iosr-JEEE   Volume-12 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2017

Abstract: Vehicle plate recognition is a successful image processing technique used to recognize vehicles' plate numbers. There are several applications for this method which enlarge through many fields and attention groups. Vehicle plate recognition may be considered as an advertising equipment, for the purpose of traffic and border securities for law enforcement, and travel. Many methods have been accompanied to make this technique easy. This learning proposes an edge-detection method to allow a Plate Recognition System of a vehicle through the practical situations............
Key Words: LPR, vehicle recognition, edge detection, access control, Gaussian filter

[1]. M. Rasooli, S. Ghofrani and E. Fatemizadeh, "Farsi License Plate Detection based on Element Analysis and Characters Recognition", International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, vol. 4, no. 1, (2011) March, pp. 65-80.
[2]. M. M. Shidore and S. P. Narote, "Number Plate Recognition for Indian Vehicles", IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol. 11, no. 2, (2011) February, pp. 143-146.
[3]. B. Shan, "Vehicle License Plate Recognition Based on Text-line Construction and Multilevel RBF", Journal of Computers, vol. 6, no. 2, (2011) February, pp. 246-253.
[4]. S. Ozbay and E. Ercelebi, "Automatic Vehicle Identification by Plate Recognition A Neural Network", World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 9, (2005), pp. 222-225.
[5]. M. I. Khalil, "Car Plate Recognition Using the Template Matching Method", International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 5, (2010) October, pp. 683-687.

Abstract: The crop management system using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a kind of an autonomous solution to plant disease detection, an essential and critical operation which affects yield, cost and environmental protection against overusing of pesticide or fertilizer. Pesticides play an important role in pest control but their role is under criticism due to perceived excessive use and potentially harmful to the environment, humans and animals. Powdery Mildew, a fungal disease caused by species of fungi in the order Erysiphales, grows well in environments with high Humidity and moderate Temperature. A warning system is developed based on Low Power............
Key Words: Powdery Mildew, Precision Agriculture, Relative Humidity, Temperature, Wind speed, Wireless SensorNetwork.

[1]. P. Sinha, Prajenshu and A. Varma, Statistical Modelling and Forecasting of Powdery Mildews Affecting Agricultural Crops: An Overview, - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Journal Indian Society Agricultural Statistics 57 (Special Volume), 2004 : 257-270.
[2]. N. Sakthipriy, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharath University, Chennai, India, An Effective Method for Crop Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Network, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 20 (9): 1127-1132, 2014, ISSN 1990-9233, © IDOSI Publications, 2014, DOI: 10.5829 / idosi.mejsr.2014.20.09.114152

[3]. Carroll, J. E., and Wilcox, W. F., Effects of humidity on the development of grapevine powdery mildew. 2003. Phyto pathology 93:1137-1144.
[4]. M. Hussnain, M. Sharjeel, S. R. Chaudhry, S. A. Hussain, I. Raza and J. S. Mirza , Investigating Multi-Topological ZigBee Based Wireless Sensor Network in Precision Agriculture. Communication Network Research Center (CNRC), Department of Computer Science COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
[5]. Anurag D, Siuli Roy and Somprakash Bandyopadhyay Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Kolkata, India., Agro-Sense: Precision agriculture using sensor based wireless mesh networks

Abstract: Successful operation of entire power system depends to a considerable extent on efficient and satisfactory performance of substations. Hence substations in general can be considered as heart of overall power system. In any substation, a well-designed grounding plays an important role. Since absence of safe and effective grounding system can result in mal-operation or non-operation of control and protective devices, grounding system design deserves considerable attention for all the substations. There are two primary functions of a safe earthing system.............
Key Words: Conductor, Earthing, Grid, Impedance, Thermal Capacity

[1]. IEEE guide for safety in AC Substation Grounding," IEEE 80-2000,pp.1-192.
[2]. IEEE std 81-1983," IEEE guide for Measuring earth Resistivity, Ground impedance, and earth surface potentials for a ground
system"
[3]. IEEE, "IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining the Electric Power Station Ground Potential Rise and Induced Voltage From
a Power Fault," IEEE Std 367-1996, 1996, pp. 1-125
[4]. Rao Sunil S., ‗Switchgear Protection and Power Systems". 12th edition, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2007
[5]. International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Jan. 2014. IJAET ISSN: 22311963 2597 Vol. 6, Issue 6, pp. 2597-
2605 Design of earthing systemfor HV/EHV AC substation (a case study of 400kV substaion at Aurangabad, India) Swapnil. G.
Shah1 and Nitin. R. Bhasme2.

