IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-2 ~ February 2014

Abstract: Through the Nigerian police outfit is criticized in today's society, the security of the nation especially road travelers falls squarely on their shoulders. This is important because, road travelers most often, constitute the highly trained and built manpower of the country. As a result of the composition of these travelers, sustainability of the development rests on the vigilance and security. This is because the travelers that they protect are the sustainers of development. They are the users of resources and the maintainers of the environment for tomorrow. This work looks at the efficiency and effectiveness of road security for travelers. The methodology is empirical, supported with some secondary sources. It examines the discharge of Police duties to road travelers, who constitute the manpower for the sustainable development. Our conclusion and recommendations will facilitate service delivery through effective policing for road travelers.

Keywords: Sustainable Development, Effective Security, Road Travellers.

[1] Akimino, A.S. (2012). Who will Tame the Nigerian Police Force. Report yourself-Sahara Reporters Nigerian National News: Jan. 3.
[2] Akimino, A. S.(2012). "Withdrawal of checkpoints from Nigerian roads A bold initiate by the Inspector General of Police". Nigerian National News.
[3] Akimino, A. (2011). "The IGP and Nigeria Police Image". Nigerian Newspapers and Foreign News NBF News May 4.
[4] Emeka, U. (2012). "How corrupt Nigeria Police illegally entice the force with over N53.436 from road block extortion" Highways.
[5] Emmanuel, N. (2012). "Security Challenges and the Reform of Nigeria Police". Punch 1st July.
[6] Gates, A. I. (1994). Element of Social Psychology. New Delhi, Macmillan Books.

Abstract: Characteristics flavored briquettes from waste wood treatment industry Woloan houses on stilts in Tomohon Indonesia has been investigated. This study aims to determine the nature of therapeutic scented charcoal briquettes from waste wood and iron wood houses on stilts on the industry mix in Tomohon Woloan that have been through the process of authoring. Experimental method used was CRD factorial, while properties such as charcoal briquettes physical properties (density) and chemical properties (moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content, carbon content and calorific value bound) used a model approach LSD

[1]. American Society for Testing and Materials. 2002. ASTM Standar Coal and Coke D 5. Philadelphia.
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[4]. Bahri, S. 2007. Pemanfaatan Limbah Industri Pengolahan Kayu untuk Pembuatan Briket Arang Dalam Mengurangi Pencemaran
Lingkungan Di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Tesis.http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/6590/1/08E00258.pdf. Diunduh
tanggal 25 Mei 2013
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kayu-manis.html. Diunduhtanggal 25 Januari 2013
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Pengolahan Limbah Industri Pengolahan Kayu. http://embundaun.wordpress.com/2008/11/14/pengolahan-limbah-industripengolahan-
kayu/. Diunduh tanggal 12 Juni 2013

Abstract: The world population has been increasing despite measures for control; African situation seems to get worst in spite of researches available to her, the practicesfor use of such resources so far has been unsustainable. This paper looks at the stages of world population growth with attention on Africa, resource pressure with emphasis on land resources, water resources, food supply and how resources pressure led to biodiversity loss, pollution etc. and the need to identify that these things are not getting any better despite the global anthem on control and sustainable use of resources. It however concludes that African resources should not be seen as a curse to the continent, but it should copy from the mistake of the developed nations and set things right for the future generation so as to avoid the catastrophe thatbe felled the develop world and protect our common wealth.

[1]. Allan, F. and Anne, F., 1987. Population and Development in the Third World: Londonand New York. Routledge
[2]. Bashayi, O., 2011. Proposals for a Partnership Framework for Public Water Supply in Lafia Town: An unpublished M.Sc. theses submitted to the department of Urban and regional planning, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. Nigeria.
[3]. Daily Trust. 2013. Sudan Presidents Admits Prevalence of Bloodshed, Injustice-Link Violence to Drought. 25 July, Page 26,
[4]. Gordon, M. andFrank., 2003. Air Pollution and Health in Developing Countries- The context. In: air Pollution and Health in Rapidly Developing Countries. Ed. Gordon, M. and frank, M.2003: London, Earthscan publications.
[5]. Green S. 2004. Zimbabwe land conflict. ICE case study. [Online] available at: http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/zimbabwe.htm.
[6]. HamisuMuhammed 2013. Why Chines, Indians don't respect Nigeria mining laws.DailyTrust 31 July, Page 23.
[7]. John C.C., 1998. Mass education and fertility declined. In: population and development. Ed. Paul.D. and Geoffrey, M. London. Earthscanpublications Ltd

Abstract: This study aims at determining changes in the level of carbohydrates and protein during the storage process. The results show that during six-month storage, there are decreases in the levels of carbohydrates and protein content in rice grains. Decreased levels of carbohydrate occurred on red rice obtained from Manado Bersehati market (52.23%), followed by red rice from Karombosan market (41.21%). Control rice with insects and fungi protection treatments' experienced the smallest level of carbohydrate decrease (9.20%). The largest protein content decreased occurred in red rice obtained from Bersehati Market (5,45%), followed by red rice from Karombasan market (4.93%). The smallest decrease occurred in the control rice Superwin obtained from Market Bersehati (0.96%). Long period storage affects the quality of rice.

