iosr-JRME   Volume-8 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2018

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An evaluation of students performance using TOPSIS and Entropy approaches
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Siti Rohanah
	:	10.9790/7388-0806010106

Abstract: This study uses techniques for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) combined within formation entropy weight to investigate the performance of 20 students. Assessments in teaching and research and development ability reflect the short-term and long-term performance. Exact values and intervals characterize the attribute values in the current model. A comparison and experimental analysis show the applicability, feasibility, effectiveness, and advantages of the proposed method. In this study focused on the TOPSIS and Entropy to calculate the student's performance. First, in this case, study the logic of TOPSIS conferring to the standard decision...........

 

Keywords: Evaluation, Entropy, Performance, Student, TOPSIS

[1]. A. Nasibulina, ―Education for Sustainable Development and Environmental Ethics,‖ Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 214, no. June,
pp. 1077–1082, 2015.
[2]. O. A. Bota and C. Tulbure, ―Aspects Regarding the Relationship between Teaching Styles and School Results,‖ Procedia - Soc.
Behav. Sci., vol. 203, pp. 285–290, 2015.
[3]. P. D. Restu, ―The Effect of Perception on Head Master ' s Supervision , Organization Culture and Achievement Motivation Toward
Teacher ' s Performance of Private Junior High School ( MTs Swasta ) 44 Area Deli Serdang District .,‖ vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 50–57,
2018.
[4]. M. Kurt and O. Karamustafaoğlu, ―Determining the Preservice Teachers ' Motivation and Attitudes towards Teaching Profession,‖
vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 38–46, 2018.
[5]. L. Ding and Y. Zeng, ―China Economic Review Evaluation of Chinese higher education by TOPSIS and IEW — The case of 68
universities belonging to the Ministry of Education in China ,‖ China Econ. Rev., vol. 36, pp. 341–358, 2015.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Teachers' Motivation on Students' Performance in Kcse In Public Secondary Schools In Kinangop Sub County Nyandarua County, Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Kihara Danie || Wambugu || Dr. Kimiti Richard Peter || Professor James Matee Muola
	:	10.9790/7388-0806010712

Abstract: Work place motivation is an important factor that inspires workers in any organization to pursue their goals and perform their duties effectively. However, lack of motivation among public secondary school teachers in Kinangop Sub-County has negatively affected quality of teaching and learning thus leading to poor performance in national examinations. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of appreciation of teachers on students' performance in KCSE in public secondary schools in Kinangop Sub County. The target population comprised 28 headteachers and 310 teachers totaling to 338. Slovin's formula was used to select a sample of 184 participants. Stratified random sampling........

 

Key words: Motivation, Performance, professional development

[1]. Abdullah, N., Shonubi, O., Hashim R. & Hamid, N. (2016). Recognition and Appreciation and its Psychological Effect on Job Satisfaction and Performance in a Malaysia IT Company: Systematic Review, OSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 21, Issue 9, Ver. 6 (Sep. 2016) PP 47-55e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845
[2]. Adhiambo, L. (2016). Effects of Institutional Teacher Reward Systems on Students‟ Performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education in Rongo District, Kenya. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 3, March -2016 809 ISSN 2229-5518
[3]. Agebure, A. (2013). The State of Teachers‟ Participation in Decision-making in Public Senior Secondary Schools in the Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana, Journal of Education and PracticeISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X, Vol.4, No.22, 2013
[4]. Alger, E. (2014). Teacher Incentive that Works: A Global Survey of Programs that Improve Student Performance, Barbara Mitchell Centre for Improvement in Education. Accessed from: https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/teacher-incentive-pay-that-works.pdf
[5]. Ayeni, J. (2011). Teachers‟ Professional Development and Quality Assurance in Nigeria Secondary Schools, World Journal of Education, Vol. 1, No. 2, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wje.v1n2p143

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Professional Knowledge: assessment and in-service teacher training
Country	:	Mexico
Authors	:	María del Carmen Gabriela Flores Talavera
	:	10.9790/7388-0805051317

Abstract: End of descriptive correlational research ex post facto evaluation of the Professional Knowledge of Elementary Teachers report. The aim is to describe the professional knowledge of Mexican teachers on 2 cores targeting: the knowledge of the subjects of mathematics and Language and curricular knowledge of the current curriculum in Mexico. It is assumed that the level of professional knowledge of teachers is substantially affecting student achievement is reflected in the performance indices of national and international assessments such as PISA. The investigative process.............

