IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-2 ~ February 2014

Abstract: Some important characteristics of surface water quality of Chittagong University campus, Bangladesh were evaluated for use in domestic, industrial, agriculture, recreation and aquaculture purposes. Fifteen water samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory of the Department of Soil Science of the University of Chittagong. The study revealed that most physical parameters and inorganic elements are not a serious problem for the water bodies of Chittagong University campus. On the basis of sample analysis it can be said that the surface water of Chittagong University campus is suitable for common uses.

Key words: Water quality, Chittagong University, Bangladesh.

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Abstract: Trace metals content of atmospheric dusts continue to attract global attention as more anthropogenic activities including urban road construction impacted on the natural metals load of airborne particulates. This study employed analytical procedures to investigate the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, vanadium, tin and manganese in atmospheric dusts deposition in Katima Mulilo metropolis, Namibia. Replicate samples were collected on five days interval under dry winter conditions from mid- August to mid-October, 2013. Samples were collected from within 40 m radius at selected locations along Katima Mulilo urban road construction and from a quite residential area;

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Abstract: The chemical composition, phytochemical screening and antinutrients composition of African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) seeds were determined. Matured seeds were collected, they were shelled and pulverized into a fine powder and kept in air tight sample bottle for further analysis. The seed is rich in protein (34.42±0.02%), oil (44.24±0.10%) and energy (577.04 Kcal/100g). the seeds can therefore be classified as oil seed. The most abundant elements in mg/100g of the seed are sodium (Na) (280.65 ±0.05), potassium (K) (235.65±0.05), magnesium (Mg) (210.70±0.50), calcium (Ca) (201.47±0.01) and phosphorus (P) (196.11±0.01) while iron (Fe) (8.71±0.02), zinc (Zn) (6.56 ±0.10), copper (Cu) (5.25 ±0.05) and lead (Pb) (3.54 ±0.04) were of lower concentrations. Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) were not detected (ND). Tannin, saponin and flavonoid were present while cardiac glycoside and alkaloid are absent. Anti nutritional factors were low with the following values: phytic acid (0.72±0.01mg/100g), tannin (1.24±0.05mg/100g), trypsin inhibitor (2.01±0.01TIUA/mg of protein) and haemaglutinin activity (1.89±0.10 HUB/g sample). The result of the research work showed that African oil bean seed has a potential for dietary improvement in food industries.
Keywords: African oil bean, seed, mineral, protein, oil, anti-nutritional, phytochemical, dietary.

[1] Awika, J. M. Mcdonough, C. M. and Rooney, L. W., Decorticating Sorghum to Concentrate Healthy Phytochemicals. J. Agric. Chem. 53 (2005): 6230-6234.
[2] Vourela, S., Kreander, K., Karonen, M., Nieminen, R., Hamalainen, M., Galkin, A., Laitinen, L., Salminen, J., Moilanen, E., Pililaja, K., Vuorela, H., Vuorella, P. and Heinonen, M., Preclinical Evaluation of rapeseed, Raspberry and Pinebark Phenolics for Health Related Effects. J. Agric Food Chem. 53(2005):5922-5931.
[3] Gonzalez-Perez, S., Vereijken, J. M., Van Koningsveld, G. A., Gruppen, H. and Voragen, A.G.J., Formation and Stability of Foams made with Sunflower (Helianthus annuus Proteins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(2003): 6469-6476.
[4] Jimoh, K. O. and Olatidoye, O. P., Evaluation of Physiochemical and Rheological Characteristics of Soybean Fortified Yam Flour. J. Applied Biosci. 13(2009):703-706.
[5] Odoemelam, S.A., Proximate Composition and Selected Physiochemical Properties of the Seeds of African Bean Oil (Pentaclethra marcrophylla). Pak. J. Nutr. 4 (6) (2005):382-383.

Abstract: The frequency of occurrence of the colonizing fungal species in the rhizoplane soil of okra plant (Hibiscus esculentus) were studied at different stages of development. The most frequently isolated fungal species in this examined okra plant were; Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus, others were; Penicillium spinulosum, Mucos racemosus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger, Cladiosporium resinae, Monascus ruber and Alternaria tenius.Investigation was also carried out on how factors such as soil moisture content organic matter content and soil pH affect the relative abundance of the fungal with okra plant growth.
Key Words: Rhizoplane, Colonizing, Schizosaccharomyces, Relative abundance.