Keywords: Carbohydrate, protein, rice storage, food qua

[1] FAO, Rice and Human Nutrition (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, VialedelleTerme di Caracalla, Rome 00100, Italy, 2004).
[2] P. Timmer, Food security in Indonesia: current challenges and the long-run outlook. Center For Global Development Working Paper, 2004.
[3] AP. Resurrection, BO. Juliano and Y. Tanaka, Nutrient content and distribution in milling fractions of rice grain. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 30(5), 1979, 475-481.
[4] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. StandarNasional Indonesia Beras Giling. SNI 6128:2008. Badan Standardisasi, Jakarta, 2008.
[5] S. Wongpornchai, K. Dumri, S. Jongkaewwattana and B. Siri, Effects of drying methods and storage time on the aroma and milling quality of rice (Oryzasativa L.) cv. KhaoDawk Mali 105. Food chemistry, 87(3), 2004, 407-414.
[6] Z. Zhou, K. Robards, S. Helliwell and C. Blanchard, Ageing of stored rice: changes in chemical and physical attributes. Journal of Cereal Science, 35(1), 2002, 65-78.

Abstract: Food is one of the basic needs for every living being and very important aspect for life. But now day's foods are affected by different adulterants. Adulteration is a substance which reduces the vital importance of food. Some of the common adulterants are mineral oils, argemone oils, castor oils in edible oils; vanaspathi, mashed potato in ghee; invert sugar or jiggery in honey, kesari dal, lead chromate in pulses etc. which can leads to Epidemic dropsy, Glaucoma, Cardiac arrest, Lathyrism (crippling spastic paraplegia), Anemia, abortion, paralysis, brain damage, cancer etc

[1]. Encyclopedia Britannica definition
[2]. McGee, 333–334
[3]. McGee, Chapter 9
[4]. Davidson, 81–82
[5]. Weise, Elizabeth (April 24, 2007). "Food tests promise tough task for FDA". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-04-29

Abstract: Human activities resulting from increase in population, industrialization and urbanization in Ibadan, Nigeria, have led to subsequent deposition of wastes from different parts of the city on Lapite dumpsite is no doubt a threat to the ground water and biodiversity near the area. As such this study was carried out to determine the level of heavy metal leaching from the dumpsite on well water near the dumpsite. Water sample was collected from the well located near the dumpsite for the assessment of metal leaching from the dumpsite wastes into the well water. Heavy metals such as Chromium, Cadmium, Lead, Nickel, Zinc

[1]. Plant, J. S., David, S., Barry, F. and Lorraine, W. 2001. Environmental geochemistry at the global scale. J. Sci. Direct. 16:1291-1308.
[2]. Smith, W. H. 1994b. Recycling composted organic materials in Florida. University of Florida, Gainesville Florida. pp 2-7.
[3]. Smith, W. H. 1995. Utilizing compost in land management to recycle organics. In European commission International Symposium 30 May-2 June. 1995.
[4]. Smith, W. H. 1994c. Using compost to recycle Florida's organics in agriculture. Proceedings of the Composting Council's Fifth Annual Conference. Nov. 16-18, 1994, Washington DC. pp. 44-45.

Abstract: The retention studies of Cu, Pb and Zn in materials such as iron oxide samples, in the laboratory to understanding metal adsorption between solution phase and solid phase of the suspended materials. The metals adsorption shows different adsorption responses between these materials. In the iron oxide case the most of heavy metal Cu, Pb and Zn concentration was measured in the solid phase, which consequence a high Kd value. The results show the affinity orders of heavy metals components, namely; Cu > Pb > Zn for most of the mass materials used.

