IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-9 ~ Issue-3 ~ March 2015

Abstract: Roads are very important. Road network database of an area is also very important. A good road infrastructure is an essential basis for economic development. The study Area is Minna and environs. The study is aimed at creating road network database for Minna and environs. The objectives are to use GIS, Remote Sensing and Surveying techniques to gather data and create the road network database of the study area. Satellite images and existing road map of the study area were used. The satellite image was used to carry out field survey. ArcMap 9.2 software was used to digitize the road network. Road names were identified from the field survey. Then the creation or generation of road network database for the study area was done. In the database are the names of the roads identified in the study area and their types.
Keywords: Road network, Database, Satellite images, Database management, Geoinformatics.

[1]. Egunjobi, L. (1991). "Road transport and the underdevelopment status of the Oyo North Region in " The courier NO. 125, 108pp (CDL). Nigeria.
[2]. Hazarike, M. K. , Samarakoon, L., and Kiyoshi, H. (1998). "Application of Remote SensingAnd GIS for Road (Asian Highway) Network Database Creation andRisk Assessment." GIS development.net
[3]. Hornby, H.S. (2005). Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Oxford. Oxford University Press.
[4]. Languzad, L. V. and Mcpherson, K. (2003). GIS Applications for Road Network of The Philippines: A new Technology in Road Management, in Journal of The Eastern Asian Society for Transportation Studies, Volume 5, October2003. pp. 846 - 854.
[5]. Pratap, D., Vemula, K. K., Prasad, C. S. R. K., and Sreedhar, R. P. (2006). Highway InformationSystem And Management Using GIS.

Summary: It is known that the groundwater quality is very important parameter because it is the main factor determining its suitability for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes. In order to assess the groundwater quality, groundwater samples have been collected from different locations in the study area of Narsapur-Mogalthur mandals, west godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The water samples collected from different locations were analyzed for pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), major cations like calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and anions like chloride, nitrate and sulphate in the laboratory using the standard methods given by the American Public Health Association (APHA, 2005).The results are analyzed with standards given by central soil salinity research institute (CSSRI). Based on these analyses parameters like sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate (RSC) was calculated. Sodium adsorption ratio is shown 85% of groundwater samples are good for irrigation and only 15% are unsuitable indicating high salinity and low alkali water. Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) values suggesting safe to marginally suitable category for irrigation purposes. The overall quality of water in the study area is somewhat good for all constituents.
Key words: Ground water quality, Irrigation, Total dissolved solids. Sodium adsorption ratio, Electrical conductivity, Residual sodium carbonate, Salinity.

[1]. APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 19th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, (1995)
[2]. APHA., Standard Methods for examination of water and wastewater, 16th ed. APHA Washington D.C.,1268, (1985)
[3]. Ayers R.S. and Westcat D.W., Water quality for agriculture- F.A.O., Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29(1), (1985).
[4]. Chandu S.N., Subbarao N.V. and Prakash S.V., Suitability of Groundwater for domestic and irrigational purposes in some parts of Jhansi District, U.P., BHU-Jal News, 12-17, (1995).
[5]. Chopra, S.L. and Kanwar, J.S., "Analytical Agricultural Chemistry", Kalyani Pub., pp. 292. (1999)

Summary: In India, several species of Meloidogyne are reported on a variety of vegetables, cereals, pulses and ornamental plants. Root knot disease caused by M.incognita is a matter of great concern because this species affects several economically important crop plants. Okra is a very important crop by nutrition and health wise. In the present study the application of various parts of neem (seeds, leaves) altered the physiology of host plant and developed the strong defensive mechanism of the root against nematodes.so the use of neem products stimulated and change the physiology of plant cells and tissue to repel the nematode parasite. Extracts of fresh greens leaves, showed max. Reduction in egg hatching and cause great mortality of juveniles and followed by fresh green seed and dry seed extracts. In pot conditions the powder of fresh seed showed highest plant growth and reduction in root knot formation and followed by fresh leaves and dry seed powder.
Key Words: Meloidogyne incognita, Azadiractha indica, Abelmoschus esculents, plant-parasitic nematodes.

