IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-9 ~ Issue-3 ~ March 2015

Abstract: The primary aim of this survey was to generate the criteria and indicators for monitoring ecotourism sustainability in a protected watershed within a sustainable framework. This survey employed the Delphi technique accompanied by individual face-to-face meetings. The author met with panel members which comprised a multi-disciplinary team consisting of representatives from different related ecotourism fields. Three rounds of questionnaires were administered to a panel of local experts consisting of ten academic and non-academic researchers. These experts provided input into generating the criteria and indicators. At the end of second round, the panel members reached a consensus on a set of indicators which include, 21 indicators related to environmental aspects, eight on economic aspects, six on cultural aspects, 21 on social aspects, and five on institutional aspects. The selected indicators would be applied in the Northern part of Iran by the Iranian Cultural, Heritage, Handicraft and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO).

Keywords: Ecotourism, sustainability, indicators, Delphi, monitoring, watershed.

[1]. S. J. Page and M. Hall, The geography of tourism and recreation (Abingdon, Routledge publishing, 2006).
[2]. S. H. Tsaur, Y. C. Lin, and J. H. Lin, Evaluating ecotourism sustainability from the integrated perspective of the resource, community and tourism, Tourism Management, 27, 2006, 640-653.
[3]. Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO), 2007, Retrieved from www.unesco.org/en/tentativelists /5214
[4]. W. Li, Environmental management indicators for ecotourism in China's nature reserve: A case study in Tianmushan Nature Reserve, Tourism Management, 25(5), 2004, 559-564.
[5]. Z. Mieczkowski, Environmental issues of tourism and recreation (Laham: University Press of America, Inc., 1995).
[6]. E. Sirakaya, T. Jamal, and H. S. Choi, Developing indicators for destination sustainability, in D. B. Weaver (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (New York: CABI Publishing, 2001) 411-432.

Summary: Investigations were carried out on the association of some reproductive hormones (Estradiol, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormones, Prolactin and Luteinizing hormone), and pregnancy induced hypertension in Nigerian women. The levels of these hormones were determined in 120 patients. 40 of these subjects were normotensive pregnant women, another 40 of them were hypertensive pregnant women tested be to having pregnancy induced hypertension. Another 20 of the subjects were normotensive non pregnant women while the last groups of 20 people were hypertensive non pregnant women who were not users of contraceptives. The mean values of these hormones were determined in the pregnant subjects of 2nd trimester, 3rd trimester and 3- 6 days after delivery. Progesterone and Estradiol levels as revealed in the result obtained showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in both normotensive pregnant and hypertensive pregnant women as the pregnancy proceeded from 2nd to 3rd trimester.

[1]. Asaolu, M.F., Asaolu, S.S. Oyeyemi, A.O. and Fakunle, J.B. (2010): Plasma thiol levels in pregnancy-induced Hypertension in Nigeria. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 2(2): 442-227. ( INDIA)
[2]. Bowen R., (2000). "Placental hormones". Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 23 (2): 456-459.
[3]. Chesley L.C, (1987); Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, New York Applaton, Centry-Crofts, pp.57
[4]. Chobanian AV., Bakris GL, Black HR (2003): Seventh report of the joint National Committee on prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, Hypertension 42 (6):1206-1252 doil 10.116/01. HYP. 0000107251.49515. c2. PMID 1465695
[5]. Collins P., Rosano G.M., Sarrel P.M., Ulich L, Adamopoulous, S., CM., Mc Neil, Jh, Poole-Wilson, PA (1995). 17 beta-Estradiol attenuates acetylcholine-induced coronary arterial constriction in women but not men with coronary heart disease. Circulation 92 (1): 24-30.