[1] Aurada, K.D.1983.Physiographic and anthropogenic controls of global and regional ionic runoff, in webb, b.w Dissolved loads of rivers and surface Water Quantity Quality Relationship .Hamburg, IAHS publ.141,31-39.
[2] Boenigk. J, Wiedlroither. A, Pfandl. K.2005.Heavy metal toxicity and bioavailability of dissolved nutrients to a bacterivorous flagellate are linked to suspended particle physical properties .Aquatic Toxicology71,249-259.
[3] Bohan.H, McNeal .b, O'Connor.G, 2001.Soil Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons.
[4] Bradley. S. B, Lewin.J.1982.Transport of heavy metals on suspended sediments under high flow conditions in a mineralized Region of Wales.
[5] Covelo.E.F, Vega.F.A, Andrade.M.I, 2007.Competitive sorption and desorption of heavy metals by individual soil components. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 140,308-315.

Abstract: Mumbai city having an area of 437sq km with a population of 12 million came to a complete halt due to the unprecedented rainfall of 944 mm during the 24 hours starting on 26th July 2005; with 380 mm falling in just 3 hours between 14:30 to 17:30 and hourly rainfall exceeding 190 mm/hr. The severity of flood was such that it took 447 lives in Mumbai alone. The financial cost of flood was unprecedented and affected the entire commercial, trading, and industrial activity for 3 days.

[1] J. Marsalek, B. E. Jimenez-Cisneros, P. A. Malmquist, M. Karamouz, J. Goldenfum, and B. Chocat, "Urban Water Cycle Processes and Interactions, IHP-VI Technical Document in Hydrology No 78, 2006, (UNESCO,Paris).
[2] K.Gupta, " Urban flood resilience planning and management and lessons for the future: a case study of Mumbai, India, Urban Water Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, September 2007, 183-194.
[3] P. F. Hudson, and R.R Colditz, "Flood delineation in a large and complex alluvial valley, lower Panuco basin, Mexico", Journal of Hydrology, 280: 229–245, 2003.
[4] M. K. Yener, A. U. Sorman, A. A. Sorman, and A. Sensoy, "Modelling Studies with HEC-HMS and Runoff Scenarios in Yuvacik Basin, Turkey", Proc. River Basin Flood Management, DSI, 2007.
[5] Ghosh, F. L. Hellweger, "Effects of Spatial Resolution in Urban Hydrologic Simulations", Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2012, ASCE, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000405.

Abstract: Study on residual toxicity of ten insecticides against Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant was carried out at College of Agriculture,Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. None of the insecticide was safe for the C. montrouzieri, however endosulfan 0.07 per cent was relatively safer as it caused initial mortality of 51 per cent of the grubs and the mortality was decreased on increased hours after application (44, 36, 24 and 17 per cent on 24, 48, 72 and 96 h old residues). Thiamethoxam 0.01 per cent was next safer insecticides which caused mortality of 63 per cent initially and thereafter the mortality was decreased to 31 per cent on 96 h old residues. Monocrotophos 0.036 per cent, quinalphos 0.05 per cent, malathion 0.1 per cent, imidacloprid 0.005 per cent, prophenophos 0.05 per cent and acetamiprid 0.004 per cent were found highly toxic, as they caused more than 80 per cent mortality on 1 day after application. Methyl-parathion 0.1 per cent was comparatively less toxic to predator which caused 77 per cent mortality of the C. montrouzieri.
Key words: cotton, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, mealy bug.

[1] A. K. Dhawan and S. Sarika,. Study on biology of mealy bug, Phenacoccussolenopsis Tinsley on cotton in Punjab. Symposium Abstracts. Proceedings of the National Symposium on IPM Strategies to Combat Emerging Pests in the Current Scenario of Climate Change held at CAU, Pasighat (Arunachal Pradesh), 2009, 35-36.
[2] R. C. Jhala, T. M. Bharpoda and M. G. Patel, Mealy bug on cotton in Gujarat. Paper presented in "4th plant protection sub committee of agricultural research council " AAU, Anand, 2008.
[3] M. Mani, A. Krishnamoorthy, and G. Pattar, Biological control of the mango mealy bug, Rastrococcusiceryoides Green (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), Pest Manag. in Hort. Eco., 1(1), 1995,15-20.\
[4] V. G. Panse and P. V. Sukhatme, Statistical methods for agricultural workers, ICAR, New Delhi, 1985.
[5] J. Satyanarayana, M. S. Murthy and N. Srinivasa, Impact of pesticides on grapevine mealy bug predator, CryptolaemusmontrouzieriMulsant. Residual toxicity and safety of pesticidal sprays to predatory grubs.Indian J. Ent., 53(4), 1991, 581-586.