 

Keywords: Professional knowledge, evaluation, teachers training, curriculum knowledge, disciplinary knowledge

[1]. P. Liston y K. Zeichner, Formación del Profesorado y condiciones sociales de la escolarización, Madrid: Morata, 1997.
[2]. J. Lopez Ruiz, Conocimiento docente y práctica educativa. El cambio hacia una enseñanza centrada en el aprendizaje., Málaga: Aljibe, 1999.
[3]. M. Neubrand, «Conceptualizations of professional knowledge for teachers o mathematics,» ZDM Mathematics Education, vol. 50, nº 4, pp. 601-612 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-017-0906-0, 2018.
[4]. C. Lee Shing, R. MohdSaat y S. Heng Loke, «The Knowledge of Teaching - Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK),» Mojes: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences, vol. 3, nº 3, pp. 40-55
, http://mojes.um.edu.my/index.php/MOJES/article/view/12781,2018.
[5]. S. Guerriero, Pedagogical Knowledge and the Changing Nature of the Teaching Profession., Paris: OECD Publishing, 2017, pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264270695-en.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	History of Education and Management
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Md. Jubayer Anwar
	:	10.9790/7388-0806012223

Abstract: Education is the ancient most intervention in positive change of human behavior. This paper contextualizes the problem of the colonial legacy of British rule over India to some of the current problems Bangladesh is facing in its education, management and moral issues from a management, organization perspective..

[1]. Angeles, L., & Neanidis, K. (2015). The Persistent Effect of Colonialism on Corruption. Economica, 319-349
[2]. Benabi, M. (2003b). The Question of Ideas in the Muslims World. (M.t.El-Mesawi, Trans.) Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust.
[3]. Cohen, B. (1996). Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge The British in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
[4]. Drucker, P. (1988). The Coming of the New Organization. Harvard Busines Review, 2-11.
[5]. Sharp, H. (1965). Bureau of Education: Slection ofs from Educational Records, part-1 (1781-1839). Delhi : National Archives of India..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Influence of Leadership Style To Army's Performance In Military Organization At Yonif Raider's (Terrorist Ambush) 503 Mayangkara Mojokerto
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Nur Ismail Kurniawan || Setyo Widagdo || Muhammad Saleh
	:	10.9790/7388-0806012430

Abstract: The National Army of Indonesia (TNI) as a military organization has a challenge in the future to create an Army capable of constantly adapting to political, economic, social and cultural developments.To produce optimal performance, it is necessary to organize various activities in a planned, coordinated, controlled and well maintained, so that required a management colored with skills and cooperation are rational.Besides it is still needed other more specific capabilities, including the leadership style, motivation and discipline of Infantry Battalion soldiers, The Raider 503 / Mayangkara. The Purpose of this study was to examine the influence of leadership style on performance and to know the performance of soldiers in Yonif Raider 503..........

 

Keywords: Leadership style, Army's performance, Military

[1]. Ardana, I. K, Ni Wayan M dan I Wayan M.U., 2011. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Graha Ilmu. Jakarta.
[2]. Brahmasari, I. A dan Suprayetno, A. 2008. Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja, Kepemimpinan dan Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan serta Dampaknya pada Kinerja Perusahaan (Studi Kasus pada PT. Pei Hai International Wiratama Indonesia). Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, Vol 10, No 2 : 124-135
[3]. Draper, N. R. and Smith, H. 1992. Analisis Regresi Terapan. Edisi Kedua. Alih Bahasa : Ir. Bambang Sumantri. PT. Gramedia. Jakarta.
[4]. Gujarati, D. 1978. Ekonometrika Dasar. Alih Bahasa : Dr. Sumarno Zain, S.E., Ak., M.B.A. Erlangga. Jakarta.
[5]. Gujarati, D. 2003. Ekonometrika Dasar. Alih Bahasa : Dr. Sumarno Zain, S.E., Ak., M.B.A. Erlangga. Jakarta.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Laboratory Method on Students' Achievement And Retention In Senior Secondary Schools Biology In Kogi East Senatorial Zone
Country	:
Authors	:	Chibabi, A. A. || Dr. Umoru, S. E. || Onah, D. O. || Itodo, E. E.
	:	10.9790/7388-0806013139

Abstract: The study was conducted to determine the effect of laboratory method of teaching on senior secondary school students' achievement and retention in Biology in Kogi East Senatorial Zone. The effect of gender was also examined The study has four research objectives, answered four research questions and tested four null hypotheses. A quasi experimental design of non equivalent group was adopted. Students Biology Achievement Test (SBAT) was developed and administered to 365 samples drawn from 14,920 populations of Senior Secondary School II students using Taro Yamen. The instrument (SBAT) was validated by three experts and its reliability coefficient was established as 0.87 using test retest method. The experimental group was taught using laboratory method of teaching while the control..........

