iosr-JRME   Volume-4 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Women in Peace Education
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Dr. Bakky Ngozi Adirika
	:	10.9790/7388-04350108

Abstract: This paper aims at sensitizing women on the need for a continued action for effective involvement in decisions about peace in their immediate environments and in the world at large. The paper hopes to achieve this by explaining the concept of peace education, its components, its processes, the role of women in conflict and peace situations among others. It is hoped that these would not only inform women better on peace education but also encourage them to extensively engage in it for the development of a better society and a better world.
Key words: Women, peace, Education, Empowerment, conflict

[1]. M. C. Frances, Report on conflicts, human rights and peace building; School for peace culture. (Spain: Bellaterra, 2005)
[2]. A. Potter, We the Women: Why conflict mediation is not just a job for men. (Geneva: Centre for humanitarian Dialogue, 2005)
[3]. M. Anuradha, Human society, concepts and implications (London: Routledge, 2006)
[4]. C.N. Odock, Democracy and good governance. National Open University of Nigeria (Lagos: Jexcel Commercial Security Press,
2006)
[5]. UNICEF, Early marriage, child spouses (UNICEF: Innocenti Research Centre.2001)
[6]. K. D. Amalita, Gender dimensions of globalization. A discussion Paper presented at the meeting on "Globalisation Decent Work and Gender" (Geneva: International Labour Office, 2008)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Nigerian State, Security Management Mandate and Challenges in the Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ufot Akpan Phenson (Ph.D) in view, Peter Ojie (Ph.D) in view. , John O. Esin (Ph.D)
	:	10.9790/7388-04350921

Abstract: All over the world, provision of security to guaranty the protection of lives and property, welfare and rights of the citizenry has been the statutory responsibility of a responsible government. This is in view of the fact that individuals under social contract have surrendered their sovereignty to government, while government undertakes the protection of lives and property. Therefore, any government that cannot protect lives and property, guaranty civil liberties and public good is simply unattainable in today's realities. It is this legitimacy that mandates the Nigerian state(government) to maintain law and order, enforce rules and regulation of human conduct, and provides essential services to the citizenry. The 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria also authorizes the National Assembly to make laws regarding the maintenance and security of public safety and order. However,the Nigerian state seems to havebeen insensitive to security matters.The attendant effect being increased violence, terrorism and insurgency as well as high profile crimes which pose threats to national security especially, in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria.This paper examines the effectiveness or otherwise of the Nigerian state in the discharge of its statutory security management mandate of protecting lives and property in Nigeria. It adopts descriptive method while social contract is the theoretical framework. Data collected centers on both primary and secondary sources. It was uncovered that government officials/political office holders who are entrusted with the responsibility of managing security to ensure protection of lives and property and the well-being of the citizenry were insensitive to the security plight of the citizenry. This has resulted in incessant and uncontrollable break-down of law and order leading to loss of lives and property in recent times. Based on these, it is recommended among other things that, Nigerian government at all levels should fund, equip, train and re-train security operatives to make them cope with the myriad of security challenges in the Niger-Delta region and the nation at large since security is the bed-rock of economic development.
Key Words: Nigerian State, Security Management Mandate, Niger-Delta Region, Security challenges

[1]. Achebe, C. (1983). The Trouble with Nigeria. Forth Dimension Publishers, Nigeria.
[2]. Agi, A. (2003). An Approach to the Study of Organization of Government. Pigasiann and Grace International Publishers, Calabar and Okuku – Yala, Nigeria.
[3]. Agi, S. (2003). An Approach to the Study of Organization of Government. Pigasiann and Grace International Publishers, Calabar and Okuku – Yala, Nigeria.
[4]. Aja, A. (1999). Policy and Strategic Studies: Unchartered Waters of War and Peace in International Relations. Willy Rose and Appleesed Publishing Company.
[5]. Akpan, O. (2012). War and Conflict without Weapons: Tactics and Strategies of Scorching the Phenomenon of Boko Haram in Nigeria, London, Adomi and Banny.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Scientific Explanation of Negative Impact of Seating on Learning
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	M. Y. Mafuyai, B. G. Babangida, Kaburuk, S. D, M. Mankilik, Y. Y. Jabil
	:	10.9790/7388-04352226

Abstract: In this work, the psychological effect of stress on the brain and human cognitive has been reviewed and the stress created by seating posture is explained. Its negative impact on learning is pointed out. The recently most favoured seating posture and device have been scientifically criticized. Some natural observations that validate the explanation of how seating creates stress have been enumerated and suggestion is made for school seats to be specially designed so as to reduce the stress created by seating for a long period of time and enhance concentration.