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Abstract: Bone infections are common in orthopedic surgery. The treatment is medical and surgical. Materials and methods: we carried a retrospective study during to 12 months involving 24 medical records of long bone fractures of the lower limb. The aim of the study was to determine epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of bone infections of long bone fractures. Results: In 16 cases of the 24 bone infection had occurred in an open fracture. The tibial segment was the most affected with 14 cases (73%) of skin opening lesions type 2 Cauchoix. In 8 cases, there were infections developed from close fractures. The interval of admission extended 4 days to 7 months. Healing had occurred between 6 to 18 months of treatment with persistence of a fistula in 2 cases. Discussion: Bone infections remain a public health problem whatever the country, because of the morbidity and the particularity of their therapeutic management according to each patient. Aaccurate classification of these bone infections may facilitate their management. Conclusion: Continuous improvement of hospital stay and operating theater, a well- targeted anti biotherapy will contribute to reduce the frequencyof bone infections.
Keywords: long bone; lower limb; fractures; infections.

[1]. Kigera J W M. Incidence of early post operative surgical infection after primary total hip arthroplasty in the African setting. EAOJ; Vol.7: March 2013.p 8-9.
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Abstract: The aim of present study was to assess pesticide residues in vegetables in the Pathanamthittadistrict.The concentrations of six pesticides were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass selective detector (GC-MS) in locally produced vegetables purchased from wholesale markets. A total of 20 samples of four vegetables viz. Pea, snakegaurd, bittergaurd,brinjalwereanalyzed for pesticide residues. The results indicated that none of the samples were contaminated with pesticides. The physico chemical properties of samples from the three locations were analyzed and observed they were very rich in organic carbon content and contains higher percentage of organic matter.
Key words: Vegetables, Pesticides, QuEChERS method, Soil.

[1] Graeme, E. Batley, Graeme.batley@csiro.au*, Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land andWater, Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia.
[2] Goto, Collin S. 2003. Heavy Metal Intoxication. In: NelsonTextbook of Pediatrics, 17th ed. Edited by Richard E.Behrman, et al. Philadelphia: Saunders, pp. 2355–71.
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Abstract: The study aimed to determine the effect of sago pith waste granule compost and inorganic fertilizers on soil physical characteristics and the results of corn in Inceptisol. The research design used in this study was a randomized block design with three replications. Treatment consisted of: no fertilizer (KGES1), with granule 8 t ha-1 compost (KGES2), inorganic fertilizer (Urea, SP - 36, and KCl), recommended dosage (KGES3), inorganic fertilizer + granule 8 t ha- compost ( KGES4 ), ½ x dose of inorganic fertilizer + compost granule (8 t ha-1) (KGES5) , 2 doses of inorganic fertilizer + granule 8 t ha-1 compost (KGES6), ½ x dose of inorganic fertilizer + 12 t ha-1 granule compost (KGES7) and 2 times the dose of inorganic fertilizer + 4 t ha compost (KGES8). The results showed that sago pith waste granule compost and inorganic fertilizers significantly affect the physical characteristics of the soil that is categorized into heavy volume of soil (0.80 g cm-3), soil particle density (2.30 g cm-3), soil porosity (7.77 %), fast drainage pore (23:54 %), slow drainage pore (8.83 %), available water pore (11.62 %), and unavailable water pore (11:31). On the other hand, the plant growth (plant height) and dry shelled corn grain results amounted to 249.17 cm and 7.85 tones ha-1.
Keywords: Sago pith waste granular compost, phosphorous fertilizer, sustainable agriculture.