[1]. AkhtarM.and MalikA (2000). Roles of organic amendments and soil organisms in the biological control of plant parasitic nematode: Areview. Bioresource Technology. 74: 35-47.
[2]. Archana U. S., and Prasad D (2014). Management of Plant-parasitic Nematodes by the Use of Botanicals. J Plant PhysiolPathol , 2:1.
[3]. BabuL.and Rana (2012). Efficacy of neem products as seed treatment against Meloidogyne incognita in Okra. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences Volume: 20: 1; 268- 269.
[4]. Egunjobi O.H. andLarinde M.A (1975). Nematodes and maize growth in Nigeria 11. Effects of some amendments on the yield of maize (zea mays) in Nigeria. Nematologica Mediternean. 3: 65-73.
[5]. Ganai A. M.,Rehman B.,Kavita P., AsiM. and Siddiqui M.A (2014).Phytotherapeutic approach for the management ofMeloidogyneincognita affecting Abelmoschusesculentus (L.)Moench.Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection47: 1797-1805.

Summary: This review article presents a comparison between the old conventional methods of organic synthesis and greener methods taking into consideration principles of green chemistry as outlined by Paul Anastas et al. Green Chemistry research enables a more sustainable, pollution free future society.
Key Words: Green Chemistry, solvent free reactions, atom economy, sustainable chemistry, Catalysis, E factor, Energy Efficiency, Transesterification Reaction, Biodiesel, Use of Renewable feed stocks and microwave chemistry.

[1]. Varma, Roli; Daya R. Varma, "The Bhopal Disaster of 1984". Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 2005, 40.
[2]. "Love canal: The Truth Seeps Out" Reason magazine, Retrieved 2007-02-03.
[3]. New Protections and Newly Discovered Threats
[4]. Heroism Project – Lois Gibbs "Love Canal‟.
[5]. The love canal Tragedy.

Summary: This is an investigation into the way the UK's climate is changing and what causes it to happen. A phenomena has been identified that MAY be affecting the way the weather changes on occasions and the way it has altered the seasons over the years. This means the climate will continue to change and get worse over the coming years. This is a completely new idea and has not been investigated before as it has never been considered possible. The phenomena that is causing problems and can be used to forecast a change in the weather patterns is Rocket Launches and Rocket or Orbital re-entries. There is a minimum height the rocket has to achieve before it causes an effect on the climate which is 130 miles altitude. This happens over the entire world but this paper refers mainly to the UK.
Keywords: Climate / Climate Change / Weather / Rocket Launches / Temperature.

[1]. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/2000/ 05/04/2012
[2]. http://www.nasa.gov/ 01/12/2014
[3]. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/wallops/home/index.html 10/02/2014
[4]. http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/ 10/11/2008
[5]. http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met//metlog/index.html 15/11/2008

Summary: Tropical Cyclone is defined as a cyclonically rotating atmospheric vortex that ranges in diameter from a few hundred miles up to one or two thousand miles. It is associated with the central core of low pressure and convective clouds that are organized into spiral bands, with a sustained convective clouds mass at or near the centre. These are storms that originate in tropical latitudes; they include tropical depressions, tropical storms, hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones.

[1]. Arvind Kumar Natural Disasters, Vol. II, Famines – Hurricanes, Typhoons and Cyclones Editors. Marlene Bradford Ph.D. Robert S. Carmichael, Ph.D. Texas A & M University, University of Iowa Project Editor, Tracy Irons – Georges, Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California, Hackensack, New Jersey, 2001 Print.
[2]. Damon P. Coppola Introduction to Natural Disaster Management Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, London, New York, Oxford, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo.
[3]. David Alexander Natural Disasters –. Department of Geology and Geography University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Klumer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London.
[4]. Disaster Management, Recent Approaches, , Institute for Sustainable Development, Lucknow, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi – 110002 (India)
[5]. P.C. Sinha, Encyclopedia of Disaster Management Vol. VII, Wind and Water Driven Disasters, Edited by, Anmol Publications Private Ltd., New Delhi – 110002.

Summary: The main route of entry of metalloid arsenic into the human body is drinking of drinkable water. Long-term consumption of drinking water containing arsenic can cause of the urinary bladder, liver and kidney cancers and also skin lesions in humans. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 100 samples of tap drinking water of Minab were collected from 10 constant points during the months of December and January of 2014. Then, concentration of arsenic was measured with hydride method and by graphite flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS8000 model). Chronic daily intake and carcinogenic risk of arsenic was calculated by equations of EPA. The mean concentration of arsenic in the areas of Azadegan, Ahmad Abbad, Valiasr, City center, Pakoh, Shaykh Abbad, 95 Dastgah, Almahdi town, Zohaki and Soleghan is ND, 6.1, 8.2, ND, ND, 5.6, 7.3, ND, ND and ND, respectively. The mean and rang concentration of arsenic is 7.18±0.83 μg/l and ND-9.3 μg/l, respectively. Chronic daily intake and carcinogenic risk of arsenic are 0.00021 mg/kg-d and 0.000314, respectively. The mean of arsenic concentration of Minab city is lower than WHO standard limit. Arsenic carcinogenic risk in population of Minab city is higher than WHO and EPA standard limits.
Key words: Drinking water, Arsenic concentration, daily intake, carcinogenic risk.

