iosr-JEEE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2014

Abstract: The availability of a reliable and low cost electric power is a primary requirement for the rapid development of any nation. The cost of production of electric power is a very important index in national development. Pricing of electricity is a function of the cost of operation of the power system itself. On the generation sector, production costs are mostly in the form of fuel costs which comprise about eighty to ninety percent of the total operation cost. Minimization of costs is necessary so as to keep prices as low as possible. Minimization of costs or optimization of operation can be done through economic load dispatch alongside unit commitment. Use of these concepts should be done in order to obtain a desirable condition. Lagrange Relaxation has become one of the best solution methods in solving the economic load dispatch problems.
Keywords: Economic efficiency, Economic Load Dispatch, Incremental Cost

[1]. Aganagic, M, Abdul-Rahman, K,Waight, J, "Spot Pricing of Capacities for Generation and Transmission of Reserve in an Extended Poolco Model" IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol 13, No 3, August 1997, pp 1128 – 1135
[2]. Alywan, Z, Allen, J, "California Electric Restucturing; A Broad Descripotion on the develpopmet of the California ISO", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol 13, No. 4, November 1998, pp 1445-1452
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[5]. Bechert T.E and Chen N "Area automatic generation control by multi-pass dynamic programming "IEEE transactions on power apparatus and systems .Vol PAS-96.No.5 pp.1460-1469.1977

Abstract: This work presents the development of a grid-based rural electrification design using Ishashi and Ilogbocommunities in Lagos State, South Western Nigeria as case studies. Grid-based and off-grid based methods are two commonly employed rural electrification technologies but in this work grid-based method was employed because of its simplicity, flexibility, sustainability and cost effectiveness. Load audits of Ishashi and Ilogbo were carried out to determine their energy demands. To cater for future expansion of both communities, a fifteen year load growth was calculated using the derived load growth equations. Design equations were used to determine ratings and quantities of substation components required for the electrification. The inter-township connection and township distribution network lengths for both Ishashi and Ilogbo were also determined. The proposed electrical model designs for the two communities were implemented using AutoCAD 2012 Version Software. The energy demand of both Ishashi and Ilogbo were respectively 0.91 MW and 0.61 MW and their estimated fifteen years load growth were 3.26 MW and 2.20 MW respectively. The average load demand of both Ishashi and Ilogbo were respectively 1.31 MW and 0.88 MW using a load factor of 0.4. With the use of average load demand, the inter-township connection and township distribution network lengths of Ishashi (2.65 km and 8.72 km respectively) and Ilogbo (1.13 km and 7.44 km respectively), the required quantities of the major substation components required for implementation of developed electrical model designs were obtained.

Keywords: Electrification technology, grid-based method, rural electrification, energy demand, Nigeria

[1] Practicalaction, Technical brief on energy for rural communities. Retrieved October 1, 2012 from http://www.practicalaction.org

[2] I.A. Adejumobi, and O.I. Adebisi, Exploring small hydropower potentials for domestic and information communication technology infrastructural application in rural communities in Nigeria, Proc. of the 12th Biennial International Conf. of Botswana Institution of Engineers, Gaborone, Botswana, 2011, 19-26.

[3] I.A. Adejumobi, and O.I. Adebisi, Equipment selection for a sustainable small hydro power scheme, Top Research Group Conf., Lome, Togo, 2011.

[4] I.A. Adejumobi, S.G. Oyagbinrin, F.G. Akinboro, and M.B. Olajide, Hybrid solar and wind power: an essential for information communication technology infrastructure and people in rural communities, IJRRAS, 9 (1), 2011, 130-138.

[5] A. Chaurey, M. Ranganathan, and P. Mohanty, Electricity access for geographical disadvantaged rural communities, Elsevier Journal of Energy Policy, 32, 2004, 1693 – 1705

Abstract: Wind energy, commonly recognized to be a clean and environmentally friendly renewable energy resource that can reduce our dependency on fossil fuels, has developed rapidly in recent years. Its mature technology and comparatively low cost make it promising as an important primary energy source in the future. However, there are potential environmental impacts due to the installation and operation of the wind turbines that cannot be ignored. This paper aims to provide an overview of world wind energy scenarios, the current status of wind turbine development, development trends of offshore wind farms, and the social, environmental and climatic impact of wind farms.