[1]. Ada, A.N (2006). Curriculum and Instruction: An Introduction to General Method and Principles of Teaching. Makurdi, Abuja, Aboki Publishrs.
[2]. Agwagah, U.N.V. (2008). Mathematics is beyond calculation: aesthetic values. Abacus: The Journal of Mathematical Association of Nigerian. 33(1), 70-79.
[3]. Akindele, I. (2009). Increasing teacher capacity on the use of dissection and experimentation techniques for effective conduct of biology practicals for senior school certificate Examination. STAN, Biology panel series, Nwagbo, C.R.; Nzewi U.M., Ajewole A.G. (Eds) Nsukka Bel's Books, 79-87.
[4]. Akubuilo, D.U. (2004). The effect of problem solving instructional strategies on students achievement and retention in biology with respect to location in Enugu State. Journal of the Science Teachers Association of Nigeria, 24(1&2), 94-100.
[5]. Akuto, G.W., Adoluju, M.O. & Odeh.R.C. (2012).General Teaching Methods and Strategies in Education.Gboko, Makurdi, Abuja; Cubanet Publishers , Nigeria Ltd.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Transformation Of National Army Role In Dealing With The Importance Of The Army Loyalty At Kodam Vi Mulawarman
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Setyo Wibowo || Zaenal Fanani || Mukhammad Soleh
	:	10.9790/7388-0806014050

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to analyze the transformation of the Army in Dealing with Change, to analyze the influence of the transformation of the army role in order to face changes to the loyalty of soldiers and to analyze what is most dominant in influencing the loyalty of Army soldiers in Kodam VI Mulawarman. The research was conducted at Kodam VI Mulawarman. The type of research used is a survey of 99 respondents using quantitative data through the use of Structural Equation Model method with WarpPLS 5.0 software. The sampling technique used in this research model is the total sampling technique because the sample taken is the commander.The results showed.........

 

Keywords:Transformation, National Army, Loyalty

[1]. Aurik Gustomo dan Anita Silvianita, 2011. Pengaruh Nilai-Nilai Personal, Gaya Kepemimpinan dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan. Makalah Kelompok Keahlian Manajemen Manusia dan Kewirausahaan Sekolah Bisnis dan Manajemen Institut Teknologi Bandung
[2]. T Hobbes, Leviathan, 1660 in C.B. Macpherson, Leviathan, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1968, Chapter XVII. 2. Wæver, O. (1995). "Securitization and Volume 33 No. I Edisi Maret 2013 Jurnal Yudhagama18 desecuritization." Pp. 46-86 in R. Lipschutz (ed.) On security. NY: Columbia Univ. Press. 3. Lind, William S, The Four Generations of Modern War, http://www.lewrockwell.com/lind/lind26.html diakses 28 Oktober 2012. 4. Clausewitz, Carl von, trans. Colonel J.J. Graham, On War, London : N.Trhbner, 1873, pp.596. 5. Transform : a marked change in form, nature, or appearance, Oxford english dictionary. 6. Transform : a marked change in form, nature, or
[3]. Appearance, Oxford english dictionary. 7. http://www.army.mil/-speeches/2006/12/14/989statement-by-general-peter-schoomaker-chief-ofstaff-united-states-army-before-the-commission-onnational-guard-and-reserves/index.html. 8. http://www.army.mol/aps/05/images/purposechart.jpg, diakses pada 26 Oktober 2012. 9. Postur Pertahanan Negara, Kementerian Pertahanan RI, 2008.
[4]. Barkdoll, Gerald R. (2007). "Individual Personality and Organizational Culture Or Let's Change this Place so I Feel More Comfortable." Diakses dari http://www.pamij.com tanggal 3 Oktober 2007.
[5]. Chen, L.Y. (2004). "Examining the Effect of Organization Culture and Leadership Behaviors on Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Job Performance at Small and Middle-sized Firms of Taiwan", The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambrige, pp. 432-438 (September, 2004)..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	New Horizon in Technology Education From Access To Quality For Effective Utilization Of Instructional Materials In Teaching And Learning Of Chemistry In Senior Secondary Schools
Country	:
Authors	:	ABDUADAMUGAMBAKI || SHEHUIBRAHIM || DANJUMAEZEKIEL
	:	10.9790/7388-0806015155

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to find out the effective role of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Chemistry in Senior Secondary Schools (SSS) in Katagum Zonal Education (KZEA), Bauchi State. To carry out this research work five (5) secondary schools were randomly selected within the area which comprises of public and private schools as respondents research sample were twenty (20) teachers while the students sample were one hundred (100) which make a total of one hundred and twenty (120) samples/respondents. Data were gathered using questionnaire one (1) null hypothesis; there is no significant differences in the mean scores.........

