IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-14 ~ Issue-10 ~ October 2020

Abstract: Background: Nicotine, a major component of cigarette smoke, plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease and lung cancer in smokers. The aim of the present work was to investigate protective activity of Spirulina platensis (SP) extract against lung toxicity induced by nicotine in adult rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty six adult albino rats weighing around 150 ±10 g were used for the evaluation of lung protective activity of SP (3% and 6%) against nicotine-induced lung toxicity in rats. Results: The daily oral administration of the SP (3% and 6%) for 30 days to rats treated with nicotine (2.5 mg/kg.b.w.) resulted in a significant improve in plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol as well as serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α),.....

Key words: Spirulina platensis, nicotine, lung, nanoparticles oxidative stress biomarkers, iNOS and p38-MAPK.

[1]. Cha KH, Kang SW, Kim CY, Um BH, Na YR, Pan CH (2010): Effect of pressurized liquids on extraction of antioxidants from Chlorella vulgaris. J Agric Food Chem; 58:4756–4761.
[2]. Bidigare RR, Ondrusek ME, Kennicut MC (1993): Evidence for a photoprotective function for secondary carotenoids of snow algae. J Phycol.; 29: 427–434.
[3]. Romay C, Gonzalez R, Ledon N, Remirez D, Rimbau V (2003): C-phycocyanin: a biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Curr Protein Pept Sci; 4:207–216.
[4]. Li HB, Cheng KW, Wong CC, Fan KW, Chen F, Jiang Y (2007): Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of different fractions of selected microalgae. Food Chem; 102:771–776.
[5]. Kumar A, Vajpayee P, Ali MB (2002): Biochemical responses of Cassia siamea Lamk grown on coal combustion residue (fly-ash). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol; 68:675–683.

Abstract: Background: The increase in population across the globe and the resulting increase in commodities have led to huge demand for variety of materials for various applications. One of the important material that has become an inevitable utility is plastic and its hazard caused to our environment. Bio-plastics help to reduce the dependency on petroleum based polymers and acts as a better servement in controlling the emmission of CO2 in atmosphere. The disadvantages and consequences of handling plastic always lead the scientist in questioning the alternate bio degradable, non-hazardous......

Keywords: Bio-plastic, potato starch , conc.corn syrup, polylactic acid, plasticizer

[1]. Bioplastics and food packaging . Nafisa Jabeen.et al. Cogent Food & Agriculture. Vol (1) , 2015 - Issue 1
[2]. Handbook of Bioplastics and Biocomposites , Engineering Applications,Edited by Srikanth Pilla, Wisconsin Institute Of Discovery, University Of Wisconsin-Madison,USA. Cpoyright 2011 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All Rights Reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: ISBN 978 0-470-62607-8
[3]. Aberle T, Burchard W, Vorwerg W, Radosta S (1994) Conformational contributins of amylose and amylopectin to the structural properties of starches from various sources. Starch 46, 329-335
[4]. Brandrup J, Immergut EH, Grulke E (1999) Permeability and diffusion data. In: Polymer Handbook 2 (4th Edn, Vol I), Wiley, NY, pp 543-569
[5]. Delville J, Joly C, Dole P, Bliard C (2002) Solid state photocrosslinked starch- based films: A new family of homogeneous modified starchers. Carbohyd- rate Polymers 49, 71-81.

Abstract: Ecologists have been unanimous in their opinion that changes in the environment, at large and the physicochemical and biological make-up of a water body, in particular, has a bearing, direct or indirect, on the distribution of its biotic communities and the fish population is hardly an exception to the rule as is borne out by its consumption in the market. A survey was carried out from September to December to analyze the water samples of river Ganges collected from the following sites in urban Patna- Digha Ghat (upstream), Rajapur Pul (mid-stream), Collectorate Ghat (mid-stream) and NIT Ghat (downstream) to study the effect of quality of the same on the population and consumption of fishes in the local market through FGD (Focused Group Discussion) methodology. The mean value of all results indicated that the quality of water at Digha Ghat characterized by pH 7.02, DO 7.82 mg/l, BOD 0.79 mg/l in monsoon period and pH 7.52, DO 7.43 mg/l, BOD 0.82mg/l in post monsoon period....