[1] Soemarno, Prinsip-prinsip pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan (Program Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya Malang, 2002).
[2] K. Hairiah, Widianto; S.R. Utami, D. Suprayogo, Sunaryo, S.M. Sitompul, B. Lusiana, R. Mulia, M. van Noordwijk, and G. Cadish, Pengelolaan tanah masam secara biologi (International Centre for Research in Agroforestri, Bogor, 2000).
[3] A.N. Susanto dan M.P.Sirappa, Karakteristik dan Ketersediaan Data Sumber Daya Lahan Pulau-Pulau Kecil Untuk Perencanaan Pembangunan Pertanian di Maluku, Jurnal Litbang Pertanian, 26(2), 2007, 41-53.
[4] Syafruddin, M. Rauf, R.Y. Arvan and M. Akil, Requirements for N, P, and K Fertilizers on Inceptisol Haplustepts Soil, Indonesian Journal of Agriculture, 2(1), 2009, 77-84.
[5] I. Celik, I. Ortas, and S. Kilic. Effects of Compost, Mycorrhiza, Manure and Fertilizer on Some Physical Properties of a Chromoxerert Soil, Soil Tillage Res. 78, 2004, 59- 67.

Abstract: Work on effect of soy-cheese flour inclusion in bread production was investigated. Soy-cheese was produced from carefully sorted and cleaned soybeans and later processed into flour through drying, milling and sifting operations. Bread samples were thereafter produced from blend of wheat and soy-cheese flour using the following blend ratios: 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20. Bread sample was equally produced from 100% wheat flour which served as control. The bread samples were subjected to proximate and organoleptic analysis. The results of proximate analysis revealed that fortified bread samples had higher proximate constituents than the control with the exception of carbohydrate content. The organoleptic analysis result revealed that there was no significant difference among the samples and control in terms of crust and crumb color, taste, flavour, and overall acceptability. However there was significance difference among the samples in term of texture. Acceptable bread samples could therefore be produced from blends of wheat and soy-cheese flour with improved proximate and organoleptic qualities.
Keywords: Soy-cheese, proximate, organoleptic, crust, crumb.

[1] Casier, J.P.J., De Paepe, G.M.J., Williams, H.E.J., Goffings, G.J.G., Hermans, J.L. and Noppen, H.E., Bread Production from Pure Flours of Tropical Starchy Crops: III from Pure and Mixed Flours of Cassava, Millet, Sorghum, Corn, Rice and Starches, Tropical Foods, Vol. 1 (1979): 279 – 339, Academic Press Inc.
[2] Adeleke R.O., and Odedeji, J.O., Acceptability Studies of Bread Fortified with Tilapia Fish Flour, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 9 (6) (2010): 531 – 534.
[3] Hart, M.R. Graham, R.P., Gee, M., and Morgan Jr. A.I. (1970). Bread from Sorghum and Barley Flours, Journal of Food Science. Vol. 35 (1970): 661-665.
[4] Kim, J.C., and de Ruiter, D., 'Bread from Non-wheat Flours', Food Technology Vol. 22 (1967): 867 – 878.
[5] Odedeji, J.O. and Odetayo, T.A., Bread Production Cost Reduction through the Inclusion of Soy bean Flour. Journal of Arts & Social Science 1:1 (2010): 49 – 58.

Abstract: This paper highlights the nutritional and antinutritional compositions of raw and blanched cocoyam leaves (Colocasia esculenta). Succulent immature leafy part of cocoyam was harvested in fresh condition from a farmland in Emmanuel College, Samonda, Bodija Area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The leaves were divided into two parts; one was blanched at 800C for 5mins and the other used on raw basis. Nutritional analysis results reveals that the raw and blanched samples in % contained 88.5 and 76.9 moisture, 2.7 and 8.4 protein, 0.4 and 0.5 fat, 2.5 and 3.1 ash, 2.8 and 2.7 crude fibre, 3.1 and 8.4 carbohydrate, 15(mg/100g) and 8mg/100g Vitamin C, while the  carotene values were 16mg/100 and 22mg/100 respectively Antinutritional analysis result revealed that the tannins, phytate and oxalate values (mg/kg) in raw and blanched leaves were 34.5 and 25.5, 27.0 and 12.0 and 55.2 and 22.5 respectively. The results revealed that leaves contained appreciable quantity of nutrients, vitamin and low level of antinutrients which was further reduced by blanching. Organoleptic analysis results revealed that there was no significant difference among the sample in term of all the parameters evaluated since F-calculated values were smaller than Q-factor (3.01) at 5% significant level. This therefore presents the leaves of Colocasia esculenta as a good dietary supplement.

