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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of Quinolons for Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Malik Bhawna, Sharma Kadambari
	:	10.9790/3008-09340104

Abstract: Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are predominantly known to cause enteric fever. Multidrug resistance in S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi has emerged as a cause of concern. This study was done to evaluate status in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. Paratyphi obtained from blood culture. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella enterica have emerged worldwide. Isolates of S. typhi with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones have now appeared in the Indian subcontinent and other regions. However, in India the degree of resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole in the era of quinolone resistance is not clear. In present study MIC and MDR% for S.typhi and S.paratyphi for the Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin and Levofloxacin were find out. Out of the total isolates studied, high level resistant for ciprofloxacin was 23 (58.97%), Gatifloxacin 15 (38.46%) and Levofloxacin was 0(0%). At low level resistance % of MDR for Ciprofloxacin was 14 (35.89%), Gatifloxacin was 21 (53.84%) and for Levofloxacin was 38 (97.43%). Susecptibility for Ciprofloxacin was 2 (5.12%), Gatifloxacin was 3 (7.69%) and Levofloxacin was 1 (2.56%). MIC value for Ciprofloxacin 8μg/ml-<0.125μg/ml was in between 0 to 16, for Gatifloxacin was 0-21 and for Levofloxacin was 0-14.
Key Words: Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, MIC, MDR%.

[1]. Mad1. hulika U, Harish BN, Parija SC. Current pattern in antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi isolates in Pondicherry. Indian J Med Res; 120 : 111-4. (2004)
[2]. Effa EE, Bukirwa H. Azithromycin for treating uncomplicated 3. typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever). Cochrane Database Syst Rev; (4) : CD006083. (2008)
[3]. Menezes GA, Harish BN, Khan MA, Goessens WH, Hays 4. JP. Antimicrobial resistance trends in blood culture positive Salmonella Typhi isolates from Pondicherry, India, 2005-2009. Clin Microbiol Infect; 18 : 239-45. (2012)

[4]. Harish BN, Menezes GA. Preserving efficacy of 5. chloramphenicol against typhoid fever in a tertiary care hospital, India. Reg Health Forum; 15 : 92-6. (2011)

[5]. Dada-Adegbola HO, Muili KA. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of urinary tract pathogens in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci. ;39(3):173–179. (2010)

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Role of Two Commonly Available Plants in Combating Harmful Bacteria
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Kalaiyarasi. L , Fauzia Ahmed, Mubeen sultana. D
	:	10.9790/3008-09340512

Abstract: In the present study an investigation was done to assess the efficiency of Mangifera indica and Acacia nilotica as an efficient antimicrobial agent against most of the pathogenic bacteria. In this study, Methanol and Hexane extracts of leaves of Mangifera indica and Acacia nilotica were evaluated against bacterial strains. The tested micro organisms were Proteus bulgaris, Micro coccus, Shigella, Enterobactor, Salmonella typhi, Listeria, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus aureus and E.coli. The antibacterial activity was determined using agar well method. The zone of inhibition of extracts of Mangifera indica was compared with the inhibition zone of extracts of Acacia nilotica. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of Mangifera indica was greater than Acacia nilotica.
Keywords: Acacia nilotica, agar well method, antibacterial activity, Mangifera indica, zone of inhibition

[1] S.A Junaid, A.O. Olabode, F.C.,Onwuliri, A.E.J.,Okworiu, S.E.,Agina, The antimicrobial properties of Ocimum gratissimum extracts on some selected bacterial gastro intestinal isolates, Afri J Biotechnol, 5(22), 2006,2315-2321.
[2] M.D.M. Sharif, G.R. Banik, Status and utilization of medicinal plants in Rangamati of Bangladesh, Res J Agric Biol Sci, 2(6), 2006, 268-273.
[3] C.J. Pretorius, E. Watt, Purification and identification of active components of Carpobrotus edulis L., J Ethnopharm, 76, 2001,87-91.
[4] J.H. Doughari, A.M. Ei-Mahmood, S.Manzara, Studies on the antibacterial activity of root extracts of Carica papaya L., Afri J microbiol Res, 2007, 037-041.
[5] A.Sofowora, Medicinal plants and Traditional medicine in Africa, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Nigeria, 1982, 33-34.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Study of Serum Malondialdehyde, Paraoxonase and Lipid Profile in Pregnancy with Pre-Eclampsia and Normal Pregnancy
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Ch. VenkataRamana, M.D
	:	10.9790/3008-09341318

Abstract: Abstract:Introduction:