IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-2 ~ February 2014

Abstract: Air pollution has become an environmental problem of public concern worldwide. In the present study, the concentration of Particulate Matter (PM10), Oxides of Sulphur (SOx), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Ozone(O3) have been monitored from February 2013 to May 2013 over Gopalpur village in Durgapur situated at 23°29ʹ52.67ʺ N and 87°23ʹ46.08ʺE. Meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind direction were also simultaneously recorded over the chosen site.

[1] C.A. Pope III, R.T. Burnett, M.J.Thun, E.E.Calle, D.Krewski, K. Ito,and G. D. Thurston,Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution,Journal of American Medical Association287, 2002, 1132–1141.
[2] N. Taus, S. Tarulescu, M. Idomir, and R. Taus, Respiratory exposure to air pollutants, Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 9(1), 2008, 15–25.
[3] D. W. Dockery, C. A. Pope, X, Xu, J. D. Splender, J. H., Ware, M. E. Fay, B. G. Ferris, and F. E.Speizer, An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six US cities, New England. Journal of Medicine, 329, 1993, 1753-1759.
[4] P. J. M. Koken, W. T. Piver, F. Ye, A. Elixhauser,L. M. Olsen, and C. J. Portier,Temperature, Air Pollution and Hospitalization for Cardiovascular Diseases among Elderly People in Denver. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(10), 2003, 1312-1317.
[5] A. K. Azad, and T. Kitada, Characteristics of the Air Pollution in the City of Dhaka, Bangladesh in Winter. Atmospheric Environment, 32 (11), 1998, 1991-2005.

Abstract: Kenya is an agri-based economy that heavily relies on rainfall performance. Unfortunately, changes in rainfall patterns have threatened the agricultural sector since it is largely rain-fed. The frequent occurrence and increased severity of climatic extremes, particularly droughts and floods, have led to slow economic development in the affected areas. However, the impacts on the economy vary from one hydrometeorological disaster to the other depending on their characteristics. From the case studies of Laikipia and Bunyala sub-counties in Kenya, the study established an increasing trend in both the frequency and magnitude of floods and droughts. Prolonged and severe flood and drought events had adverse impacts on economic development through (a) decrease in agricultural production, (b) poor prices for livestock and agricultural produce and (c) destruction of the immediate environment which in turn exacerbate the impacts. An inverse relationship between economic development and the magnitude of the disaster was established. The consequence have been increased poverty levels in the areas due to slow economic development.

Keywords: Extreme climatic events, Floods, droughts, Bunyala, Laikipia North

[1]. Action Aid (2012) East Africa drought. Available online at: http://www.actionaid.org/what-we-do/emergencies-conflict/current-emergencies/east-africa-drought
[2]. Alleyne, R. (2009) Catastrophic Droughts in Africa are the Norm, Claim Scientists. In The Telegraph. Available at:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/ environment/climatechange/5165168/
[3]. Anyamba, A. Linthicum, K. J. and Tucker, C. J. (2001) Climate-disease connections: Rift Valley Fever in Kenya. Cad. Saúde Pública vol.17 suppl. Rio de Janeiro 2001. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2001000700022
[4]. Ayoti O. (2008) Kenya has no policy on drought, Minister confesses. Available: http://desertificationwordpress.Com/2008/05/29/kenya-has-no-policy-on-drought-google-africa-sciencenews-service/
[5]. Clarke R. (1991) Water: The international crisis. Earthscan Publication, London.

Abstract: The Plateau tin fields have been subjected to mining activities and environmental degradation which spanned over a decade since mining started in 1902. Mining though an indispensable economic activity requires affective management, monitoring and control to forestall undesirable environmental degradation- This was not considered during the first 46 years of mining by the colonial government leading to the devastation of a substantial arable land. This paper examines the reclamation needs of tin fields of the Bukuru-Rayfield environs, and proposes necessary land reclamation methods and major land reclamation machineries and practice that would ensure proper management of mined-out areas and reduce risks of further environmental degradation. The study reveals that of the 9(nine) existing abandoned mine ponds and 5(five) mining spoils a total of about 22,237,380 m3 of earth material would be required for reclamation. This volume includes 435780 m3 of the available mining spoil.