[1] Taiwo, A.A. Agbotoba, M.O., Oyedepo, J.A., Shobo, A.A, Oluwadara, I. and Olawuro M.O., Effect of Processing on Proximate Composition and Mineral Contents of Selected Indigenous Soup-vegetable of Akwa Ibom State. AJFAND, Vol. 7(2007): 1 – 18.
[2] Odedeji, J.O., E.A., Akande, A.K., Oladele and Adebayo-Oyetaro A.O., Chemical Attributes and Consumer Acceptability of Blends of Fruit Juices from African Star Apple (Chrysophywum albidum) and Mango (Mangifera indica) Journal of Applied Sciences 10(4) (2007): 7353 – 7363.
[3] Aletor V.A and Adeogun, O.A., Nutrient and Antinutrients in Fluted Pumpkin (Telfaira occidentalis) J. Food Chem. 70(1995): 235 – 240.
[4] Doll B., "An Overview of the Epidemiology Evidence Linking Diet and Cancer" Proc Natl Acad. Sci 49(1990) : 119-131.
[5] Oyenuga V.A and Fetuga, B.L., First National Seminar on Fruits and Vegetables. In Proc. Recom & Papers by NIHORT, Ibadan, Nigeria. (1975): 10 -14.

Abstract: The sandy coast south of the Gulf of Gabès (Southern East of Tunisia) is microtidal. The tide is exceptional during spring tides. The hydrodynamics in this coastal is controlled mainly by currents induced by waves from various directions. According to the breaking angle of incidence, waves induced longshore drift and circulation cells. These are highlighted by the Coastal Modeling System (C.M.S). Thus, the most dominant waves are from the NNE and East, they produce a longshore currents directions respectively NW-SE and SE-NW. The influence of the tide on the wave- induced currents is especially remarkable during spring high tide.
Keywords: Coastal of Gabès-coastal hydrodynamics- hydrodynamic modeling-longshore drift- tidal currents.

[1] Bardi I., Souayed M. & Abdeljaouad S., Evolution des flèches littorales le long d'une côte sableuse microtidale : Cas de la flèche sud d'Oued Sourrag (Golfe de Gabès, Tunisie), Proc. 1st CM2, Conf. Internat., Tunisia, (1), 2009, 87-90.
[2] Bardi I., Souayed M., Abdeljaouad S. Gharbi W. & Souissi R., Evolution morphodynamique de la côte sableuse microtidale dans la partie sud du Golfe de Gabès : Cas de l'estuaire de l'oued Ferd (Sud de la Tunisie), Proc. XI èmesJNGCGC, Conf, France, (11), 2010, 163-170.
[3] Bardi I., Morphodynamique de la côte sableuse microtidale à barres le long de la frange littorale Gabès-Oued Ferd, (Golfe de Gabès-Tunisie), PhD Thesis, Faculty of sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar Tunisia, 2010.
[4] O.T.C, Office of Topography and Cartography, Tide calendar of Gabès, Tunisia, Report, 2005.
[5] H. p, portugaise, Etude générale pour la protection du littoral tunisien, Minis. Infra. Tunisia, Report, (1), 1995, 1-78.

Abstract: This work measures some green house gases in the environment of a Petroleum Refinery and petrochemical company. The study was accomplished by measuring the concentration of Carbon IV Oxide (CO2) sulphur IV Oxide (SO2), Nitrogen IV oxide (NO2), and Methane (CH4) which could cause adverse effect on the environment when they are emitted continuously. The measurement was carried out suing a calibrated in-situ gas monitor known as Aeroqual digital Monitor and a sensor for each of the parameters. The analysis was carried out for a period of seven months (January-July, 2012) and the results obtained showed that mean concentration for CO2 ranged from 1235.5 to 1388.5 (ppm), while that of SO2 ranged from (0.17 to 0.19) (ppm) and CH4 from (0.07 to 0.09 (ppm). The concentration of NO2 is below the detection limit of the instrument. Also, the ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction were measured with appropriate instruments. The CO2 levels were higher than the Federal Ministry of Environment and Department of Petroleum Resources (FMENV/DPR) standard. The ways to mitigate their effects on humans and environment are suggested.
Keywords: Petroleum Refinery, GHG, FMENV/DPR.

