iosr-JEEE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2014

Abstract: Human capital and Infrastructure plays a crucial role in promoting economic growth and thereby contributes to the reduction of economic disparity, poverty and deprivations in a country. Empirically, a variety of studies considers that greater access of the poor to education and health services, water and sanitation, road network and electricity is a principal agent of economic growth. For too long in the past, an undue emphasis has been given to Nigeria's enormous oil resources as a key engine of economic growth. Knowledge capital is fast overtaking physical capital as a determinant of growth. As a fast growing economy Nigeria needs to determine the indices of growth. This study therefore examines the role of human capital and infrastructure on economic growth in Nigeria within a co integration and error-correction modeling framework during the period 1970-2010. Human capital is found to be positive and statistically significant to growth. The infrastructure variable (electricity) is positive but statistically insignificant. This result is not entirely surprising considering the unreliable, epileptic and unstable supply of energy in the country.

Keywords: Human capital, Infrastructure, Economic Growth

[1]. Aghion, P., &Howitt, P. (2009).The economics of growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
[2]. Andrianaivo, M. and K. Kodar (2011), ―ICT, Financial Inclusion, and Growth: Evidence from African Countries‖, IMF working papers, WP/11/73, Washington, DC
[3]. Anochiwa L. I and Nwogwugwu, C.C (2007). Skills Acquisition and Employment Generation: Challenges and Strategies. Paper presented to the department of Banking and finance (RIVPOLY) BORI July, 2007.
[4]. Antonio Estache and GrégoireGarsous(2012). The impact of infrastructure on growth in developing countries. IFC Economics Notes. Note 1(April 2012)
[5]. Barro, R. J.; Sala-i-Martín, X. Economic Growth. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
[6]. Becker G.S (1964). Human Capital. A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with special Reference to Education. New York. Columbia University Press

Abstract: Safe operation of elements of power systems plays a crucial role in maintaining the reliability and safety of the system. Transformers being a key element in power systems need to be maintained and monitored on a regular basis. Dissolved gas analysis has been used as a reliable tool in maintaining the safe operation of transformers for a long time. Analysis of dissolved gases is analytical and often interpreted differently by different users and methods. The scope of Artificial Intelligence tools in dissolved gas analysis has become critical with increasing number of transformers being used in power systems coupled with rapid expansion of transmission and distribution components. In this work we have designed an analysis system based on different Artificial Intelligence methods like Neural Networks, Fuzzy, and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy for analyzing dissolved gas and give interpretation about possible faults. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) modeling technique has emerged as one of the soft computing modeling technique for power transformer. The objective of this paper is to design an ANFIS model for dissolved gas analysis of power transformers. The prediction ability of the ANFIS is also tested using limited data set for model training.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Neural Networks, Neuro –Fuzzy.

[1]. M. Duval and A. dePablo, "Interpretation of gas-in-oil analysis using new IEC publication 60599 and IEC TC 10 databases," IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 17, pp. 31–41, 2001.
[2]. M. Duval, "Dissolved gas analysis: It can save your transformer," IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 5, pp. 22–27, 1989.
[3]. IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers, IEEE Std. C57.104-2008, 2009.
[4]. Mineral Oil-Impregnated Equipment in Service Guide to the Interpretation of Dissolved and Free Gases Analysis, IEC Std. Publication 60 599, 1999.
[5]. R. R. Rogers, "IEEE and IEC codes to interpret incipient faults in transformers, using gas in oil analysis," IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol. EI-13, pp. 349–354, 1978.
[6]. J. J. Dukarm, "Tranformer oil diagnosis using fuzzy logic and neural networks," in CCECE/CCGEI, 1993, pp. 329–332.