[1]. Duruibe, J., M. Ogwuegbu, and J. Egwurugwu, Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2007. 2(5): p. 112-118.
[2]. Raikwar, M.K., et al., Toxic effect of heavy metals in livestock health. Veterinary world, 2008. 1(1): p. 28-30.
[3]. Muhammad, S., M.T. Shah, and S. Khan, Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, northern Pakistan. Microchemical Journal, 2011. 98(2): p. 334-343.
[4]. Patrick, D.R., Toxic air pollution handbook. 1994.
[5]. Pekey, H., D. Karakaş, and M. Bakoglu, Source apportionment of trace metals in surface waters of a polluted stream using multivariate statistical analyses. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2004. 49(9): p. 809-818.

Summary: The study evaluates the relationship between Thunderstorm (TS) and Rainfall (RF) occurrence over Nigeria for a period of Thirty years (1970 - 1999), sixteen stations where selected based on availability of data. Three major areas were discussed; the annual, spatial and seasonal occurrences of TS and RF The variability of TS and RF over the study period were also discussed. To achieve these objectives, secondary data on climate (TS and RF) for 30 years was analyzed using descriptive and inferential Statistics. The results show among other things that there is no significant relationship between annual TS occurrence and annual RF occurrence at 95% significance levels. It also shows that TS and RF decreases from south to north. However, a station RF does not depend entirely on its TS activity. Finally, TS and RF are significant at 95% level of confidence in seasonal occurrence, all parts of Nigeria experience both TS and RF, but at different degree. The seasonal characteristics of TS and RF are similar, though TS has a double peak, the first in June, precedes, the mono peak of RF in July; the second occurs in September. TS occurrence is an indication that RF will soon occur especially during the late dry season and early rainy season.

Key words: Comparative Analysis, Nigeria, Occurrence, Rainfall (RF), Thunderstorm (TS) and Variation.

[[1]. Adelekan, 1.O. (1998) Spatio- Temporal Variation in Thunderstorm Rainfall over Nigeria.Inter. Journal of Climatology 18, 1273 — 1283.
[2]. Ahrens, D.C (1998) Essentials of Meteorohegy: An Invitation to the atmosphere. New York. Wasdsworth publishing company.
[3]. Alexander, B.C (2005) Spatio-Temporal Variation of Thunderstorm Activity Over Nigeria unpublished, M.Sc Thesis.
[4]. Atkinson, G.D (1967) Thunderstorm in South East Asia. 1 Weather Wind Technical Study.
[5]. Awadesh, K. (1992) A Climatologically Study of thunderstorm at Lucknow airport.Mausam, 43, 441-444.
[6]. Ayoade, J.O. (1988) Introduction to Climatology for the Tropics Spectrum Publisher, Ibadan.
[7]. Balogun, E.E (1981) Seasonal and Spatial Variation of Thunderstorm Activity over Nigeria. Weather 36, 192-196.

Summary: Urban flooding is a catastrophe that continued threatened settlements, inflicting serious damages to man. This has brought about different strategies and techniques in combating the menace.This study aimed at assessment of the physical planning strategies and its challenges of combating the flooding in Maiduguri metropolis. The study involved collection of data, both primary and secondary. The primary data are information obtained on the causes, peak month of the flood occurrences, extent of flood plain encroachment and strategies in place. This was done through questionnaires administration, oral interview, and physical observation and snapping of photographs while the secondary data were obtained through review of related literatures. A simple random technique was adopted in the administration of the questionnaires without replacement, due to homogeneity of physical characteristics of the areas. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics inform of tables, percentages and charts.The study revealed flood is largely due to lack of drainages, blockages of water channels, depression and subsidence of the terrain, and high encroachment of the floodplain. There are measures taken but due to poor design and maintenance culture the infrastructures identified are silted with sediments.it is recommended government to use special techniques, integrated and progress renewal strategy to avert the situation before it becomes difficult to handle due to continues urban sprawl.