[1] Berman, E. S. F, Fladeland, M, Liem, J, Icolyer, R and Gupta, M (2012): Green house gas analyzer for measurements of CO2 CH4 and H2O vapour abroad an unmanned aerial vehicle; Sens. Actuator B:Chem. http://dx.doi.org/
[2] 10.1016/J.snb.2012.04.036 {Article in Press}
[3] Carbon Trust March (2009): Global Carbon Mechanisms: Emerging Lessons and Implications (CTC 748).
[4] Federal Environmental Protection Agency, (1991): Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria.
[5] Karl, T. R. Trenberth, K. E (2003): Modern Global Climate Change, Science, 302 (5651): 179-23.

Abstract: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics modeling is a clinical tool in assistingthe drug development process. The rational for positive clinical testing has been established as pk/pd modeling. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and chemical reactivity related toxicity is, low while biological receptor activity is higher dimensional in chemistry space and this is partly explainable by evolutionary pressures on ADME to deal with endobiotics and exobiotics. ADME is hard to predict for large data sets because current ADME experimental screens are multi – mechanisms and predictions get worse as more data accumulates. The compounds were analyzed for binding sites. The roots and rhizomes of natural herbs have been used to treat mental weakness, cancer, hypo and hyper thyroidism anti-bacterial disease, viral disease, antifungal, anti-parasitic, oncological disease and also exhibits cardiovascular protective activity and used in the treatment of neural disease. One of the main pharmacological problems today in the treatment of chronic inflammation diseases consists of the fact that anti-inflammatory drugs usually exhibit side effects. The natural products offer a great hope in the identification of bioactive lead compounds and their development into drugs for treating inflammatory diseases computer drug design has proved to be a very useful tool for discovering new drugs. Nature is exhaustible source of natural compounds. The plant possesses immunomodulatory, analgesic, anti convulsant, anti-tubercular, anti- inflammatory, spermicidal, central nervous system, depressive and cardio stimulant properties. The main natural compounds used in cancer therapy and prevention, the historical aspects of their application and pharmacognosy. Clinical trials of marketed formulation showed very encouraging results.
Keywords: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Natural compounds, Endobiotics, Exobiotics.

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Abstract: Nineteen samples of groundwater were obtained from various boreholes in parts of Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria and subjected to physico-chemical analysis using standard laboratory techniques. The study was aimed at the assessment of the groundwater quality indicators namely: pH, electrical conductivity (N), phosphate (PO4), sulphate (SO4), nitrate (NO3--) and total dissolved solids (TDS). The result shows that electrical conductivity is above the WHO standard in the following areas: Girls' Secondary School, Owerri (BH39), Aladinma (BH41), Obube (BH42)), Amauzi Obowo (BH59), Model Primary School, Owerri (BH65), and Avu Amaaku (BH66). There are low pH values at Ugakwoche – Obube (BH42) and Umuakpaa – Obube (BH44) which indicates acidity. The rest of the areas have pH values within the acceptable range of 6.5-8.5. The acidity of the Obube area probably results from carbonic acid derived from the solution of CO2 from both the atmosphere and the decomposition of plant materials in the soil zone. Acidic waters are typically low in buffering calcium minerals, but are high in dissolved carbon dioxide gas, which can cause the low pH or acidity. Calcite neutralizer tanks with natural crushed and screened pure calcium carbonate easily neutralize acidic water from 6.0 to 6.9. Below 6.0 a blend of calcite and Corosex is recommended. Common systems used to treat low pH include Calcite Neutralizer, calcite & Corosex Blend Neutralizer, pflow Neutrilizer, Soda Ash Feed Pump Injection System.
Keywords: Acidity, Groundwater quality, Hydro-geochemical, Imo River Basin, Physico-chemical.