[1]. Alexandra M., Urs F. and Terry H. 2006. "Effects of Classroom Seating Arrangements on Children's question-asking‟. Learning Environments Research 10-1999, Volume 2, Issue 3, pp 249-263 DOI10.1023/A:1009901922191
[2]. Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). "Stress signaling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function.‟Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10 (6): 410–422. doi:10.1038/nrn264
[3]. Asai Shotokan ; "What part of your foot do you use when you turn?‟ Asai Shotokan Associatio International; Monthly Achieve 2013http://asaikarate.com/what-part-of-your-foot-do-you-use-when-you- Accessed 26-9-2013

[4]. Belle Beth Cooper 2013; The Science of Posture: Sitting up straight will make you happier, more confident and less risk-averse;Better Social Media Management.http://blog.bufferapp.com/improve-posture-good-posture-science-happiness Accessed 3-3-2014
[5]. Brett Sear 2011;Proper Posture for the Low Back; Physical Therapy.http://physicaltherapy.about.com/od/backpain/a/Proper-Posture-For-The-Low-Back.htm Accessed 3-3-2014.
[6]. Bruce S. McEwen, PhD., Rockefeller University - See more at: http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportOnProgress/Effects_ofStress_on_the_Developing_Brain/#sthash.et9wnSZ6.dpuf

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Problem -Based Learning Strategy on Students' Achievement in Senior Secondary Schools Chemistry in Enugu State
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Anyafulude Joy (Ph.D)
	:	10.9790/7388-04352731

Abstract: This purpose of the study is to determine the effect of problem-based learning method on students' achievement in senior secondary school Chemistry. Specifically, the study aimed at investigating the effect of the strategy on senior secondary school students' achievement in Chemistry and the effect of gender on the academic achievement of students in Chemistry. Two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. A quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test, non equivalent control group design was adopted for the study. The sample consisted of 201 senior secondary class two (SS II) Chemistry students from four single-sex schools (two male, two female) in Udi Educational zone. Intact classes were used. The classes were assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. Experimental groups were taught selected topics in Chemistry using problem-based learning method. Control groups were taught the same topics using expository method. Pre-test was administered to both groups before the commencement of the treatment. Treatment was administered for a period of six weeks after which a posttest was administered. Instrument for data collection (posttest and pretest) was Chemistry achievement test. The reliability was determined using Kuder Richardson's formular: 20 (K – K20) and reliability co-efficient of .61 was obtained. Data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Specifically, mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while ANCOVA was used to test the hypotheses at.05 level of significance. It was found out that students taught with problem-based learning strategy achieved better than those taught with expository method. Also, it was found out that male and female Chemistry students taught using problem-based strategy achieved equally. Based on findings of the study some recommendations were made. Conclusion was equally highlighted.
Keywords: Achievement, Chemistry, Effect, Problem-based Learning, Strategy

[1] F. Afolabi, , The effects of inquiring-based and competitive learning strategies on academic performance of senior secondary school students in physics. International Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 2 (2), 2009. 4-10.
[2] P.A. Adeyemi Constructivist problem-based learning technique and the academic achievement of Physics students with low ability level in Nigeria secondary Schools. Eurasian Journal of Physics and Chemistry Education, 1(1), 2007. 45-51.
[3] M.N Ajewole., Enhancing Students' attitude towards Nigerian Senior Secondary School Chemistry through the use of cooperative competitive and individualistic learning strategies. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 34 (1), 2003, 1-9.
[4] D.P Maloney , Research on problem solving in Physics. In D.L. Gabel (Ed.). Handbook of Research in Science Teaching and Learning (Pp. 327-354). New York: Macmillan Journal of Science Teachers Association of Nigeria 32(1), 2004, 59-64.
[5] R.E Yager, The constructivist Learning Model. Science Teacher 58 (6), 2001, 52-57.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of Discovery-Based Learning Method on Senior Secondary School Physics
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Anyafulude Joy (Ph.D)
	:	10.9790/7388-04353236

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to ascertain the impact of discovery-based learning method on teaching and learning of physics in secondary schools in Awgu Education Zone. Two research questions and two hypotheses were posed to guide the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. A sample size of 490 respondents made up of 291 male and 199 female teachers were drawn using stratified random sampling techniques from four senior secondary schools in Awgu Education Zone. The instrument used for data collection was a 10 - item questionnaire. The instrument had face validity and reliability co-efficient of .77 obtained using Cronbach Alpha formular. Mean statistic was used to answer the research questions while the hypotheses were tested at .05 level of significance using t-test statistic. The result of data analysis show that; discovery-based learning method has helped to a great extent in effective teaching and learning of Physics. Also, discovery-based learning method has promoted research in Physics. The respondents classified by gender did not differ on the extent to which discovery-based learning method helped in effective teaching and learning, improved students' knowledge and promoted research in Physics. Conclusion and recommendations were equally highlighted.
Key words: Discovery-based, effectiveness, learning, Physics, Impact