Abstract: The increasing capacity of power systems, larger available fault currents may cause the existing circuit breakers to become under-rated. Excessive dynamic stress during severe faults may result in failure o circuit breakers to open. Larger fault currents may also adversely influence synchronization of the generators, shorten the life of electric machines, or even cause complete failure of equipment. Fault current limiters (FCLs) are able to prevent all of these disruptive events by limiting currents during faults and by increasing the robustness of generator synchronization. The DUAL FCL placement technique is demonstrated in a power network containing four buses in a ring arrangement. The system receives power from turbo-generators (36 MW). This dual-FCL connection reduces fault current contributions of the DG by 98.5% (from 41 to 1 kA), and maintains the circuit breakers within their duty limits when a three-phase fault occurs at a bus connected to the DG. Otherwise, when a three-phase fault occurs in the infinite system, this connection limits the fault current contribution of the DG from 4.8 to 0.4 kA, and frequency oscillations of the DG from 0.14 to 0.01 Hz. The power continuity in the local network is improved; as the voltage sag at the bus connected to the DG is reduced by 98% during and after serious short-circuit faults. In this in order to control effectively Neuro-Fuzzy controller is used. And the simulation is done using Matlab/Simulation and simulation results are examined in different cases.
Keywords: About DG, dual-FCL, HTS, Neuro-fuzzy

[1]. yucheng Zhang, and Roger A. Dougal "Novel Dual-FCL Connection for Adding Distributed Genration to a Power Distribution Utility" IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 21, no. 3,june 2011.
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[3]. J. D. Glover and M. S. Sarma, Power System Analysis and Design, 3rd ed. San Anselmo, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2001.
[4]. V. Sokolovsky, V. Meerovich, and I. Vajda et al., "Superconducting FCL: Design and application," IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1990–2000, Sep. 2004.
[5]. IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis, IEEE C37.04-1999

Abstract: We present here a detailed survey of H-infinity H∞ norm computation for a commensurate Fractional Order System (FOS). First, H∞ norm definition is given for FOS and then Hamiltonian matrix of a FOS is computed. One method based on this Hamiltonian matrix is then proposed to compute the FOS H∞ norm which is based on a dichotomy algorithm.

Keywords: FOC- fractional order system; H∞ -h-infinity commensurate-corresponding in size or degree; in proportion.Hamiltonian matrix- In mathematics, a Hamiltonian matrix is a 2n-by-2n matrix A such that JA is symmetric, where J is the skew-symmetric matrix.Riemann–Liouville integral- In mathematics, the Riemann–Liouville integral associates with a real function ƒ : R → R another function Iαƒ of the same kind for each value of the parameter α > 0.

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[3] C.Farges and M.Moze, "Pseudo-state feedback stabilization of commensurate Fractional order systems," Automatica, vol. 46(10), pp. 1730–1734,2010.

[4] M.Moze, An Introduction to fractional differential equations. PhD thesis, ENSEIRB,Bordeaux, 2008.

[5] S. Skogestad, Multivariable Feedback Control. John Wiley and Sons, 2005. [6] K. j.Doyle, Robust and Optimal Control. Prentice Hall, 1998.

Abstract: Load frequency control has a very important role in power system operation and control. The main objective of load frequency control are to keep the frequency deviation and tie line power deviation within acceptable limit when a load change occurs in that power system. This paper demonstrates an integral controller action to minimize the frequency deviation and the tie line power deviation. Also to determine the stability of the system, an optimal controller which is known as 'Linear Quadratic Regulator' is used. The results are illustrated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Keywords: Load Frequency Control, LQR, Proportional Integral controller. SIMULINK/MATLAB

[1]. Naimul Hasan "Design and Analysis of Pole-Placement Controller for Interconnected Power Systems" International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2012)
[2]. Adnan Kakilli, YukselOguz, HuseyinCalik "The Modelling Of Electric Power Systems On The State Space and Controlling of Optimal LQR Load Frequency" JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING. YEAR : 2009; VOLUME: 9; NUMBER:2
[3]. SachinKhajuriaJaspreet Kaur "Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Hydro-Thermal Power System Using Fuzzy and Conventional PI Controller" International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology(IJARCET)Volume 1, Issue 8, October 2012
[4]. AtulIkhe, Anant Kulkarni "Load frequency control for interconnected power system using different controllers" Published online August 10, 2013 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/acis)
[5]. Dr.B.U.Musa,KalliB.M.,KalliShettima " Modeling and Simulation of Lfc and Aver with Pid Controller".International Journal of Engineering Science InventionISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726.www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 7 ǁ July. 2013 ǁ PP.54-57

Abstract: Traditionally, the DC Series Motor was used for Electric Traction for reasons like high starting torque and easy speed Control. With the Advancement in control mechanism 3-ph Squirrel Cage Motor is being used currently with an AC-AC Drive. A new Cost saving approach is suggested in this paper with the use of Slip Ring Induction Motor for Indian Railways which is switching over to fully electrified routes.