[1] A.S.T. Wadie and Abuljalil G.A.S., Assessment of hydrochemical quality of groundwater under some urban areas with Sana'a Secretariat. Ecletica quimica, www.SCIELO.BR/EQ. 35(1),2010, 77-84. C. R. Ramakrishnaiah, C. Sadashivaiah, and G. Ranganna, Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India. E-Journal of Chemistry. 6(2). 2009, 523-530.
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[3] E.I. Okoro, B.C.E. Egboka, O.L. Anike and A.G. Onwuemesi , Integrated water resources management of the Idemili River and Odo River Drainage Basins, Nigeria: Improving integrated surface and groundwater resources management in a vulnerable and changing world, Proc. of Joint International Association of Hydrological Scientists (IAHS) and International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) Convention, Hyderabad, India, IAHS Publ. 2009, 117-122.
[4] C. Tay and B. Kortatsi, Groundwater quality studies: A Case study of the Densu Basin, Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 12 (1), 2008.
[5] H. Hultberg and A. Wenbald, Acid groundwaters in Southwestern Sweden, in D. Drablos and A. Tollan (Ed.), Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, International Conference, Sandefjord, Norway, 1980, 220-221.

Abstract: Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants. Cellulose degrading bacteria from termite gut flora were isolated, screened and their characterization was studied in relation to cellulase activity. Out of the 16 isolates the three strains, showed higher production of cellulase using CMC and Blotting paper compared to filter paper as sole carbon source. CDB–W utilized CMC in higher level while CDB–Y utilized blotting paper in higher level. The maximum growth was recorded at pH 7.0 and at temperature 30°C. Among three isolates, the CDB-W strain showed higher enzyme activity as compared to other strains. Among carbon sources, maximum growth was observed in fructose amended MSM medium followed by Xylose, Glucose and Starch. Ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate were good nitrogen sources for growth of CDB. The cellulolytic activities of these organisms may be utilized for various industrial and biotechnological applications for sustainable development.
Keywords: Cellulose, Cellulase, CDB, MSM, Termite gut flora.

[1]. Gupta Pratima, Samant Kalpana, and Sahu Avinash, Isolation of Cellulose-Degrading Bacteria and Determination of Their Cellulolytic Potential.International Journal of Microbiology,2011pg 1-5.
[2]. Aubert JP, Beguin P, Millet J, Biochemistry and Genetics of cellulose degradation, fungal and bacterial enzyme systems and their manipulation. FEMS symposium. 43,Academic press, new York,1987 11-30.
[3]. Kaur Manmeet and Dr.Arora S,. Isolation and Screening of Cellulose Degrading Bacteria in Kitchen Waste and Detecting Their Degrading Potential. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE)2012, 33-35.
[4]. Abdelnasser SSI, Ahmed IE, Isolation and identification of new cellulose producing thermophilic bacteria from an Egyptian hot spring and some properties of the crude enzyme. Austr. J. Basic App. Sci, 1(4);2007 473-478.
[5]. Li, Y.H., M. Ding, J. Wang, G.J. Xu and F. Zhao, A novel thermo acidophilic endoglucanase, Ba-EGA, from a new cellulose degrading bacterium, Bacillus sp. AC-1. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 70:2006 430-436.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of the WHO categories of overweight and obesity in Gweru residents. Measurements of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and skin fold were carried out. The manifestation of either hypertension, type 2 diabetes or both in individuals were self reported. Findings revealed that hypertension and Type 2 diabetes were prevailing at significantly higher BMI categories in Gweru residents. The number of individuals who were obese was significantly higher posing them at an increased risk of the consequences sooner or later. The researcher recommends intervention that will increase the population's awareness on how to prevent obesity.

Keywords: obesity, BMI, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, nutrition

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Abstract: This paper focuses on the effects of waste dumps on stream water quality in rural areas of southern Nigeria. The purpose was to evaluate evidence linking surface water pollution to leachate migration from waste dumps. Thirty-two water samples were collected and analysed from eight waste dumpsite environments located on eight widely separated streams. The samples were evaluated for physical, chemical and bacteriological contamination. Eighteen water quality parameters were investigated. The parameters included pH, total hardness, sulphate, alkalinity, manganese, silica, potassium, total dissolved solids, iron, nitrate, calcium, total suspended solids, chloride, magnesium, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand, Escherichia coil and total coliform count. Results of the analysis revealed the degree of stream water pollution, the critical pollutants and the strategies for managing polluted stream water in the study area. The streams are polluted at many locations and consuming them portends danger from water borne diseases. Eight water quality indicators returned mean values that exceeded the 2011 WHO and NAFDAC standards for drinking water. Strategies which may help to remedy the situation were recommended.

Key Words:Domestic water uses, human health, pollutants, stream water quality, waste dumps, source protection.

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