Abstract: Environmental Imbalance and Global Warming is the greatest threat to Planet Earth. We have brought the Mother Earth to her deathbed through our advancing technology, industrial wastes, large scale deforestation, feckless exploitation of natural resources, polluting the environment, eroding the ozone layer; which have resulted in what might be irreversible climate change that will eventually destroy the planet. This study presents the strategies to mitigate the effects of global warming and climate change. The paper also attempts to provide suggestions/recommendations at individual level, to repair the damaged earth. This section of the paper focuses on useful plantation (trees) which are known for Environmental Conservation. There should be a healthy balance between environment and development.
Keywords: Environmental Imbalance, Irreversible, Mitigation Strategies, Sacrifice, Useful plantation.

[1] Mitigate Climate Change, The Times of India Ahemdabad, 19 January 2012
[2] James Coleman ,Donald Cressey, The Environment, Social Problems, (Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1987) 519-550
[3] James Coleman ,Donald Cressey , The Environment, Social Problems, (Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1987) 519-550
[4] James Coleman ,Donald Cressey , The Environment, Social Problems, (Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1987) 519-550
[5] Amit Kumar Kashyap, Nikhil Warshney, and Siddharath Khare, Efforts to current policies and bring normalcy in the environment, Environmental Imbalance and Global Warming, (Gaurav Prakashan Rewa, M.P., 2010) 80-87

Abstract: The concern for a sustainable environment informed the construction of a waste stabilization pond (biologically based wastewater treatment facility) by Ama Brewery, Nigeria, for the brewery effluent treatment and fish pond for the natives. The water quality and the efficiency of the pond in terms of pollutant and microbial removal were assessed and the treated effluent compared with environmental standards for discharge into receiving surface water and fisheries. Physico-chemical parameters, coliform and Escherichia coli at the WSP inlet and outflow were assessed monthly for twelve months, using standard methods. Suspended solids, total dissolved solids and phyto-nutrients (ammonia and phosphate) increased at the outlet (5.9%, 17.4%, 60% and 24.14% respectively). Decrease in biochemical oxygen demand and increase in chemical oxygen demand were 8.11% and 25.17% respectively. Despite the prevailing favourable environmental conditions for optimal performance, the pond was inefficient due to poor maintenance.
Keywords: coliform, fish pond, pollutants, wastewater, water quality.

[1] Nigerian Breweries (NB) Plc.,Environmental and Social Report (Lagos, Nigeria: Corporate Communication Department, 2006).
[2] D. Mara, Design manual for waste stabilization ponds in India (United Kingdom: Leeds Lagoon Technology International, 1997).
[3] S. Kayombo, T.S.A. Mbwette, and J.H.Y. Katima, Waste stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetlands Design Manual (Tanzania: University of Dar es Salaam, 1998).
[4] M.R. Pena and O.O. Mara, Waste Stabilization Ponds, 2004, http://www.irc.nlAccessed August 3, 2009.
[5] B.I. Lloyd, A.R. Leaner, C.A. Vorkas and R.K. Gugnesharajah, Underperformance evaluation and rehabilitation strategy for waste stabilization ponds in Mexico, Water Science and Technology 48(2), 2003, 35-43.

Abstract: This study assessed concentration of micro-pollutants (heavy metals- Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn; organic compound – PAHs, pathogenic microorganisms) in ambient and harvested rainwater under urban residential rooftops. Samples were analysed using standard analytical procedures. Rainwater harvested from the rooftops were alkaline (8.5-9.6) compared to pH of 5.94 for the ambient rainwater. Conductivity ranged from 95.2 - 150.4 μS/cm due to the dissolution of deposited aerosols and leaching of roofing materials. Turbidity, Cu, and microbial counts (HPC, E. coli, TC and FC) exceeded the allowable limits for drinking water with inputs from the rooftops. Concentration of Cu and Pb in harvested rainwater was higher than the WHO standards. Relative abundance of metals is as follows: Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cd. Water quality from asbestos was the worst among the rooftops examined. Total PAHs was low ranging from 0.04 found in ambient rainwater to 0.18 in rusted galvanized iron sheet. All samples contain high amount of microbiological contaminants with the asbestos roofing sheet having TC and E. coli of 14000 and 12000 cfu/mL respectively. These can result in illnesses such as diarrhoea, urinary tract infections, respiratory illness and pneumonia. The study had shown that rooftops contributed significantly to contamination of harvested rainwater due to composition of roofing materials and age of the roof.
Keywords: Ambient rainwater, atmospheric deposition, E. coli, harvested rainwater, micro-pollutants, PAHs, roofing sheets.