[1]. Falconer, J.D., (1911): The Geology and Geography of Northern Nigeria. Macmillan, London.
[2]. Falconer, J.D., (1921): The Geology of the Plateau Tin Fields. Bull. Geol. Survey Nigeria, No.4, Kaduna.
[3]. MacLeod, W.N. and Berridge, N.G. (1971): Geology of the Jos Plateau. Bull. Geol. Surv. Nigeria, vol.2 (32).
[4]. Adiuku Brown M.E., (1999): "The Danger Posed by the Abandoned Mine Ponds and Lotto Mines on the Jos Plateau". A Journey of Environmental Science 3(2), Pp 258-265.
[5]. Ogezi, A.E.(2007): Principles and Procedures of Reclamation. Paper Presented at Training Programme on Mines Land Reclamation and Rehabilitation for Mines Environmental Compliance. Ministry of Mines and Steel Development.

Abstract: Car festival of lord Jagannatha , an worldwide acclaimed festival observed by Hindus is interwoven with not only the culture but also the religious sentiment of the mass. Celebration of this festival requires construction of three new chariots every year. An estimated 400 cubic meter wood from different specified species is required. Once upon a time these wood species were abundantly available in different forest divisions of Odisha. Regular cutting and due other climatic factors the availability of these species become endangered year by year. Even certain species like Phasi become extinct in the nearby divisions. Considering the future demand the state administration developed a plan for protection and just management of existing species and also to plant more species for future use. This management plan was not only to increase no. of species but also it extended area of collection also. Now after 0ne and half decade of intervention the endeavour has stated bearing fruits. There has been a substantial availability of required species and certain species have been saved from extinction

[1]. Community Forest Mangement in Orissa, Community Forestry, April 2005- Barna Baibhaba Panda
[2]. Working plan of Shri Jagannath Bana Prakalapa-1999- Forest and enviroment Department, govt. of Odisha
[3]. The present status of Forest and Forest Activities in Orissa- Orissa Review- August 1990-91- Ajit Bhartuar
[4]. Car timber (Overlapping) working circle, Chapter-10,Working plan2007-08 to 2016-17- Nayagarh District
[5]. Effect of Joint Forest Management programme on community forest management in Odisha – 1998- Rekha Panigrahy and Y. Girirao
[6]. Effective local management of forest- Learning from self initiated management organization in India- a case of community forest protection Nayagarh District- Vasundhara

Abstract: Wheat is an edible grain, one of the oldest and most important of the cereal crops. Though grown under a wide range of climates and soils, wheat is best adapted to temperate regions with rainfall between 30 and 90 cm. Winter and spring wheat varieties are the two major types of the crop, with the severity of the winter determining whether a winter or spring type is cultivated. Avena fatua is a wildly growing weed along with wheat and is a serious competitor (competition in terms of allelochemicals) of wheat. Whole plants of Avena fatua were collected and dried, crushed, mixed with distilled water and allowed to stand for 72 hours in water bath at 25 (±2) degrees followed by filtration using whatman's filter paper no.1. Four concentrations of different ratios were prepared for demonstration of the allelopathic effects on wheat (GW-273) seed germination. The extracts pose significant and varying allelopathic effects on seed germination and other seedling growth parameters.

Key words: Allelopathic effects, GW 273, Avena fatua, Allelochemicals.

[1]. Anderson, R. (2003). An ecological approach to strengthen weed management in the semiarid Great Plains. Advances in Agronomy. 80: 33-62.
[2]. Anderson, W.P. (1987). Weed science as it relates to crop production. In: CRC Handbook of plant science in Agriculture. Vol. II. (Ed. B. R. Christie). CRC. Press Inc. Boca Raton. Florida. 100-113.
[3]. Bhatia, R.K., Gill, H.S. and Mehra, S.P. (1982). Allelopathic potential of some weeds on wheat. Indian Journal Weed science.14 (2): 108-114. [4]. Evenari, M. (1980). The history of germination research and the lesson it contains for today. Israel Bot. 29: 4.
[5]. Ghafoor, A. and Sadiq, M. (1991). Critical period of weed crop competition in winter wheat. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 12(1): 13-23.
[6]. Guenzi, W.D. and McCalla, T.M. (1962). Inhibition of germination and seedling development by crop residues. Soil Sci.Soc.Am. Proc.26: 456-458.