Summary: The effects of various doses of aqueous extract of the leaves and seeds of Persea Americana, a widely used medicinal plant, on the enzyme activities of some rat tissues were studied. The effect of these extracts on cholesterol as a metabolite was also investigated. The enzymes assayed were Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphate (ACP), Alanine Aminotransaminase(ALT), and Aminoaspartate Transaminase (AST). The results obtained showed that there was a significant decrease (P<0.05), in the activities of all enzymes studied in the liver of the rat. There was a concomitant increase in the activities of these enzymes in the plasma possibly due to leakages into the blood. This result indicates a probable damage to the hepatic cells which may be as a result of prolonged usage of the aqueous extract of the leaves and seeds of Persea Americana. Also, there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the cholesterol level in the plasma and liver of rats. The result obtained indicates Persea Americana to have hypocholesteric effect, thereby suggesting it may help in the treatment of hypertension and thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords: Medicinal plant, Persea Americana, Enzymes and Cholesterol

[1]. Anderson, J.N (1990);Dietary Fibre and human health. Hort. Sci, 25:1488-94.
[2]. Asaolu, M.F., Samuel, S., Oyeyemi, A.O., Bukola, T. (2010). Hypolipidemic effects ofmethanolic extract of Persea Americana seeds in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Journalof Medicine and Medical Science, 1(4), 126-128
[3]. Bowers, G.N and McComb, R.B, (1966): A continuous spectroscopic method for measuring the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase. Clin.Chem 12:70-89.
[4]. Brent M. Egan, MD; Jiexiang Li, PhD; SuparnaQanungo, PhD; Tamara E. Wolfman, MD.Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Control in Hypertensive Hypercholesterolemic Patients. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1988–2010
[5]. Dashty M, Motazacker MM, Levels J, de Vries M, Mahmoudi M, Peppelenbosch MP, Rezaee F. "Proteome of human plasma very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein exhibits a link with coagulation and lipid metabolism.". ThrombHaemost. 2014: 23 (111): 518–530..doi:10.1160/TH13-02-0178. PMID 2450081

Summary: The present study was aimed to isolate and screen the ability of citric acid producing Aspergillus spp from soil. Citric acid is the most important organic acid, used as a natural preservative and conservative. It is also used to add an acidic or sour taste to foods and soft drinks. In this study, fungal samples were isolated from soil samples, using serial dilution agar plating method and the isolates were identified based on their microscopic and morphological characteristics. From the isolates, the dominant fungal species, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus were sub-cultured using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and the fungal species were used for citric acid production. The spores were mixed in the fermentative medium for 72 hours at 30±1° C. After incubation, the citric acid content was estimated by titrimetric method. Among the two species, higher citric acid production was shown by Aspergillus niger S-6. Then it was undertaken for optimisation under various pH, temperature, Carbon and Nitrogen sources. In this assay, the maximum production of citric acid was observed in Aspergillus niger S-6 at pH 6.0, temperature 30±1° C, Carbon source Glucose and Nitrogen source Ammonium sulphate.

Keywords: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, citric acid.

[1]. Papagianni, M. (2007) Advances in Citric acid Fermenattion by Aspergillus niger: Biochemical Aspects, Membrane Transports and Modeling: Biotechnology Advances 25:244-263.
[2]. Soccol, C. R., Vanderberghe, P. S., Rodrigues, C and Pandey, A. (2006) New Perspectives for Citric Acid Production and Application. Food Technology and Biotechnology 44(2): 141-149.
[3]. Ali, S., Haq, I. U., Qadeer, M. A. and Iqbal, J. (2002) Production of Citric Acid by Aspergillus niger using Cane Molasses in a Stirred Fermenter. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 5(3): 125-130.
[4]. Yalcin, S. K., Bozdemir, M. T and Ozbas, Z. Y. (2009) A Comparitive Study on Citric Acid Production: Kinetics of Yarrowia lipolytica strains in Two Different Media. Indian Journal of Islamic Academic of Sciences 5:101-106.
[5]. Sauer, M., Porro, O., Matlanovich, D. And Branduardi, P. (2008) Microbial Production of Organic Acids: Expanding the Markets. Trends in Biotechnology 26:100-108.
[6]. Nadeem, A., Syed, Q., Baig, S., Irfan, M. and Nadeem, M (2010) Enhanced Production of Citric Acid by Aspergillus niger M-101 using Lower Alcohols. Turkish Journal of Biochemisrty 35(1): 7-13.