Keywords: Assessment, Physical Planning, Strategy and Flood

[1]. Adewusi, H. G. (September, 1990) Combating Water Erosion and Flood, Nigerian weekly scope, pp 20-22.
[2]. Adeyanju, N.A. (2008) Sunday Vanguard Newspaper. Vol. 23. no 10689 95 pp 8. March 16
[3]. Adinna, E. N. (1976) Environmental Hazard and Management. Evans brothers Ibandan
[4]. Akinola, R.A. and Odihi, J.O. (1985) Flood Problems in Ibadan. In Guntoyinbo, J. S.,
[5]. Areola,O. and Falana, M. O. (ed) Resources and Development in Africa, A paper presentation at the Regional conference of National Geographic Association.
[6]. Anon, T. (1998) Symposium on Flash Floods in the Arid and Semi-arid zones of North China Xi'an, China.
[7]. Areola, O. and Akintola, F. (1980) Managing the Urban Environment in Developing Countries; the Ogunpa Channelization Scheme in Ibadan City. Journal Environment International, Vol. 3, pp 237-241.
[8]. Chatterjee p. and Fried, L. (1999) Disaster Management, How cities can Prepare for Worst. Urban Age Magazine Vol. 7 No 1 pp 18-19.
[9]. Chorly,R.J. (1996) Introduction to Physical Hydrology; Metheun,London.
[10]. Cun, F (1991) the Urban Edge Issues and Innovation Vol.15, No 7 pp 4-6.

Abstract: Our environment is our pride. It is our pride and it is what will determine the value of our life. If we have a healthier environment then we have our self. In this paper, being environment/location as one of the agent of socialization, the researcher tried to find the influence of location on environmental awareness among secondary school students. The students were selected using random sampling technique and a total of 590 respondents were selected from 6 selected secondary schools in Terengganu District. Descriptive statistic and independent sample t-test were used in the analysis of this paper. The result shows that, secondary school students in Terengganu have low level of environmental awareness. Location of the school was also found to have no effect on the level environmental awareness of secondary school students. It was concluded that location has no effect on the level of environmental awareness of secondary school students.

Key words: environmental education; environmental awareness; location

[1]. Abraham, M., and Arjunan, N.K. (2005).Environmental interest of secondary school students in relation to their environmental attitude.Journal of Perspective in Education, 21(2) . 100-105
[2]. Aminrad, Z., Azizi, M., Wahab, M., Huron, R., and Nawawi, M. (2010).Environmental awareness and attitude among Iranian students in Malaysian universities. Environment Asia, 3(special issues), 1-10
[3]. Arba‟at, H., Tajal, A.N., and Suriati, S. (2010). The status on the level of environmental awareness in the concept of sustainable development amongst secondary school students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 1276-1280
[4]. Bhim, C.M. and Jayanta, M. (2010).A comparative study of environmental awareness among secondary school students in relation to gender and residential background. Sikshachintan, 4, 17-21
[5]. Hannan, H. (2002).A comparative study on environmental awareness and environmentally beneficial behaviour in India.CMS ENVIS Centre
[6]. Julie, A.P., and Moira, O. (2000). Environmental education and attitudes emotions and beliefs are what are needed. Journal of Environment and Behaviour, 32(5), 711-723

Summary: Radon is a colorless, odorless half-life radioactive gas that that can be emission from Decorative stones such as granite, marble, etc. Inhaling Radon gas over a long period may increase the effective dose received and the subsequent increase in lung cancer among patients. In this cross-sectional-descriptive study, Radon 222 and Thoron concentrations was measured in four Decorative stones of warehouse by Radon meter portable RTM1688-2 model in three stages. In total, 24 concentrations of 24 hours of indoor air and 24 concentrations of 4 hours of Radon 222 and thoron of the background air were measured. Then, effective dose received of Radon 222 and Thoron was calculated by UNSCEAR and ICRP equations, respectively. The mean indoor air radon and background air were 74±37 and ± 34 16 Bq/m3, respectively. The mean concentration of Radon of indoor air in Decorative stones of warehouses in DSW1, DSW2, DSW3 and DSW4 is 72.50±34, 98.25±43, 34.42±18 and 88.92±51 Bq/m3. The mean effective dose received by the staff from Radon 222 and Thoron at 8 working hours is 0.53±0.18 and 0.05±0.03 mSv/y and in 16 working hours is 1.05±0.36 and 0.11±0.07 mSv/y, respectively. Also, the mean effective dose received by staff from Radon at 8 and 16 working hours is 0.58±0.2 and 1.16±0.41 mSv/y. Mean radon concentration in indoor air and the mean effective dose received by staff is lower than the standards level. Decorative stone of warehouses is the resources accumulation of Radon gas that can be reduced by doing corrective actions.