Key Words: wind power, aesthetics, tower-spacing, emissions, environmental benefits

[1]. MNRE accessed at http://bit.ly/14woYJX (2014).
[2]. L. Harrrison, "Wind rock solid as uncertainly reigns," Wind Power, pp.52-53, 2009.
[3]. Gadgil, M., Krishnan, B., Ganeshaiah, K., Vijayan, V., Borges, R., Noronha, L., et al (2011). Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel. New Delhi: Ministry of Environment and Forests.
[4]. World Wind Energy Assoc. WWEA, "World wind energy report 2008," 8th World Wind Energy Conf. &Exhibition Wind Power for Islands - Offshore and Onshore, Jeju Island, South Korea, pp. 5-6, June 2009.
[5]. Wind turbines today - Enhanced reliability with dataforth signal conditioners," Dataforth.

Abstract: This paper presents design and analysis of two different Ultra Wide band (UWB) six-port correlators for transmitter and receiver applications. The two designs analyzed and compared in terms of transmission parameters, relative bandwidth and occupied area. On one side, design of microwave components for multi-Giga Hertz bandwidth is a non-trivial challenge. Meeting such challenging performance specifications requires a high degree of Electronic Design Automation (EDA)-tool skills and theoretical understanding of the limits and possibilities offered by the used circuit implementation. On the other side, an appropriate design methodology must be established and systematically used along the entire project development. Two different designs of a six-port correlator for more than 3 GHz frequency bandwidth are presented. The systematic design approach applied in the case of the six-port correlator can be extrapolated for any microwave circuit using passive components with transmission lines.

Keywords: Correlator, Transmission lines, Ultra wide Band (UWB)

[1]. The Six-Port as a Communications Receiver, Tim Hentschel, Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Volume: 53, Issue: 3, Part: 2
[2]. J. Li, R.G. Bosisio and K. Wu "Computer and Measurement Simulation of a New Digital Receiver Operating Directly at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies", IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol 43, No 12, pp.2766-2772, 1995
[3]. Ultra-Wideband Six-port Transmitter and Receiver Pair 3.1-4.8 GHz Pär Håkansson and Shaofang Gong Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
[4]. David. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2005, 3rd edition, p.318-333
[5]. E. Wilkinson, "An N-way hybrid power divider," IRE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-8, no. 1, pp. 116–118, Jan. 1960.

Abstract: This paper proposes a new connection for a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. A UPQC consists of a series voltage-source converter (VSC) and a shunt VSC both joined together by a common dc bus. It is demonstrated how this device is connected between two independent feeders to regulate the bus voltage of one of the feeders while regulating the voltage across a sensitive load in the other feeder. Since the UPQC is connected between two different feeders (lines), this connection of the UPQC will be called an interline UPQC (IUPQC). The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC with PI and FUZZY controller technique are discussed in this paper. The efficiency of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation studies using MATLAB.

Index Terms: distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), distribution system, dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), fuzzy logic controller, power quality (PQ), Interline unified power quality conditioner (IUPQC)

[1] A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 2002.
[2] F. Z. Peng and J. S. Lai, "Generalized instantaneous reactive power theory for three-phase power systems," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 293–297, Feb. 1996.
[3] G. Ledwich and A. Ghosh, "A flexible DSTATCOM operating in voltage and current control mode," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen., Transm. Distrib., vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 215–224, 2002.
[4] M. K. Mishra, A. Ghosh, and A. Joshi, "Operation of a DSTATCOM in voltage control mode," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 258–264, Jan. 2003.
[5] N. H. Woodley, L. Morgan, and A. Sundaram, "Experience with an inverter-based dynamic voltage restorer," IEEE Trans. Power Del.,vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1181–1186, Jul. 1999