Abstract: TRenewable energy sources are becoming more promising means of green energy production. But the increasingly penetration level of wind energy into existing power system presents many technical challenges. Power quality is a measure of the system performance. It requires consideration of problems like voltage regulation, stability, harmonics etc. This paper presents an overview of grid connected system and analysis of its stability. The system is assumed with fixed speed Induction generator integrated to a weak grid. Change and improvement in performance is observed with various FACT devices. The simulation model has been developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK R2016a.
Key Words: Wind Farm Integration, Point of Common Coupling, Reactive Power Compensator, Flexible AC Transmission system (FACTS)

[1] Sharad W. Mohod and Mohan V. Aware,"A STATCOM-Control Scheme for Grid Connected Wind Energy System for Power
Quality Improvement" IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 4, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2010.
[2] Yogesh Kumar, Jordan Ringenberg, Soma Shekara Depuru, Vijay K. Devabhaktuni, Jin Woo Lee, Efstratios Nikolaidis, Brett
Andersen, Abdollah Afjeh,"Wind energy: Trends and enabling technologies", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53
(2016) 209–224
[3] Rajiv Singh, Asheesh Kumar Singh, and Ashutosh Kumar Singh "Transient Stability Improvement of a FSIG Based Grid
Connected wind Farm with the help of a SVC and a STATCOM: A Comparison". International Journal of Computer and Electrical
Engineering, Feb 2012. Vol.4, No.1,
[4] Qusay.Salem "Overall Control Strategy of Grid Connected to Wind Farm Using FACTS" Bonfring International Journal of Power
Systems and Integrated Circuits, , Feb 2014,Vol. 4, No.1.
[5] S.N. Deepa1, J. Rizwana, S.N. Deepa et.al"Multi-Machine Stability of a Wind Farm Embedded Power System using FACTS
Controllers" Anna University Regional Centre, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu India International Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IJET) ISSN : 0975-4024 Oct-Nov 2013.Vol 5 No 5.

Abstract: The 555 timer is widely used as IC timer circuit and it is the most commonly used general purpose linear integrated circuit. It can run in either one of the two modes: Monostable (one stable state) or Astable (no stable state). In the Monostable mode it can produce accurate time delays from microseconds to hours. In the Astable mode it can produce rectangular waveforms with a variable Duty cycle. The simplicity and ease with which both the multivibrator circuits can be configured around this IC is one of the main reasons for its wide use. The state of the art presented in the paper is the design and implementation of an Astable multivibrator using 555 timer IC, generating non-sinusoidal waveform in the form of Rectangular waveform as well as capacitor voltage waveform in the form of ramp waveform.
Key Words: Astable multivibrator, Duty cycle, Ramp waveform, Rectangular waveform, 555 timer.

[1] Anil K. Maini, Varsha Agarwal, Electronic Devices and Circuits (New Delhi: Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. 2009), 457-458 and 527-539.
[2] Albert Malvino, David J. Bates, Electronic Principles (New Delhi:Tata Mc Graw Hill, Special Indian edition, 2007), 912-926.
[3] Donald P. Leach, Alberto Paul Malvino, Gautam Saha, Digital Principles and Applications (New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw Hill, Special Indian edition, 2011), 253-255.
[4] A.P. Godse, U.A. Godse, Analog & Digital Electronics, (Pune: Technical Publications, First edition August 2016), chapter 3, 72-76.
[5] Jain R.P, Anand M.M.S, Digital electronics Practice using Integrated circuits (Tata Mc Graw Hill Education, 1983), 158-160.

Abstract: This paper presents the comparative performance of directly and feedback connected PI and PID controller scheme with Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, such as Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) in terms of improvements in transient stability, extenuation of system oscillations and furnishing voltage support in single machine infinite bus system (SMIB). Firstly, rotor angle deviation and speed deviation analyzed for directly connected PI and PID with UPFC, SSSC and STATCOM then for feedback connected. The comparisons of all the results are performed using Matlab simulink in term of maximum overshoot and settling time.
Key Words: PID, PI, STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC.

[1] Larsson, S. and Ek, E., The black-out in southern Sweden and eastern Denmark, inProc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General
Meeting, Denver, CO, 2013, vol. 2, pp. 1668–1672.
[2] Andersson, G., Donalek, P., Farmer, R., Hatziargyriou, N., Kamwa, I., Kundur, P., Martins, N., Paserba, J., Pourbeik, P., Sanchez-
Gasca, J. Schulz, R., Stankovic,A., Taylor, C. and Vittal, V. , Causes of the 2003 Major Grid Blackouts in North America and
Europe, and Recommended Means to Improve System Dynamic Performance, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2005,
November, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp-1922-1928.
[3] Dmitrova, E., Wittrock,M.L., Jóhannsson,H. and Nielsen,A.H., Early Prevention Method for Power System Instability', IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, 2015, July, Vol. 30, No.4, pp-1784-1792.
[4] Preece, R. and Milanović, J.V. , Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Rotor Angle Instability Using Fuzzy Inference Systems', IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, 2015, July, Vol. 30, No.4, pp-1747-1757
[5] Deng, J., Li, C. and Zhang, X.P. (2015), 'Coordinated Design of Multiple Robust FACTS Damping Controllers: A BMI-Based
Sequential Approach with Multi-Model Systems', IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, November, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp-3150-3159.

Abstract: In the past decade, electricity demand has increased rapidly in metropolitan areas. All over the world, large scale underground power cable installations networks are replacing overhead transmission lines due to environmental concerns in densely populated areas. Underground cable systems are manufactured to have long life with reliability. However, the useful life span of these cables is not infinite. The increase in failure rates and system breakdowns on older underground power cables are now adversely impacting system reliability and many losses involved; therefore it is readily apparent that necessary action has to be taken to manage the consequences of this trend...........
Key Words: ANFIS, Fault location, Fault types, Underground cables and Wavelet transform.