[1]. J.S. Bruner, The Act of Discovering Harvard Educational Review 31, 1961, 21-32.
[2]. F. Afolabi, The effects if Discovering-based and competitive learning strategies on academic performance of senior secondary school students in Physics. International Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 2(2), 2009, 4-10.
[3] D. Bok, Our Underachieving colleges: A candid look at how much students learn and why they should be learning more. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 2006.
[4]. D. Domin, A review of Laboratory instruction styles. Journal of Chemical Education,76, 1999 , 1-5.
[5]. J.S. Bruner, Some elements of discovery. In L.S. Shulman, and E.R. Keislar, (Ed.), Learning by discovering: A critical appraisal. Chicago: Rand McNally 1966, 104-111.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Entrepreneurship Education on Students Attaining Business Development Awareness and Skills Acquisition in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ugochukwu Chinonso Okolie, Elisha N. Elom (Ph.D), Afam Ituma (Ph.D), Patrick Nnamdi Opara (Ph.D), Nworie Job Ukwa, Emmanuel Ejike Inyiagu (Ph.D), Joseph Ndem (Ph.D)
	:	10.9790/7388-04353744

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to verify entrepreneurship education influence on Nigerian higher education institutions students in attaining business development awareness and skills acquisition. It also sorts to comprehend the extent business development awareness and skill acquisition have been attained by students of Nigerian higher education institutions as a result of entrepreneurship education. An evaluation design was adopted for the study which covered five higher education institutions in Imo and Ebonyi states. Two research questions and two null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. A purposive sample technique was used to select 280 students for the study. Five hundred and sixty (560) students were used for the study and the main instrument used for data collection was objective realization test constructed by the researchers. The instrument was subjected to face and content validation as well as item analysis to determine difficulty level and discrimination index. The extent of attainment of business development awareness and skill acquisition was based on a criterion referenced test determine through a trial testing of the instrument on a group of 30 respondents. K-R 20 approach was used to determine a reliability coefficient of 0.97 which was judged highly consistent hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significant. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. The results among others revealed that business development awareness and skills acquisition have been attained by many Nigerian higher education institutions students to a little extent as a result of entrepreneurship education. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Education, Skills Acquisition, Business Development, Business Awareness

[1]. Achado, Y. A. (2004). MBA Project. Development of Private Entrepreneurship in Nigeria: Case Study of Benue State. 17-25.
[2]. Ashmore, M., C. (1989). The Power of Entrepreneurship Vision. Vocational Education Journal. (64) 186.
[3]. Akpojena, E., P. (2010). Skills Acquisition in Nigerian Educational System Problem and Prospects: Experience of a Textile Designer. Journal of Qualitative Education, 6 (1) 70-76.
[4]. Baldwin, F. D. (2002). Teaching Entrepreneurship Skills to Youth. Journal of Business Venturing 16 (2), 345-355. Columbia Enclopedia (6th Education). Colombia University press.
[5]. Banjoko, M., O. (2013). Incorporating Entrepreneurship Education into Building Technology Education Curriculum in Technical Colleges in a Developing Economy. Technology Education Journal. 9 (1) 27-33

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impediments to Effective Teaching and Learning of Basic Technology in Nigerian Public Secondary Schools
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Elisha N. Elom. (P.hD) , Ugochukwu Chinonso Okolie
	:	10.9790/7388-04354551

Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to find out the impediments to effective teaching and learning of basic technology in Nigerian Public Secondary Schools. The study adopted survey design and was conducted in twelve secondary schools in Ebonyi State Nigeria. Five (5) basic technology teachers and two (2) school administrators from each of the twelve schools selected were used for the study. Therefore, the total population of the study was sixty (60) basic technology teachers and twelve (12) school administrators, making the population a total of 84 people. There was no sample or sampling because, the population was small; so all were used for the study. The researcher with the help of research assistants conducted interviews with the school administrators and also administered questionnaires, which contained items for answering the research questions. Questionnaire was also the instrument for data collection. Data collected was analyzed using appropriate statistical procedures. Findings among others revealed that poor teaching methods adapted by basic technology teachers, inadequacy of instructional materials, inadequate workshop tools and equipment needed for effective teaching and learning of basic technology and poor funding of basic technology are the impediments to effective teaching and learning of basic technology in Nigerian public schools. Recommendations were made based on the results found.
Keywords: Basic Technology, Effective Teaching, Teaching and Learning, Secondary Schools

[1]. Adenle, S. and Olabiyi, O. S. (2005). Funding Technical Eucation for Sustainable Youth Empowerment. Paper presented at the 18th Annual National Conference of Nigerian Association of Teachers of Technology. Rivers.
[2]. Agwu, A. U. (2005). Strategies for Effective Teaching and Learning of Basic Technology, Enugu. Chelston Publishers.
[3]. Combel, H. B. (2004). Cultural Experience of Educational Financing. Illorin. Megraw publisher Ltd.
[4]. Ekemode, K.O. (2000). Enhancement of Agricultural Productivity through Scientific to Agricultural Productivity through Scientific and Technological Development. Introduction to Agricultural for sustainable Development. Nigerian Association of Agricultural Educators. Lagos.
[5]. Eya, P. E.(2006). Roles of Instructional Materials in Improving Quality of Education in Nigeria. Ebonyi State University Journal of Education. 4. (1). 178