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems technology review paper." Energy week 2000 (2000).
[3] Agelidis, Vassilios G., Georgios D. Demetriades, and Nikolas Flourentzou. "Recent advances in high-voltage direct-current power transmission systems."Industrial Technology, 2006. ICIT 2006. IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2006.
[4] Meah, Kala, and SadrulUla. "Comparative evaluation of HVDC and HVAC transmission systems." Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007. IEEE. IEEE, 2007.
[5] Clerici, Alessandro, Luigi Paris, and Per Danfors. "HVDC conversion of HVAC lines to provide substantial power upgrading." Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on 6.1 (1991): 324-333.

Abstract: This paper describes a technique to detect, classify and locate faults on an underground cable system based on the principles of continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Due to the fault in the power system a high frequency current and voltage generates and propagate along the power. These generated signals contain a lot of information and can be used for fault detection and location. The high frequency components generated are extracted using the wavelet technique and analysis of the extracted signals is carried. The MATLAB simulink version 7.6 is used to model the underground cable network and faults at various locations are simulated. The resulting waveforms are subjected through a wavelet transform to extract the required signals for analysis. The results show that the wavelet transform is very effective to extract the transient components from the fault signals and detection and location of faults can be done accurately. In this paper three phase 11KV; 100km long cable is considered for the analysis purpose.

Keywords: Cable, CWT, fault location, transient, signals, simulation

[1]. Kuan, K.K & Warwick, K. (1992) Real-Time Expert System for Fault Location on High Voltage Underground Distribution Cables. IEE Publications Proceedings-c, Vol. 139, No.3, pp. 235-240.
[2]. Crossley P.A. and MacLaren P.G. (1983) Distance protection based on travelling waves. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and System. Vol. PAS 102, No.9, September: 2971-2983.
[3]. Ancell G.B. & Pahalawaththa N.C. (1994) Maximum likelihood estimation of fault location on transmission lines using travelling waves. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. Vol. 9, No. 2, April: 680-689.
[4]. Jie Liang, Elangovan S., Devotta J.B.X. (1999) Adaptive travelling wave protection algorithm using two correlation functions. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. Vol. 14, No.1, January: 126-131.
[5]. Bo Z.Q., Weller G., Redfern M.A. (1999) Accurate fault location technique for distribution system using fault-generated high-frequency transient voltage signals. IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. Volume 146, Issue 1, January: 73 – 79.

Abstract: The measurement of the field strength distribution of Ekiti State broadcasting service radio channel propagating at 91.5MHz was conducted round the stretch of the State, with physical presence of the investigator in all the local government areas. The elevation of area visited including its longitude and latitude, and the field strength were measured, as well as the line of sight distance to the transmitter base with the use of the Dagatron Tm 10 Level (field strength) Meter, and Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver GARMIN MAP 76 Personal Navigator. For path loss prediction model calculations, investigation was carried out along four (4) major different routes away from Broadcasting Services of Ekiti State, (BSES) 91.5MHZ base station.The path loss prediction for Ekiti State was developed, and a comparison between the path loss prediction models by Friis and Okumura-Hata was made, to determine the most suitable for the terrain existing in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The corresponding error statistic in terms of the mean prediction error calculated using a statistical term-standard error of estimation to find the prediction error as the difference between the measured and predicted values. It was established that the path losses along the four routes considered of the radio signal being propagated increases with increase in distance moved away from the base station. Friis transmission equation underestimated, with a mean error of 1.76dB along routes A,B,C and D while Okumura-Hata model gave a mean error of 2.68dB along routes A,B,C and D. Thus, Okumura-Hata model gave a closer prediction to the measurements in all the routes and so, is more suitable for path loss prediction for Very High Frequency VHF waves in Ekiti State and that addition of a loss factor of 2.68dB be added to correction factor for any route in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Keywords: Comparison, estimated data, frequency band, path loss, signal strength, transmitter.

[1]. http/www.nbc.gov.com; visited on 12-01-2013
[2]. Broadcasting Organization of Nigeria (BON) Directory. 2010, 10-70
[3]. G.O. Ajayi, and I.E. Owolabi, "Medium Wave Propagation Curves (for use in medium Wave transmission planning and design)"
Technical Report of the Radio Wave Propagation Research Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University
of Ife, Nigeria. 1975
[4]. G.O. Ajayi, and I.E. Owolabi, Coverage Area of the 10kW, 702 kHz Medium Wave Transmitter at Minna and Feasibil ity Studies
for full Radio Coverage Area of Niger State, Technical Report of the Electrical Communication Consultancy Unit (ECCU),
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Ife, Nigeria. 1979
[5]. L. Bothias, Radio Wave Propagation, McGraw-Hill Inc. New York St. Louis San Francisca Montreal Toronto 1987, 144-175.
[6]. Beasley and Miller: Modern Electronic Communication, 8th edition, Prentice Hall of India pvt. Ltd. 2010
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Abstract: Human-robot symbiotic systems have been studied extensively in recent years, considering that robots will play an important role in the future. Similarly robotic surgery has seen a lot of advancement in the past decade. They are based on either a pre-programmed instruction for a particular surgical method or a manually controlled system where the surgeon gives the robot instructions during the surgery. These systems possesses the limitations of poor judgment, limited hand-eye co-ordination, it's rather limited to simple procedures only and really expensive. This paper proposes a simple gyroscopic and force sensitive based robotic arm apparatus which is controlled by hand gestures. Innate hand gestures can be used as a discerning and robust method to interact with the surgical robot. The movement of fingers and wrists of the surgeon procures a signal which is used by the motors of the robotic arm. This unique methodology can be implemented as a resilient telesurgical system for low cost and high accuracy surgical demands.

Keywords: Robotic surgery, Accelerometers, Robotic arm

[1]. "The role of surgery in global health: analysis of United States inpatient procedure frequency by condition using the global burden of disease 2010 framework. Rose, John, et al. " PloS one 9.2 (2014): e89693.
[2]. Hand gesture guided robot-assisted surgery on a direct augmented reality interface. Ron Wen, Wei-Liang Tay, Binh P. Nguyen, Chin-Boon Chng, Chee-Kong Chui.

[3]. Distance metric learning for large margin nearest neighbor classification. K.Q. Weinberger, L.K. The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 10 (2009)

[4]. Gesture spotting with body-worn inertial sensors to detect user activities Pattern Recognition., Junker et al., 2008 H. Junker, O. Amft, P. Lukowicz, G. Tröster 41 (6) (2008)

[5]. Context-based hand gesture recognition for the operating room Mithun George Jacob, Juan Pablo Wachs.