[1] M. Mirzaei, M. A. A. Kadir, E. Moazami, and H. Hizam, "Review of Fault Location Methods for Distribution Power System," Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, 2009.
[2] M. Mashikian and A. Szatkowski, "Medium Voltage Cable Defects Revealed by Off-LinePartial Discharge Testing at Power Frequency," IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 24–32, July/August 2006.
[3] G. Banu1 and S. Suja2, "Fault location technique using GA-ANFIS for UHV line," Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 247–262, 2014.
[4] Chang and Jin, "Single ended travelling wave based fault location using Discrete Wavelet Transform," uknowledge.uky.edu, no. 58, 2014.
[5] M. B. Eteiba, W. I. Wahba, and S. Barakat, "ANFIS Approach for Locating Faults in Underground Cables," International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering, vol. 8, no. 6, 2014.

Abstract: A discrete system is a system with a countable number of states. Discrete systems may be contrasted with continuous systems, which may also be called analog systems. A final discrete system is often modeled with a directed graph and is analyzed for correctness and complexity according to computational theory. Because discrete systems have a countable number of states, they may be described in precise mathematical models. A computer is a finite state machine that may be viewed as a discrete system. Because computers are often used to model not only other discrete systems but continuous systems as well...........
Key Words: Statistical process control (SPC), Discrete system, quality control, discrete event system (DES), Damping, large scale decentralized control.

[1]. M.J.Balas, "Some approaches to the control of large space structures," A.A.S Annual Rocky Mountain Guidance and Contr. Conf.,May 1978.
[2]. R.E.Skelton and P.C.Hughes, "Modal truncation for flexible spacecraft," J.Guidance Contr, vol. 4, pp. 291-297, MayJune 1981.
[3]. OZ.L. Meirovitch, "Modal-space control of large flexible spacecraft possessing ignorable coordinates," Proc. 2ndVPI and SU/AIAA Symp. on Dynamics and Contr. of large flexible Spacecraft, Blacksburg, VA, p. 45, June 1979.
[4]. M.J.Balas, "Modal control of certain flexible dynamic systems," SIAM J. Contr. Optimiz, vol. 16, pp. 450-462, May,1978.
[5]. I.Bar-Kana, R.Fischl and P.Kalata, "Direct Position Plus Velocity Feedback Control of Large Flexible Space Structures," Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions, pp. 1186-1188,1991.

Abstract: A single renewable source of energy when integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. In this paper an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. This work proposes the coordination of WDG(Wind DG), VSC's are used for two purposes one is frequency control and another is voltage control. PMBLDC generator is used as a wind power generator and the Incremental conductance method is used as MPPT along with boost converter...........
Key Words: PMBLDC-Permanent magnet brushless DC generator, MMPT-Maximum power point technique, INC-Incremental conductance, VFC- Voltage and frequency controller, BS- Battery system, WECS- Wind energy conversion systems.

[1] Geeta Pathak, Bhim Singh etc.all "Back propagation algorithm based controller for autonomous wind-DG Microgrid," IEEE International Conference 2014.
[2] B. Singh, R. Niwas, and S. Dube, "Load Leveling and Voltage Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based DG Set for Standalone Supply System," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Early Access.
[3] B. Singh, and R. Niwas, "Power quality improvements in diesel engine driven induction generator system using SRF theory,"Fifth IEEE Power India Conference, 2012 , vol., no., pp.1,5, 19-22 Dec. 2012.
[4] Bhim Singh, and Shailendra Sharma, "PMBLDC based standalone wind energy conversion system for small scale applications," Inter. Journal of Egg. Science and Tech., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 65-73, 2012.
[5] M.A. Elgendy, B. Zahawi, and D.J. Atkinson, "Assessment of the Incremental Conductance Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Sustainable Energy, vol.4, no.1, pp.108-117, Jan. 2013.

Abstract: Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper whose stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery...........
Key Words: Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology, Main Winding, Exciter Winding, Control circuit for Optimum utilization.

[1]. S. Hoffman, B. Banerjee, and M. Samotyj, "Written-pole Revolution," IEEE Power Eng. Rev., pp. 6–9, 1997.
[2]. P.L. Alger, E.H.Freiburghouse and.D.Chase, "Double windings for flexible alternators", AIEE Transactions, Vol.49, January 1930, pp. 226 – 244.
[3]. Alfredo Munaz-Garcia, Thomas A.Lipo, "Dual stator winding Induction Machine Drive", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Volume 36, Issue 5, Sep/Oct 2000 pp.1369 – 1379.
[4]. Bhuvaneswari, R., Subramanian, S. (2005), "Optimization of three phase induction motor design using simulated annealing algorithm", Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 33, pp.947-56.
[5]. Murthy, S.S., Singh, B.P." Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth", Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Volume 1, Issue, 8-11 Jan 1996, pp.458 - 462 vol.1