Summary: Based on research on the city of Manado can realize clean and green city by planting 4500 trees so as to obtain clean city award but to defend the city clean and green requires the role of government regulation and public awareness in order to keep the environment clean materialized. The purpose of the study is unuk determine whether there is a relationship factors influence the role of government, rules and public awareness in support trash reduction in the environmental perspective in Manado City. the samples used were out- sampling and random sampling of 54 respondents Based on the result of the relationship influence the factors that support trash reduction the environmental perspective in Wenang district Manado City using correlation analysis of Karl Pearson moment Productions based sample of 54 respondents, the results of (r = 0.958), the influence of the relatively strong ties. Based on the results of research on the magnitude of the power coefficient of determination or determinant variables X and Y on the relationship influence of factors that support litter reduction in the environmental perspective in Manado City Wenang district result amounted to 92% and the remaining 8% is determined by other variables not examined by the author. To test the significance of the result t is appropriate formulation 35.251 If t count ≥ t table then significant, and t table = 2.074 turns t count > t table or 32.251> 2.074 Conclusion correlation variable X with Y or relationships influence the factors that support the reduction garbage in the environmental perspective in wenang district the city of Manado is a significant

Keyword: The Role Of Government, The Rule Of Public Awareness And Waste Reduction, Environmental Perspective

[1]. Adi Gunawan Drs. Dictionary of Popular Science. Kartika Surabaya.
[2]. Apriadji, WLED Harry., 1997. Waste Processing. Implementation Organization. Jakarta.
[3]. Director General of Regional Development, 1997, meeting of the Technical Working Environment, Paper, Jakarta.
[4]. Hadiwiyoto Soewedo. Ir. 1983, Waste Management and Utilization. Foundation Idayu Jakarta in 1983.
[5]. Hidayanti, D, 1998, Population, Environment and Development, Potential, Problems and Challenges in eastern Indonesia, local government TKT I, Manado North Sulawesi.
[6]. Lysen A. Dr., 1984. Individuals and Society. P.T. Wells Bandung.

Summary: The participation of local communities in the use of waste in the landfill is highly prized for aesthetic environment and public health. Therefore the social activities in the community around the landfill in utilizing thegarbage are very important to be traced in order to assist the local government programs. This study aimed to analyze the role of the community around the Sumompo landfill inManado to the utilization and the management of waste. The research method used survey approach.Data collection based on questionnaires, observation and in-depth interviews. The analysis of community participation around the landfill applied a stratified random sampling of Slovin formula with 88 respondents by Importance of Performance Analysis (IPA) program. The result of the analysis on the participation of community around the landfill and scavenger communitywas on the negative assessment or in the low category of 4.76% - 12.60%. However, the positive assessment or at high category of the surrounding community and sanitation managementwas in the range of 11:21% -27.78%. While the medium or neutral assessment category was neutral in the range of 67.46-87.39%. Negative impact on the health state of the environment was an ecological balance between people and their environment. This is to ensure the health and a good environment for the community around the landfill. This community approachwill help the effort of the government program to the cleanlinessaround the landfill, e.g. by changing the public perception of the utilization and good waste management.

Keywords: Participation, Community Around landfill, Scavenger, Management

1]. Damsar. 2009. Pengantar Sosiologi Ekonomi. Penerbit Kencana. Jakarta.
[2]. Dwiyanto, B.M. 2011. Model Peningkatan Partisipasi Masyarakat DanPenguatan Sinergi Dalam PengelolaanSampah Perkotaan.Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan. Volume 12(2), pp. 239-256. https://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id.
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[5]. Iswanto, 2005, Sistem Pengelolaan Sampah Produktif Berbasis Masyarakat ala Sukunan, Poltekkes Depkes, Jurusan Kesehatan Lingkungan Yogyakarta.
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[7]. Kitcharoen, K. 2004. The Importance-Performance Analysis Of Service Quality In Administrative Departments Of Private Universities In Thailand. ABAC Journal Vol. 24(3). pp. 20-46. http://www.journal.au.edu