 

Keywords:Effective, Utilization, Instructional Materials, Teaching, Learning, Chemistry

[1]. Akpa, I.A. (2011). The role of educational Technology in Augmenting the Learning of Chemistry: A Study of Some selected secondary schools in Jos, North, LGA of Plateau State. Unpublished B.Sc (ed) Chemistry, Jos, University of Jos.
[2]. Aina, J.J. (2013). Importance of Service Education to National Development and problems militating against its development American Journal of Education Research 1(7): 225-229.
[3]. Creifrough O.J. & Williams, H.E (1999). A History of Instructional Design and Technology in R.Reiser and J.V Demysery. (eds) Trends and Issues in instructional design and technology. NJ, USA: Pretenic Hall Inc.
[4]. Eleagu, C.C. (2011). An Appropriate of the use of Information and Communication (ICT) for the effective teaching and learning of Geography in Secondary Schools, Unpublished B.Sc (ed) Chemistry, Jos, University of Jos.
[5]. Ema-Ema, A.J.U & Ajayi, D.T.W (2008), Educational Resources Management: Curriculum Design …. Implementation… Evaluation. Jos. University of Jos press Ltd. Nigeria.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Development of Evaluation of Indonesian Curriculum 2013 Language Learning Results Based On Excel Program In Class V Students Muhammadiyah Basic School 28
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Surya Darma || Ewin Sanjaya Gajah
	:	10.9790/7388-0806015660

Abstract: This study aims: (1) to describe the design of the development of evaluation of Indonesian language learning outcomes Curriculum 2013 based on excel program of fifth grade students of Muhammadiyah 28 Elementary School; (2) describe the results of expert validation on the development of evaluation of Indonesian language learning outcomes Curriculum 2013 based on excel program of fifth grade students of Muhammadiyah 28 Elementary School; and (3) describe the level of understanding of the fifth grade students of Muhammadiyah 28 Elementary.......

 

Keywords: Evaluation, Assessment, 2013 Curriculum, Excel

[1]. Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2002. Research Procedure for an Approach to Practice Revised Edition V. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

[2]. Bharat Bhushan Argawal and Sumit Prakash Tayal. 2007. Software Engineering. New Delhi Laxmi Publication (P) Ltd.

[3]. Bloom, B. S. 1981. Evaluation to Improve Learning. New York: McGraw-Hill

[4]. Budiman. 2011. Web Based Report Card Application Development. Thesis: Informatics Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta.

[5]. Damaianti, Vismaia Sabariah. 2007. "Evaluation in Learning". Paper.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Development of Interactive Multimedia-Based Learning Media In Text Review Of Biography On Class Xi Class Students Ypk Medan
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Hakim Prasasti Lubis || Isma Dewi
	:	10.9790/7388-0806016165

Abstract: This study aims to find out the development of interactive multimedia-based learning media in a biography retelling text on the remaining class XI YPK Medan Vocational High School. This study uses the R & D method. Subjects in this study were students of class XI Accounting YPK Medan Vocational High School 2017-2018 school year totaling 35 students. The steps used in this study are collecting data, designing products, validating experts, revising products. Based on the test of the effectiveness of the product carried out on the media it is known that interactive........

 

Keywords: Development, Learning Media, Interactive Multimedia, Biography Retelling Text

[1]. Abdurrahman. 2003. Education for Children with Learning Difficulties. Jakarta: Rhineka Cipta.

[2]. Achsin. 1986. Learning Media. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

[3]. Great. 2009. Good Shortcut Presentation with Poerpoint 2007. Yogyakarta: Science Outlet.

[4]. Anindyarini. 2008. Indonesian. Jakarta: Teguh Karya.

[5]. Arsyad, Azhar. 2011. Learning Media. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Managing functional upper basic vocational education for sustainable national development in nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Chidobi roseline unoma || eze thecla amogechukwu || chinyelugo fidelia agada
	:	10.9790/7388-0806016673

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of managing functional upper basic vocational education for sustainable national development in Nigeria. Two research questions were formulated and two hypotheses tested. Descriptive survey design was employed. 50% of principals and 10% of teachers were sampled given 150 principals and 310 teachers. Data were collected through researchers structured 30-item questionnaire titled: Extent of Managing Vocational Education in the Upper Basic Education for Sustainable National Development (EMVEUBESND). A reliability co-efficient of 0.79 was obtained using Cronbach Alpha Method. The instrument was administered............