Keywords: DC Series Motor, Squirrel Cage Motor, Slip Ring Induction Motor, Indian Railways, Cost saving

[1]. Mihai Huzau, Eva Dulf and Clement Festila. About Quasi Direct Feed Possibility of the Induction Traction Motors from Diesel Electric Locomotives. IEEE Transactions 2006
[2]. Toby J Nicholson DC and AC Traction Motors. IET Professional Development Course in Traction Systems 3-7 Nov 2008, Manchester Pages34-44.
[3]. J. B. Gupta A Text Book of Electrical Machines
[4]. H. Partab Modern Electric Traction. Pritam Surat & Bros, Agra.
[5]. Paul Blaiklock, William Horvath Saving Energy TMEIC GE, USA – Motor Technology September-2009
[6]. B. K. Bose Power Electronics and AC Drives. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey

Abstract: In this paper we study the operational principle and the structure of the grid-connected photovoltaic system inverter control system and analysis of % THD for inverter with filter and without filter. Mainly the two inverter control methods. 1) voltage source inverter control method 2) power type PWM inverter control method. On the basis of above two kinds of inverter control methods, we will present an improved PWM inverter control system that can be applied in grid-connected PV generation and uses MATLAB/Simulink software to simulate and analyze. The result of the simulation shows that the improved inverter control system can effectively control the grid current waveform which tends to sine wave, means while it can achieve the maximum power point tracking, besides it is able to put the arbitrary power out to the load or to the grid, while the control system has a good stability. It also shows that as the increasing number of inductive load penetrate the grid, the load waveform distortion is produced, but it will not affect the reliability of power supply. In this paper, we study also the different types of inverter were designed by using MATLAB / SIMULINK and %THD (Total harmonics distortion) was compared.

[1]. Amirnaser Yazdani, Prajna Paramita Dash. "A control methodology and characterization of dynamics for a photovoltaic(PV) system interfaced with a distribution network,"
[2]. Hiroshi Yamashita, Keita Tamahashi, Masakazu Michihira, Akiara Tsuyoshi, Kuniyuki Amako, Minwon Park. "A novel simulation technique of the PV generation system using real weather conditions,".
[3]. H.S.Bae, SJ.Lee, K.S.Cho, S.SJang. "Current control Design for a Grid Connected Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell DC-AC Inverter".
[4]. O.Wasyneauk, N.AAnwah. "Modeling and Dynamic Performance of a Self-commutated Photovoltaic Inverter System
[5]. Jaydeep Lakwal*, D. M. Deshpande, Arisutha Suresh, Arvind Mittal- Maulana "Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Topologies for Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems" International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN( USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-4290 Vol.5, No.2, pp 1094-1100, April-June 2013.

Abstract: The FACTS (Flexible ac transmission systems) devices have all the capabilities to provide fast control of active and reactive power through a transmission line. The UPFC (unified powerflow controller) is a member of the FACTS family with very unique features. UPFC can control active and/or reactive power simultaneously or independently. This paper establishes the improved performance of ZSI (Z-Source inverter) based UPFC over VSI (Voltage source inverter) based UPFC for power flow improvement. The simulation models developed in MATLAB/SIMULINKhave been used to show the improvement in active and reactive power flows in an interconnected network.

Keywords: FACTS devices, Interconnected, Simulink, UPFC, Z-Source Inverter.

[1]. Garima Aggarwal, Lini Mathew and S Chatterji," Matlab/Simulink Based Simulation of an Hybrid Power Flow Controller" IEEE Fourth International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies, 2014, pp. 523-531.
[2]. Savider Malik, Lalit Dalal,"Implementation of UPFC for improvement of Power stability" IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 44-50.
[3]. S. Muthukrishnan, Dr. A.Nirmalkumar and G. Murugananth, "Modeling and SimulationFive Level Inverter based UPFC System"International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 12, No.11, January 2011,pp.11-15.
[4]. N.F. Mailah, S.M. Bashi, N.Mariun and I.Aris,"Simulation of a three phase multi level Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC" Journal of Applied Sciences 2008,ISSN:1812-5654, pp.503-509.
[5]. Yao Shu-jun,Song Xiao-yan, Wang Yan, Yan Yu-xin, Yan Zhi,"Research on dynamic characteristics of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) "IEEE 2011, pp.490-493.