Abstract: The present study contributes the detailed design, Implementation and comparative studies of supervised classification algorithms such as Nearest Neighbor (NN),k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Minimum Mean Distance (MMD) along with the distance metrics Maximum, Sum (Manhattan) and Euclidean distances. Classification involves training and testing phases. Training phase teaches the classifier about the types of sample images to classify during the testing phase and saves the class names in a classifier file. Testing phase classifies an unknown sample image into one of the class from classifier file. Total numbers of sample images were divided into the ratio of 30:70 for training and testing respectively. Then classification procedure was performed on sample images for each algorithm with each distance metric. The training and testing VIs for particle and color classification were designed and implemented by using LabVIEW. All the algorithms and distance metrics were analyzed, compared for best results and the maximum accuracy algorithm along with its distance metric is going to implement in real time object sorting application.

Keywords: Object Sorting, Supervised Classification Algorithms, Training Phase, Testing Phase, LabVIEW

[1] Yang Tao, Method and Apparatus for Sorting Objects by Color, U.S. Patent 5 339 963, Aug 23, 1994.
[2] Thomas C. Pearson, Machine Vision Apparatus and Method for Sorting Object, U.S. Patent 5 703 784, Dec 30, 1997.
[3] Bdiwi, M.; Suchy, J., Robot control system with integrated vision/force feedback for automated sorting system,Technologies for Practical Robot Applications (TePRA), IEEE International Conference, 23- 24 April 2012, p p.31,36.
[4] Szabo, R.; Lie, I., Automated colored object sorting application for robotic arms, Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC), 2012 10th International Symposium , pp.95,98, 15-16 Nov. 2012.
[5] AmitAgrawal, Yu Sun, John Barnwell, Ramesh Raskar, Vision Guided Robot System for Picking Objects By Casting Shadows, International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 29 no. 2-3, pp.155-173, February 2010.

Abstract: the Simulation model of DDPMSG 10KW grid Connected are developed using MATLAB 2013(a) and FAST Simulator. In addition to it SVPWM technique has been applied for 10KW grid connected model. Space vector pulse width modulation has been used for obtaining the output voltage with less distortion. An interface has also been developed between FAST and SIMULINK with MATLAB, enabling users to implement advanced turbine controls in SIMULINK convenient block diagram . The FAST subroutines have been linked with a MATLAB standard gateway subroutine in order to Generator torque control, nacelle yaw control, and pitch control modules can be designed in the SIMULINK environment. The fully controlled converter has been used to provide separate control for active and reactive powers. The simulation results in MATLAB SIMULINK 2013a showing the model have good dynamic and static performance.
Index Terms: Direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator, space vector pulse width modulation, fully controlled converters.

[1] N. Freire and J. Estima, "A Comparative Analysis of PMSG Drives Based on Vector Control and Direct Control Techniques for Wind Turbine Applications," PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY (Electrical Review), ISSN 0033-2097 no. 1, pp. 184–187, 2014 [2] Tan and S. Islam, "Optimum control strategies in energy conversion of PMSG wind turbine system without mechanical sensors," IEEE Transction on Energy Conversion, vol. 19, pp. 392-9, June 2004[3]

[3] Eftichios Koutroulis ,Kostas Kalaitzakis "Design of a Maximum Power Tracking System for Wind-Energy-Conversion Applications Proceedings of the IEEE transactions on industrial electronics", vol. 53, no. 2, april 2006[4].

[4] M. Chinchilla, "Control of permanent-magnet generators applied to variable-speed wind-energy systems connected to the grid," Energy Conversion, IEEE transitions vol. 21, no. March, pp. 130–135, 2006.

[5] Jamal A. Baroudi, Venkata Dinavahi_, Andrew M. Knight, " A review of power converter topologies for wind generators." J.A. Baroudi et al. Renewable Energy Science direct Elsevier (2007) 2369–2385.