Keywords: River Ganges, Patna, pH, DO, BOD, FGD, Fish Population and Market

[1]. APHA, (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water 20th Edition, APHA, NY,USA
[2]. Arc GIS v 10.1-2012 release [3]. Ayo-Olalusi; The Liverpool fish market in Lagos State, Nigeria;October 2010 ;African journal of agricultural research 5(19) [4]. Bihar Animal and FisheriesDept.,Govt. of Bihar [5]. Ganesh Kumar Balasubramanian ;Domestic Fish Marketing in India - Changing Structure, Conduct, Performance and Policies;January 2008;Agricultural Economics Research Review 21(2008)

Abstract: This study demonstrates the use of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and image differencing to detect vegetation change for 41 yearsby applying Landsat imagery in North-Eastern Nigeria. NDVI images were produced from Landsat classified vegetation maps which were also produced through supervised classification techniques and maximum likelihood algorithm, and image differencing were produced from NDVI images, thereafter, change areas in hectares and percentage of vegetation change were all recorded. The study reveals that from 1975 to 1987 decreased is 6.41%, some decreased 48.11%, unchanged 0.11%, some increased 42.61% and increased is 2.76% respectively. And between 2003 and 2016decreasedis 1.09%, some decrease 1.43%, unchanged 0.00%, some increase 6.10% and increased is 91.38%.Based on these results, there were no much places on the natural environment which were not altered byhuman activities.However, the rate of vegetation is currently increasing in the region, as evident from the NDVI image of 2016.

Keywords: NDVI image, Landsat, vegetation change, image differencing

[1]. Al-doski, J. (2013). NDVI Differencing and post-classification to detect vegetation changes in Halabja city, Iraq.IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 1(2), 01–10. 10.9790/0990-0120110
[2]. Anyamba, A. & Tucker, C. J. (2005). Analysis of Sahelian vegetation dynamics using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data from 1981–2003. Journal of Arid Environments, 63(3), 596–614. 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.007
[3]. Babagana, A., Dungus, B., Bello, S. A., &Kolo, B. S. (2015). Problems and prospects of Alau dam construction in Alau Community, Konduga Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 11(20).
[4]. Babamaaji, R. A. & Lee, J. (2013). Land use/land cover classification of the vicinity of Lake Chad using NigeriaSat-1 and Landsat data. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71(10), 4309–4317. 10.1007/s12665-013-2825-x
[5]. Bégué, A., Vintrou, E., Ruelland, D., Claden, M., &Dessay, N. (2011). Can a 25-year trend in Soudano-Sahelian vegetation dynamics be interpreted in terms of land use change? A remote sensing approach. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 413–420. 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.02.002

Abstract: Background: Food security governance institution plays a key role in the management of food crises caused by climate change. This paper therefore aims to understand the perceptions of decision-makers on the phenomenon of climate change in relation to food security to better help develop strategies for resilience to the adverse effects of climate. Materials and Methods: Surveys were conducted among sixteen (16) main institutions in charge of governance of food and nutrition security in Burkina Faso using questionnairefocused on 3 component of food security such as: (i) national production, (ii) state financing of food security, and (iii) governance of the food security sector.The criterion for the choice of institution in this study was based on their dynamism and involvement in food security management, their size/scope (sub-regional....

Keywords: Perception, governance structures, climate change, Burkina Faso.

[1]. Agossou, .S.M. Tossou, C.R. Vissoh V.P. Agbossou et K.E., 2012 : perception des perturbations climatiques, savoirs locaux et stratégies d'adaptation des producteurs agricoles béninois. African Crop Science Journal, Vol. 20 s2, pp. 565 – 588.
[2]. Bamba O, Pellédé S, Sacko A, Kagambega N, Miningou M Y W. 2013. Impact de l'artisanat minier sur les sols d'un environnement agricole aménagé au Burkina Faso. Journal des sciences, 13, (1), 1-11p.
[3]. Banque Mondiale, 2013. Changement climatique : quelles conséquences pour l'Afrique, l'Asie et les populations côtières pauvres ?https://www.banquemondiale.org.
[4]. Centre de Conférence des Nations Unies (CCNU), 2010. Changements climatiques, agriculture et sécurité alimentaire. Document de travail n°2 12p.
[5]. CILSS, 2004. Rapport Mensuel sur la Sécurité Alimentaire au Sahel et en Afrique de l'Ouest.3p. fews.net/sites/default/files/documents/reports/West_200412fr.pd.

Abstract: The decline in the total protein content of the investigated fish Bloch (Channa punctatus) due to the adverse effect of agricultural pesticide, dicofol (Kelthane) in hydro ecosystem leads the physiological and behavioural changes. It was observed that the decrease in percentage of albumin, globulin and albumin: globulin (A:G) ratio of the blood of the fish when the investigated species exposed to the lethal and sub-lethal concentration of the organo-chlorine dicofol pesticide in the same experimental conditions.