 

Keywords: Management, Supervision, Vocational Education, Upper Basic Education

[1]. Alumode, B.C., Nwite, O. (2009) Managing entrepreneurship education for sustainable unemployment alleviation in Nigeria. In managing inventions in Nigerian educational system. J.B. Bibelola G.O. Akpa, N. Ikediugwu, A.O. Ayeni and A.I. Atanda (ed)s NAGAP Publications.
[2]. Amoor, S.S. (2008) Integrating entrepreneurship education into business education curriculum in Nigerian Universities, Zaria Journal of Liberal Arts, 2(2), 15-21.
[3]. Awah, I.M and Inakwu, A.A. (2008) the essence of entrepreneurship education in Nigeria property alleviation in the 21st century. A paper presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the National Association for Research Development (NARD) held at the Federal College of Education Zuba, between 6th – 10th October, 2009.

[4]. Babatunde, M.A. and Adefabi, R.A. (2005) Long run relationship between education and economic growth in Nigeria. Evidence from the Johnason's co-integration approach.Education in West African constraints and opportunities.
[5]. Daft, R.L. (2008) New era of management, Mason: Thomson South Western.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of achievement motivation on academic performance of upper primary students studying in West Bengal (India) govt. schools
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Debasis Bhattacharyya
	:	10.9790/7388-0806017478

Abstract: Achievement Motivation(AM) is a desire to do well relative to some standard of excellence. It is a social form of motivation involving a competitive desire to meet standard of excellence. This study aspires to investigate the Effect of Achievement Motivation on academic performance of upper primary students studying in West Bengal Board of Primary Education and West Bengal Board of Secondary Education affiliated schools. Participants included 1003 students that studied in Class-VIII (eight) from 10 West Bengal Govt. Schools .There were 470 Boys and 543 Girls in the range of age between 13 and 15 years. .Rao Achievement Motivation Test collected from Agra Psychological...........

 

Keywords:Achievement motivation, Interactive learning, Joyful environment, Creativity

[1]. McClelland, D.C. (1961). The Achieving Society.
[2]. McClelland, D.C. (1958). Methods of measuring Human Motivation. In: J.W. Atkinson,ed., Motives in Fantassy, Action and Society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nos-trand.
[3]. Singh, K(2011). Study of Achievement Motivation in Relation to Academic Achievement of Students. IJEPA (ISSN2249-3093) Vol. I, Number2 (2011), pp. 161-171.
[4]. Butler, R(1999). Information seeking and achievement motivation in middle childhood and adolescence: The role of Conceptions of ability. Developmental Psychology, 35, 146-163.
[5]. Burnstein, J.C., & Maier, G.W. (2005) Implicit and self attributed motives to achieve: Two separate but interacting needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 205-222.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Causes of Violence among Couples In Makurdi Metropolis Of Benue State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Dr. James, P. O. || Dr. Ako, J. A. || Adamu, Ruth Y.
	:	10.9790/7388-0806017984

Abstract: The study looked at causes of violence among couples in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State, Nigeria. Two research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. Survey design was adopted for the study. 50 male and 50 female civil servants purposively selected formed the sample for the study. A self-developed instrument named "Causes of Violence among Couples Questionnaire" (CVCQ) was used to collect data. Mean and t-test were used to answer the research questions and for testing the null hypothesis respectively. Result shows that all the factors on the instrument often lead to violence with means above 2.50. Nagging, sexual deprivation, dishonesty, infidelity and neglect of responsibility emerged as the top five common causes of violence. The t-test yield 0.80 and as such, the hypothesis of no significant gender difference in perception of causes of violence is accepted..........

[1]. Akinade, E. A. (1997). Towards satisfactory marriage: A marital guidance. Lagos. Olatunji Publishers.
[2]. Akume, G. T., Amali, A. O & Ojogbane, V. J. (2013). Impediments to youth development in Nigeria: counselling intervention and policy implementation. Multidisciplinary journal of research development, 10(6): 132-142
[3]. Amadi, U. P. N and Amadi, F. N. C. (2014). Marital Crisis in the Nigeria Society: Causes, Consequences and Management Strategies. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. MCSER Publishing, Rome, Italy. 5(26): 133-143
[4]. Amato, P. R. and Previti, D. (2003). People's reasons for divorcing: Gender, Social class, the life. Journal of Marriage and Family, 23: 86-99
[5]. Amato, P. R. and Rogers, S. J. (1997). A longitudinal study of marital problems and subsequent divorce. Journal of marriage and the family, (59): 612-624..