Summary: Farm mechanization has been seen as the pivot to agricultural revolution in many parts of the world and has contributed greatly to increased output of food crops and other agricultural products to meet the demands of the ever increasing world population. Moreover, due to the fact that farmers prepare their farms at the same time of the year as a result raising the rental fees for tools and machines. The sharing of these tools could even lead to their mismanagement and breakdown which discourage farmers from using it. The objectives of this research is to;(1) identify the socio economic characteristics of farmers in Ondo state, (2) identify the constraints to adoption of farm mechanization in Ondo state (3) identify factors affecting the adoption of farm mechanization by cassava farmers in Ondo state. The study area is Ondo State; a random selection was used to select two local governments (Ifedore and Idanre). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The major determinants of adoption of farm mechanization were access to extension workers which had a positive relationship with adoption and access to farm machines which also had a positive relationship with adoption. Problems faced include access to spare parts, access to skilled man power, maintenance of farm machines, availability of machines in time required. There is a difference between tonnage before adoption of farm mechanization and tonnage after adoption of farm mechanization. Therefore more work should be devoted to increasing the level of access to extension agents in other to increase farmers' awareness and benefits of mechanization. Also access to credit by farmers increases the adoption attitude to mechanization. Key words: Farm mechanization, adoption, awareness, Ondo state

[1]. Akande, LO., (2009). Effects of Agricultural Mechanization on Environmental Management in Nigeria: An Overview. J. Pure Sci. Sci. Education., 4 (2): pp101 – 118
[2]. Clarke, L.J., (2000). Strategies for Agriculture Mechanization Development the Role of Private sector and the Government: AGSE FAO: Rome:pp 4
[3]. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO, 2007). Development of the cassava processing industry and its future, pp330-338
[4]. International institute for Tropical Agriculture IITA.(2002).Opportunities for Cassava in Nigeria: Competitiveness Workshop in Bookanga, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, pp 5-10
[5]. Olaoye, J. O. 2007. An Evaluation of Farm Power and Equipment Ownership and Management in Niger State, Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Technological Development. 5 (1 & 2): pp94 – 102.

Summary: Solid waste management has become a very complex and challenging task for the local self governments due to financial and organizational constraints. Therefore, in countries like India much of these wastes, especially hazardous, bio-medical and non degradable waste, are inadequately managed and very often, causing serious environmental and health related problems. The main focus of the research work therefore, is to review the existing solid waste management scheme and to design a more effective and integrated solid waste management mechanism through the active participation of the community for the study area and to work in similar condition. Keywords: Integrated solid waste mechanism, hazardous, bio- medical, non-degradable.

[1]. Bandela, N.N., & Tare, D.G. (2009). Municipal Solid Waste Management, B.R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
[2]. Bhide, A.D., & Sundersan, B.B. (1983). Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries, Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre. New Delhi.
[3]. Bhoyar, R.V., Titus, S.K., Bhide, A.D., & Khanna, P. (1996). Municipal Solid Waste Management in India‟, Indian Association of Environmental Management, 23, pp. 53-64.
[4]. CPCB. (1999). Status of Solid Waste Generation, Collection, Treatment and Disposal in Metro Cities, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi.
[5]. Coad, A. (1983). A Case Study in Solid Waste Generation and Characteristics in Iran, John Wiely And sons Ltd, Avon.
[6]. Cunningham, W.P., & Woodworth, S. (1999). Environmental Science: Global Concern, Mc. Graw Hill, North America.
[7]. Das,D., Srinivasu, M., & Bandyopadhyay,M. (1998). "Solid State Acidification of Vegetable Waste‟, Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 40 (4), pp. 333-342.
[8]. Department of Economic Affairs Ministry of Finance (2009), Position Paper on the Solid WasteManagement Sector in India, Government of India, New Delhi.