Abstract: Moving toward a sustainable industrial activity requires an effective waste management that is applicable and efficient for all different types of industrial wastes .Waste minimization as the most acceptable option in waste management hierarchy, has a significant contribution in minimizing the solid wastes generated by manufacturing industries. The absence of appropriate policy, lack of awareness and information ,inadequate guidelines , limited time , lack of cooperation and application of old technologies such as end of pipe approaches are the common obstructive factors towards practicing efficient waste minimization by industries. The study was conducted to review and analyze the practical waste minimization methodologies and its characteristics based on the industrial activities. In addition the obstacles which hold up industries from practicing waste minimization efficiently were determined. Thus this study suggest the effective practices for improving waste minimization which suitable for manufacturing industries in Malaysia.

Key Words: Industrial activities, Industrial solid waste characteristics, waste minimization methodologies, preventive factors

[1]. Agamuthu, P., & Fauziah, S. (2011). Challenges and issues in moving towards sustainable landfilling in a transitory country-Malaysia. Waste Management & Research, 29(1), 13-19. doi: 10.1177/0734242X10383080
[2]. Agamuthu, P., Fauziah, S., Khidzir, K., & Aiza, A. N. (2007). Sustainable waste management-Asian perspectives. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management. 5.
[3]. Agamuthu, P., Fauziah, S. H., & C, S. (2004). Toward efficient waste management in a developing countries (Malaysia)-the dilemma. Philadelphia,USA.
[4]. Babu, B. R., Bhanu, S. U., & Meera, K. S. (2009). Waste minimization in electroplating industries: a review. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C, 27(3), 155-177. doi: 10.1080/10590500903124158
[5]. Bates, M. P., & Phillips, P. S. (1999). Sustainable waste management in the food and drink industry. British Food Journal, 101(8), 580-589. doi: 10.1108/00070709910288270
[6]. Begum, R. A., Siwar, C., Pereira, J. J., & Jaafar, A. H. (2007). Implementation of waste management and minimisation in the construction industry of Malaysia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 51(1), 190-202.

Abstract:The microbiological parameters of water and waste waters in and around Vijayawada were studied in the months of January-December 2012 for a period of one year from seven different sites. Selected sites are Krishna river water (site-I), exit canal near Vijayawada thermal power plant(site-II), canal near agricultural fields(site-III), water present in agricultural fields(site-IV), drain water near SIRIS company(site-V), drain water near railway station(site-VI) and drain water near bus stand(site-VII). Water samples were analyzed for various microbiological parameters using various techniques. Results revealed the existence of actinomycetes

[1]. Itodo A.U and Itodo H.U (2010). Nature of Science 8(4):pg54-59.
[2]. Adermorotic C.M.A (1992). Standard methods for water and effluent analysis2:pg41-42
[3]. Duncan M (2003). Domestic water treatment in developing countries Duncan Mara. Cromwell Press, U.K.
[4]. APHA (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and waste water, 20th edition, Washington, D.C.
[5]. Pelzar M.J., Reid R.D., Chem E.C.S. and Kreig N.R. (1996). Microbiology 5th edition, Mc Graw Hill Publication, New Delhi.
[6]. WHO (2004). World Health Organisation Guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva.
[7]. Colle J.G., Frasher A.G., Marmion B.P., and SimmonsA(1996). Practical Mediocal Microbiology. 14th edition, Churchill Living Stone.

Abstract: The present study aimed at the removal of sulphur from the petroleum waste. It is a carbonaceous solid derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes. Its high heat and low ash content make it good fuel for power generation in coal fired boilers, but petroleum coke is high in sulphur and low in volatile content which pose some environmental and technical problems with its combustion. The removal of sulphur is a gigantic task that can be achieved through various methods. The microbial method is an efficient and cost effective alternative method to chemical and physical methods because of its low demand for energy and less generation of waste by product. Microorganism used for the reduction of sulphur from pet coke is thiobacillus ferrooxidans. According to study of short interval, results suggest that with higher concentration of bacterial culture leaches sulphur more efficiently.