Keywords: Radon 222, Thoron, effective dose, Decorative stone and warehouses

[1]. Ju, Y.-J., et al., A study on concentration measurements of radon-222 (uranium series) and radon-220 (thoron series) emitted to the atmosphere from tex (cementitious), red brick, and ecocarat among construction materials. Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 2012. 60(7): p. 1177-1186.
[2]. Topçu, N., et al., Radon exhalation rate from building materials using CR-39 nuclear track detector. Indoor and Built Environment, 2013. 22(2): p. 384-387.
[3]. Cohen, B.S., et al., Deposition of charged particles on lung airways. Health Physics, 1998. 74(5): p. 554-560.
[4]. Cothern, C.R. and J.E. Smith, Environmental radon. Vol. 35. 1987: Springer.
[5]. Green, B., P. Lomas, and F. Luykx, Natural radiation atlas of Europe. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 1991. 36(2-4): p. 85-88.
[6]. Richard, C.C. and S.J. E, Environmental radon. Vol. 35. 1987: Springer.
[7]. Magill, J. and J. Galy, Radioactivity Radionuclides Radiation. 2005, Springer: Berlin Heidelberg NewYorK.
[8]. Kávási, N., et al., Estimation of effective doses to cavers based on radon measurements carried out in seven caves of the Bakony Mountains in Hungary. Radiation Measurements, 2010. 45(9): p. 1068-1071.
[9]. Zeeb, H. and F. Shannoun, eds. WHO handbook on indoor radon, A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE. 2009, World Health Organization: Geneva ,Switzerland.

Summary: Proximate, minerals and vitamins composition of raw, boiled-dehulled and boiled-undehulled seeds of Artocarpus altilis were determined using standard methods. The percentage ash content of the raw sample was highest (2.49 ± 0.01%), and the least (2.42 ± 0.02%) in the boiled-dehulled seeds. The moisture content ranged from 8.05 ± 0.01% for the raw to 8.19 ± 0.02% for the boiled-undehulled. The highest crude fat and crude fibre contents were recorded in the raw (7.48 ± 0.02%) and boiled-undehulled (5.38 ± 0.01%) respectively. Carbohydrate level in the raw sample (72.66 ± 0.01%) was the highest amongst parameters and samples determined. Boiling generally decreased fatty acids, crude fat and the energy contents of the food samples but increased its protein content. The Na/K ratios were low (0.03 - 0.09mg/g). Mineral contents of the raw sample were highest for sodium (0.81%) and potassium (0.94%). Boiling and dehulling decreased sodium and potassium contents. Breadfruit may serve as good source of Vitamins. Considering Recommended Dietary Association (RDA) nutritional requirements, breadfruit is a rich source of potassium, vitamin C, thiamine, calcium and pyridoxine.

Keywords: Processing, proximate, nutritional, Artocarpus altilis, seeds

[1]. P. C. Stevenson, T. K. Jayasekera, S. R. Belmain, N. C. Veitch, Bisdesmosidic saponins from Securidaca longepedunculata (Polygalaceae) with deterrent and toxic properties to Coleapteran storage pests. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(19), 2009, 8860 - 8867.
[2]. National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), Hunger initiative, Breadfruit Institute. National Tropical Botanical Garden. [http://www.ntbg.org/breadfruit/hunger.php], 2009.
[3]. K. O. Soetan, C. O. Olaiya, O. E. Oyewole, The importance of mineral element for humans, domestic animals and plants: A review, African Journal of Food Science, 4(5), 2010, 200-222.
[4]. F. I. Appiah, W. O. Ellis,. Proximate and mineral composition of Artocarpus altilis pulp flour as affected by fermentation. Pakistain Journal of Nutrition, 10(7), 2011, 653-657.
[5]. R. O. Adeleke, O. A. Abiodun, Nutritional composition of breadnut seed (Artocarpus camansi). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(11), 2010, 1273-1276.
[6]. M. M. N. Qayyum, M. S. Butt, F. M. Aanjum, H. Nawaz, Composition analysis of some selected legumes for protein isolates recovery. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 22(4), 2012, 1156-1162.
[7]. T. U. Nwabueze, C. B. Uchendu, African Breadfruit (Treculia africana) seed as adjunct in Ethanol production. European Journal of Food Research and Review, 1(1), 2011, 15-22.