Summary: The aims of the research were identify prey species of Ompok hypophthalmus and its availability Rungan floodplain river in Palangkaraya. The collection of O. hypophthalmus from floodplain ecosystem were done monthly during October to November 2013 when water level decrease and December 2013 to January 2014 when water level increase. In the same time of O. hypophthalmus, an analysis of benthos availability in water ecosystems were performed. A total of 183 stomachs of O. hypophthalmus were collected and analyzed systematically. Prey species was identified and the percentage was calculated. The most common prey were shrimp, insect, juvenile fish, and other unidentified prey. The prey species compositions were varies monthly. In October 2013, prey species was dominated by shrimp (61%). In November, the prey were fish juvenile (44%). Insect was dominant in the stomach of O. hypophthalmus which was collected during December (54%). In January, fish juvenile was found dominant in the stomach of O. hypophthalmus (60%). The different of stomach composition was affected by food availability and season. Annelids, insect, and Trichoptera was abundance in December (12.130 ind/m2).

Keywords - floodplain biodiversity, conservation, Ompok hypophthalmus

[1]. Junk, W. J. (Ed.). (1997). The central Amazon floodplain: ecology of a pulsing system (Vol. 126). Springer Science & Business Media.
[2]. MA. Reid, RW. Ogden, Factors affecting diatom distribution in floodplain lakes of the southeast Murray Basin, Australia and implications for palaeolimnological studies. Journal of Paleolimnology, 41(3), 2009, 453-470.
[3]. PB. Bayley, Understanding large river: floodplain ecosystems. BioScience, 1995, 153-158.
[4]. RM. Pendleton, DJ. Hoeinghaus, LC. Gomes, AA. Agostinho, Loss of Rare Fish Species from Tropical Floodplain Food Webs Affects Community Structure and Ecosystem Multifunctionality in a Mesocosm Experiment. PloS one, 9(1), 2014, 45-68.
[5]. HH. Ng,. A review of theOmpok hypophthalmusgroup of silurid catfishes with the description of a new species from South-East Asia. Journal of Fish Biology, 62, 2003, 1296-1311.
[6]. B. Sulistiyarto, D. Soeharma, MF. Rahardjo, Sumardjo, Pengaruh Musim Terhadap Komposisi Jenis dan Kemelimpahan Ikan di Rawa Lebak, Sungai Rungan, Palangkaraya, Kalimantan. Jurnal Biodiversitas, 8(4), 2007, 270-273.

Summary: The study aimed to identify the potency of river sludge as conditioner material on post-mining critical land through the alteration of chemical properties and biomass weight of Calopogonium mucunoides cover crop which was cultivated in every treatment. It applied completely randomized design with the treatment of mixing topsoil and sludge put in 1x1x1 m planting hole. The mixing ratios of sludge were 0% (P0control), 25% (P1), 50% (P2), 75% (P3) and 100% (P4), in which every treatment consisted of 4 replications. The study was located on coal post-mining land which had not been reclaimed (re-vegetation). The result confirmed that adding sludge affected the increase of soil's chemical properties as follows: Base Saturation, Organic-C, CEC, N total, Available P, available K, exchangeable Ca and Mg (the correlation coefficient was 0.97-0.83). On the other side, there were reductions in the following chemical properties: pH (H2O) and Al Saturation (the correlation coefficient was -0.79 to -0.90). In general, the best change of chemical characteristics took place in the level of mixing sludge namely 75% (P3) and 50% (P2). It was observable from the highest yield of cover crop biomass namely 198.28 gram/m2 (P3) and 123.93 gram/m2(P2). The main constraint of sludge usage as the main conditioner material for soil's chemical characteristics resulted in the decrease of soil permeability so that puddles occurred on soil surface. It was evident in the decrease of soil permeability rate (measurement I and II) in P4treatment (100% sludge) from 4.73 cm/h into 0.43 cm/h. Keywords - Sludge, Reclamation, Critical Land, Mine, Cover Crop