Keywords: Dicofol; Channa punctatus (Bloch); albumin; globulin; Blood protein

[1]. Haider, G. 1970 : Haematologische Beobachtugen an Regenbogenforellan (Salmo gairdnesi) II. Der. Blutzuk. Z. Fish. N. F., 18 : 209-216.
[2]. Kumari, R. 1990 : Effect of Some toxic solutions on the respiration of an air breathing fish, H. fossilis (Bloch) PhD. Thesis, Bihar Univ., Muzaffarpur (India)
[3]. Gupta, V. 2003 : Toxicological assessment of fenvalerate (A parathyroid biocide) on a freshwater fish. Ph.D. Thesis, B.R.A. Bihar Univ. Muzaffarpur (India)
[4]. Kumar, N. 1999 : Effect of few insecticides on the gills of an air breathing fish. Ph.D. Thesis, L. M. N. Univ., Darbhanga (India)
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Abstract: Planktons are good indicators of water quality but are rarely used in ponds of studies in spite of all level of contamination in the Ponds. In the present study, we aim on the plankton of the Pond of Darbhanga district under Bihar state. Samples are collected in the months of 2009- 2010. The seasonal variations of all phytoplankton populations and monthly variations in percentage composition of various group. In the present study Pond, 23 species of rotifers, 11 species of cladocera and 6 species of copepods have been recorded. The analysis was done based on the standard methods preseribed by APHA. The biological parameters included phytoplankton analysis, invertebrates etc revealed their high density, which are considered to be indicaters of organic pollution. Our study shows that plankton can efficiently be used to evaluate the water quality in ponds.

Keywords: Plankton, Water quality, Darbhanga

[1]. Adesalu, T.A. and Nwanko, D.I. 2005. Studies on the phytoplankton of olero creek and part of Benin river. Nigeria. The Ekol. 3:21-30.
[2]. APHA, AWWA and WPCF. 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and water. 20th edition. American Public Health Association,
[3]. Bhatt, L.R, Lacou, P., Lekhal, H.D. and Jha, P.K. 1999. Physico-chemical characterstics and Phytoplanktons for Taudhalake. Kathmandu. Poll. Res. 18:353-358.
[4]. Dixit, A., Tomar, J.S. and Sharma, J. 2007. Physico-chemical characteristics of Betwariver at Vidhisha (M.P.). I.J. Applied Life Sc. 3:38-42.
[5]. Jaiswal, R.K.; Mukherjee, S.; Krishnamurthy, J. and Saxena, R. 2003. Role of prospect zones towards rural development –an approach. Int. J. Remote Senslng. Vol. 24 (5):993-108.

Abstract: Stubble burning is intentionally setting fire to straw stubble (stems, leaves, seed pods) that are left out on the agricultural land after the crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane, etc. have been harvested as the farmer prepares the land for Rabi crop. Cereal crops contribute 70%, while rice crop alone contributes 34% to the crop residues. According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy report 2009, India alone produces around 500 million tonnes of crop residue per year out of which around 140 million tonnes is burned every year majorly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana. Crop residue burning produces smoke containing toxic chemicals which cause respiratory problems and other diseases. Burning of wheat and paddy straws alone contributes...

Keywords: Crop Residue, Stubble Burning, Air Pollution, Health Impacts, Greenhouse Gases, Delhi- NCR

[1]. Allen, A.; Voiland, A. NASA Earth Observatory, Haze Blankets Northern India. 2017. Available online: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91240/haze-blankets-northern-india.
[2]. Bhaskar. B.V., Mehta V.M. (2010). Atmospheric Particulate Pollutants and their Relationship with Meteorology in Ahmedabad. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 10:301–315.
[3]. Burning- effects on soil quality: Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS): MT-86 Odisha entrepreneurs meet: Orissa ricemill overview, Guidelines for HRD schemes.
[4]. Business Standard, (05 November, 2019) "Air pollution: Dushyant Chautala writes to PM, suggests cloud seeding".

Abstract: Investigation on the photochemical and antibacterial properties of ethanol extracts of in vivo grown plants as well as in vitro generated plantlets of Trachyspermum ammi was carried out. Nodal explants of TA when placed on MS medium supplemented with 6-Benzyl amino purine (BAP) at 4μg/ml resulted into multiple shoots. The success rate was found to be 95%. These shoots, on transfer developed bunch of branched roots in presence of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 2μg/ml and BAP at 1 μg/ml. In order to study the phytochemical properties of both in vivo and in vitro plants Trachyspermum ammi, ethanolic extracts were prepared by soxhlet extraction method for this study. The results revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenols and tannins. Further the ethanol extracts of such regenerated in vitro plants along with that of natural in vivo garden plants on comparison were found to be more effective against gram positive bacteria when compared to gram negative bacteria.

Keywords: Trachyspermum ammi, Ethanol extract, Phytochemicals, Antimicrobial, in-vitro explants.

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