[1] WHO (2010).WHO/UNICEF. Joint Monitoring Report Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2010. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/fast_fact/en/index.html (Accessed on July 12 2013).
[2] UNEP ʺVital Waterʺ. 2002. Available at: http://www.unep.org/vitalwater/summary.htm (Accessed June 27, 2011).
[3] C. Zorn, and D. Wheatley, Rainwater Harvesting – An option to reduce demand on the Akaroa potable water supplyʺ. A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the BE (Hons) Degree in Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand. 2009.
[4] V. Ruban, K. Lamprea, and D. Deneele, Characterisation of atmospheric deposition and runoff water from a small suburban catchment. 2010. NOVATECH 2010
[5] M.C. Gromaire-Mertz, P. Robert-Sainte, A. Bressy, M. Saad, B. de Gouvello, and G. Chebbo, G. Zn and Pb emissions from roofing materials-Modelling and mass balance attempt at the scale of a small urban catchment. Wat. Sci. Tech., 63(11), 2011, 2590-2597.

Abstract: The effect of administration of graduated dose of aqueous leaf extract of Euphobia lateriflora on ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, creatinine and urea was determined to acertain the toxic effect of the extract on the liver and kidney. Significantly lower levels of AST and urea (p < 0.05) were observed in group administered with 100mg/kg leaf extract. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in ALT, ALP and levels of total protein in group administered with 100mg/kg aqueous extract and also ALT, AST, ALP and levels of bilirubin, total protein, creatinine and urea in groups administered with 250mg/kg leaf extract compared to the control. The result suggest no possible hepatotoxic effect and kidney malfunction after administration of 100mg/kg and 250mg/kg leaf extract. The result of the oral acute toxicity study shown that Euphobia lateriflora have oral LD50 above 5000mg/kg.
ALT: Alanine aminotransferese, AST: Aspatateaminotransferese and ALP: Alkaline Phosphatese.

[1]. Adjanohoun, E.A., Ake, A., Elewuda, J.A., Dramani, K., Fadoju, S.A., Ebili, Z.O., Johson, C.L.A., Keita, A., Morakinyo, O. Ojeroola, J.A.O., Othunji, A.O., and Safowora E.A. (1991): Traditional Medicine and PremeaCopoena. Contribution of Ethno Botanical and Floristic Studies in Western Nigeria. OAU/Scientific Technical and Research Commission Publication. P. 139.
[2]. Agunu, A., Ibrahim, N.D.G., Oniyiloyi, G.A. and Abdulrahman, E.M., (2003): Toxicity of Stem – bark Extract of SteganotaeniaAraliacea in Rats. Nig. J. Natt. Prod. Med. 7:65 – 67
[3]. Alldredge, J. (1993): The effect of Condensed Tannins on broWsers and Grazers: Quantitative and Qualitative Defense. Colorado: Colorado State University, Fort Collins. P7.
[4]. Annino, J.S. and Giese, R.W. (1976): Clinical Chemistry: Principle and Procedures. 4th edition. Boston: Little Brown and Co. Pp. 51 – 84.
[5]. Arthur,C.G. and John, E.H. (2000): Textbook of Medical Physiology. 10th edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Sounders. Pp. 279 – 281.

Abstract: The aim of this research was to assess the anaerobic digestion (AD) process at the L. Reule Bioenergy Plant, a typical UK, small holder, on farm plant. The first objective was to determine whether the plant was using its waste products to achieve the maximum possible biogas output from its digestate. The second objective was to explore the main sources of gas: household, commercial, and blended waste sources. To achieve these objectives, multiple representative samples of waste samples were taken from the AD plant and were analysed in the laboratory. The data drawn from these analyses were interpreted and synthesised to determine the representative biogas yields. Further analysis was carried out using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques to determine the elemental compositions of the feedstock/waste and digestate samples in order to determine other components that might be present. The results indicate that the dry digestate that is currently not used at the L. Reule Bioenergy Plant has potential for additional biogas yield. The study also found that household waste sample had the highest fat content, which indicates a higher biogas yield potential compared to commercial and blended waste samples.
Keywords: Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas Generation, Gas Yield Potential, Renewable Energy, UK.

[1]. Khalid, A., Arshad, M. and Anjum, M. et al. (2011) The anaerobic digestion of solid organic waste. Waste Management [online], 31 (8): 1737-1744
[2]. Kranert, M., Kusch, S. and Huang, J. et al. (2012) "Anaerobic digestion of waste." In Waste to Energy. Springer. [3]. Weiland, P. (2010) Biogas production: current state and perspectives. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 85 (4): 849-860.
[4]. Kim, D. and Oh, S. (2011) Continuous high-solids anaerobic co-digestion of organic solid wastes under mesophilic conditions. Waste Management [online], 31 (9): 1943-1948.
[5]. Anjum, M., Khalid, A. and Mahmood, T. et al. (2012) Anaerobic co-digestion of municipal solid organic waste with melon residues to enhance biodegradability and biogas production. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management [online], 14 (4): 388-395