[1]. BORLES. Laporan ANDAL penambangan batubara pada PT Panca Prima Mining, (BORLES (Borneo Lestari), Samarinda, 2006).
[2]. Soemarno, Kajian rehabilitasi hutan & pemberdayaan masyarakat Di Kabupaten Mojokerto, Rangkuman Hasil-hasil Penelitian Yang Dilaksanakan Selama 2005/06 hingga 2006/07, Malang, 2007.
[3]. Anonim, JATAM: Apresiasi BPK, terkait audit tambang batubara, Siaran Pers, Manager Penggalangan Dukungan JATAM, Jakarta, 2013).
[4]. V. Sheoran, AS. Sheoran, P. Poonia, P. Soil reclamation of abandoned mine land by revegetation a review, International Journal of Soil Sediment and Water, 3(2), 2010, 1-20. [5]. E. Widyati, Pemanfaatan sludge industri pulp dan kertas sebagai amelioran tanah untuk memacu rehabilitasi lahan, Jurnal BS, 44(1), 2009, 41-48. [6]. E.U. Onweremadu, Chronosequential ped on development on a mined, American Science Journal, 3(2), 2007, 16-22.

Summary: The development in water quality monitoring has improved considerably during the last few years ,partly because of engineers and scientists using new and sophisticated instruments .The spatial and temporal structure of lake hydrodynamic processes can able to control the lake water quality monitoring very much. One of the most important thermo physical properties of lake water is its electrical conductivity (EC) and this maintains almost a linear relationship with total Dissolved solids (TDS) in case of Rudrasagar, a natural lake in western Tripura. Recent studies on Rudrasagar lake suggest that there exists a good correlation between these two parameters and also both of these increase with depth. The objective of this study is to investigate the temporal and spatial variation of EC which may be a good indicator of water quality monitoring and also of environmental monitoring of the lake surrounding. Seasonal variation of these two parameters EC and TDS has also been analyzed here for following the seasonal trend of water quality. Time- relevant information about water quality monitoring and its availability to residents of lake area is very much significant in this regard. Keywords: Electrical conductivity (EC), Rudrasagar Lake, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),

[1]. Beauchamp, R.S.A. (1956). The electrical conductivity of the headwaters of the White Nile. Nature, London 178, 616-619
[2]. Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., Trussell, R.R., 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC

Summary: This research paper has investigated the In vivo toxicity studies and phytochemical screening of Stem bark of Ficus sycomorus Linn (Moraceae). Ethno-pharmacological relevance of Ficus sycomorus is quite obvious. It finds relevance in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus and other infectious diseases in the Northern part of Nigeria. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, reducing sugars, resins, saponins and tannins. The result of the experimental study carried out on albino rat which is close to human being indicates that stem bark extract of F. sycomorus produces toxicity at a dose of 1500 mg/kg. The outcome of this study offers support to the Ethno-medicinal uses of F. sycomorus in the treatment of various ailments.

Keyword: F. sycomorus, Phytochemical, Saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, reducing sugars and Toxicity

[1]. Desai, M.N. and Chavan, N.S. (2010) Antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of Cynome-ra iripa Kostel. Int J Pharma and Bio Sciences, 1(3): 1- 4.
[2]. Sospeter, N.N., Josphat, M., Charles, G.M., Charles M.M. and George, K.K. (2013) A Review of some Phytochemicals commonly found in Medicinal Plants (2013). Inter. J of Medicinal Plants: Photon 105: 135-140.
[3]. Kumara, P.D., Jayawardane, G.L. and Aluwihare, A.P. (2001) Complete colonic duplication in an infant. Ceylon Med Journal; 46: 69-70.
[4]. Chatterjee, S. K., Bhattacharjee, I., Chandra, G. (2011) Isolation and identification of Bioactive antibacterial components in leaf extracts of Vangueria spinosa (Rubiaceae). Asian Pac J Trop Med, 4(3): 35-40.
[5]. Cragg, G.M., Boyd, M.R., Cardellina, J.H., Newman, D.J., Snader, K.M. and McCloud, T.G. Ethnobotany and drug discovery: the experience of US National Cancer Institute. In: 185 CFS, editor. Ethnobotany and search for new drugs. Chichester: Wiley; 1994. pp. 178–96.