Abstract: This paper introduces the concept of a distributed static series compensator (DSSC) for Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices can control power flow in the transmission system to improve asset utilization, relieve congestion, and limit loop flows. High costs and reliability concerns have restricted their use in these applications. The concept of distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) is introduced as a way to remove these barriers. A new device, the distributed static series compensator (DSSC), attaches directly to existing HV or EHV conductors and so does not require HV insulation. It can be manufactured at low cost from conventional industrial-grade components. The DSSC modules are distributed, a few per conductor mile, to achieve the desired power flow control functionality by effectively changing the line reactance. Experimental results from a prototype module are presented, along with examples of the benefits deriving from a system of DSSC devices.

Index Terms: Distributed FACTS, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), interconnected power systems, MATLAB Simulink and programming, Power flow control.

[1]. P. Kundur, Power system stability and control, Prentice- Hall,N. Y, U. S. A, 1994
[2]. N. Hingorani, ―Flexible AC Transmission,‖ IEEE Spectrum, v. 30, No. 4, pp. 40–45, Apr. 1993.
[3]. D.J. Gotham and G.T. Heydt, ―Power Flow Control and Power Flow Studies for Systems with FACTS Devices,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 1, Feb. 1998.
[4]. M. S. El-Moursi, A. M. Sharaf, and K. El-Arroudi, ―Optimal control schemes for SSSC for dynamic series compensation,‖ Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 646–656, 2008
[5]. L.J., Cai and I., Erlich. ―Simultaneous coordinated tuning of PSS and FACTS damping controllers in large power systems‖, IEEE Trans. Power Syst, vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 294- 300, 2005.

Abstract: A multilevel Inverters have many advantages such as reduced Harmonics, no need for a transformer, cost and loss reduction. In this paper the multilevel inverter with equal DC sources is used for THD optimization. Different modulation methods have been proposed to control the multilevel inverters. This paper focuses on the Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation (SHEPWM) technique in multilevel inverter with equal DC sources. In the SHEPWM technique for multilevel inverters, in order to eliminate N-1 non-triplen odd harmonics of the AC-side voltage and to regulate the output line voltage amplitude, N switching angles need to be determined. Therefore a set of N non-linear transcendental equations must be solved to find the desired switching angles for any value of the modulation index. In this paper a new robustness optimization algorithm is presented to elimination of selective low order harmonics (LOH) in the output line voltage of the multilevel inverter based on the Multi Population Particle Swarm Optimization (MPPSO) algorithm. The switching angles are computed by a MPPSO algorithm to eliminate of LOH with high accuracy and determine the fundamental component to the desired value simultaneously. The proposed algorithm can generate stepped voltage waveforms with a wide range of modulation indices. The performance of the proposed algorithm for a seven-level cascaded H-bridge converter, based on simulation studies, is evaluated. MATLAB software is used for programming and simulation.

Keywords: Equal DC Sources, Multilevel Inverter, MPPSO Algorithm, Robustness Optimization Algorithm, Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM.

[1]. J. Rodriguez, L. Jih-Sheng, and P. Fang Zheng, "Multilevel inverters: a survey of topologies, controls, and applications," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 49, pp. 724-738, 2002.
[2]. N. Farokhnia, H. Vadizadeh, S. H. Fathi, and F. Anvariasl, "Calculating the Formula of Line-Voltage THD in Multilevel Inverter With Unequal DC Sources," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 58, pp. 3359-3372, 2011.
[3]. G. Brando, M. Coppola, A. Dannier, A. Del Pizzo, and D. Iannuzzi, "An analysis of modular multilevel converter for full frequency range operations," in Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), 2013 8th International Conference and Exhibition on, 2013, pp. 1-7.
[4]. Luci, x, O. a, Burdi, x, J. M. o, et al., "Efficiency-Oriented Design of ZVS Half-Bridge Series Resonant Inverter With Variable Frequency Duty Cycle Control," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 25, pp. 1671-1674, 2010.
[5]. J. Dong, W. Fei, and X. Jing, "PWM Impact on CM Noise and AC CM Choke for Variable-Speed Motor Drives," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 49, pp. 963-972, 2013.