Keywords: Thiobacillus ferrooxidans; petroleum coke; Desulphurization

[1] IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "petroleum coke".
[2] Schoolbook, Chemistry 2000, Helge Mygind, ISBN 8755909922
[3] Al-Haj-Ibrahim, H. and B.I. Morsi. 1992. Desulfurization of Petroleum Coke: A Review. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 321:1835-1840.
[4] Al-Haj-Ibrahim, H. and M. M. Ali. 2005. Effect of the removal of sulphur and volatile matter on the true density of petroleum coke. Periodica polytechnica ser. Chem. Eng., 49(1):19–24.
[5] Ellis, P.J. and C.A. Paul. 2000a. Tutorial: Petroleum coke calcining and uses of calcined petroleum coke. Presented at the March 5-9, 2000, AIChE 2000 Spring National Meeting, Atlanta, GA.
[6] Ellis, P.J. and C.A. Paul. 2000b. Tutorial: Delayed coking fundamentals. Presented at the March 5-9, 2000, AIChE 2000 Spring National Meeting, Atlanta, GA.

Abstract: The ground water quality is relatively based on the geo-morphological and environmental conditions, which are the key source to assess the alteration in physico chemical properties of water quality of the system and surroundings. The current study is an outcome of continual observation and physico- chemical analysis of water samples collected in a fix time of intervals during different seasons of year from the radius of 3-4 km considering Amarkantak Thermal Power Station in Chachai (M.P.), as centre of study point and impartible source of Environmental pollutants. In order to scrutinize the Physico-Chemical Properties of Surface water to assess the suitability for domestic purposes, water samples were collected from five different locations in the surrounding of ATPS, Chachai in summer,

[1] World Health Organization(WHO), International Standards for drinking water, Geneva, WHO, 1998
[2] CGWB, Annual report of central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resource, Govt. of india, 2010, pp16.
[3] Shrivastva N, Agarwal M and Tyagi A., study of physic-chemical characterstics of water bodies around jaipur. J. Environ. Biol., 2003, 24(2): 178-180.
[4] Sirajudeen, J., Manikandan, S. A. and Naveen., J., Seasonal variation of heavy metal contamination of ground water inUyyakondan channel of Tiruchirappalli district (Tamil Nadu). Der Chemica Sinica, 2012, 3(5):1113-1119.
[5] Ramesha, M., Dharmaraja, E. and Ravindra Raj Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012, 3 (3):1709-1713
[6] Bhatnagar, M.K., Singh, M., Bhatnagar, P. and Tripathi, A., Physico-chemical Analysis of some water samples in Rewa city (M.P.) India. Jr. Poll. Res., 2012, 31 (2): 83-85.
[7] Mathiyalagan Kiruthika1, Ramasamy Elayaperumal, Murugan Srimathi, Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012, 3 (5):3350-3353.

Abstract: Organic farming is a technique, which involves the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals in natural ways. This process involves the use of biological materials, avoiding synthetic substances to maintain soil fertility and ecological balance thereby minimizing pollution and wastage. In other words, organic farming is a farming method that involves growing and nurturing crops without the use of synthetic based fertilizers and pesticides. Also, no genetically modified organisms are permitted. It relies on ecologically balanced agricultural principles like crop rotation, green manure, organic waste, biological pest control, mineral and rock additives. Organic farming makes use of pesticides and fertilizers if they are considered natural and avoids the use of various petrochemical fertilizers and pesticides. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), an international organization established in 1972.

Keywords: Organic farming, Green manure, Fertilizers, Pesticides

[1]. Nagavallemma KP, Wani S, Lacroix VV, Padmaja C, Vineela M, Babu Rao and Sahrawat K L. 2004. Vermicomposting: Recycling Wastes into Valuable Organic Fertilizer. Global Theme on Agro-ecosystems; Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 20(8).
[2]. Sandeep Kaswan, Vineet Kaswan and Rajesh Kumar. 2012. Organic farming as a basis for sustainable agriculture - a review.agricultural reviews, (33):27 – 36.
[3]. Annual Report, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, ministry of Agriculture, government of India, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi (2013-14).
[4]. Yadav SK, Subhash Babu MK, Yadav Kalyan Singh GS, Yadav Suresh Pal. 2013. "A Review of Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture in Northern India", International Journal of Agronomy, vol. 2013, Article ID 718145, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/718145.