Summary: This study focused on the biomonitoring capacity of Azolla microphylla for purification of sewage waste water. 100% untreated and treated sewage samples were prepared and the Azolla microphylla were introduced into the tubs. After 96hrs, sewage waste water samples were analysed and the results showed an active reduction in physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. The biotreated (Azolla microphylla) sample was reused for Aquaculture of fish - Tilapia mossambica for a period of 60 days. At the end of 60 days, this study was extended to show the effects of 100% untreated, treated, biountreated (Azolla microphylla) and biotreated (Azolla microphylla) sewage water on fish - Tilapia mossambica by examining the potential target organs namely gills, liver and muscles for biochemical estimation - Protein, Carbohydrate and Lipid. The results revealed a decreasing trend of biochemical constituents in different organs of T.mossambica exposed to 100% untreated and treated compared to control but an increasing trend was recorded in 100% biotreated and biountreated samples compared to other samples.

Keywords: Sewage waste water treatment, Physico chemical parameters, Azolla microphylla, Tilapia mossambica, Biochemical parameters

[1]. Antunes, APM., Watkins GM, Duncan JR (2001) Batch studies on the removal of gold (III) from aqueous solution by Azolla filiculoides. Biotechnol. Lett. 23, 249–251.
[2]. APHA (1995) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. (14th ed.).
[3]. Arora, A., and S. Saxena. 2005. Cultivation of Azolla microphylla biomass on secondary-treated Delhi municipal effluents. Biomass and Bioenergy J. 29 : 60
[4]. Athalye, R.P., Vidya Mishra., Goldin Quadros, Vidya Ullal. and K.S. Gokhale, 2001. Heavy metals in the abiotic and biotic components of Thane Creek, India. Poll. Res., 18(3): 329-333.
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Summary: Different blends of millet and dry date fruits; 100:20, 100:30 100:40 and 100:50 % of millet/date fruits were soaked overnight and were wet milled with ginger and cloves using equal volume of water. Each of the wet milled blends was divided into three equal parts. Each of the two parts was prepared into a porridge using hot water and was mixed with the respective remaining part, left overnight, sieved with muslin cloth to produce the 'kunu-zaki' samples: K20, K30, K40 and K50. Sample KC was produced the same way using 100:40% millet/sweet potatoes. The physicochemical and sensory properties of the 'kunu-zaki' samples: millets/date fruits and millet/sweet potatoes blends were compared. The results showed that the pH, viscosity, ºBrix value, TTA and sedimentation rate of the millet/date fruits blends and millet/sweet potatoes blend all fell within the range values of 4.04 – 4.66, 0.008 – 0.0130 Pas, 6.0 – 6.8 ºBx, 0.387 – 0.459 %lactic acid and 2.267 – 3.267 ml/min respectively. The sensory results showed that the millet/date fruits blends scored higher than millet/sweet potatoes blend in all the sensory parameters studied. Sample K50 was the most preferred while sample K20 was the least preferred among the millet/date fruit blends.

Keywords: Acceptability. Date fruits, Fermented beverages, Kunu-zaki, Sweet potatoes

[1]. A. Adeyemi and S. Umar, Effect of method of manufacture on quality characteristics of kunu-zaki, a millet-based beverage. Nigerian Food Journal. 12, 1994, 34 – 41.
[2]. E. Essien, C. Monago and E. Edor, Evaluation of the nutritional and microbiological quality of kunu (a cereal based non-alcoholic beverage) in Rivers State Nigeria, The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness. 10(2), 2009, 145 – 154.
[3]. C. E. Evans, E. O. Omoaruemike and A. V. Mohammed, Effect of fermentation variables on nutritional and organoleptic scores of kunu-zaki produced from rice and acha blends. Advanced Journal of Food
[4]. T. Gaffa, I. Jideani and I. Nkama, Traditional production, consumption and storage of kunu-alcoholic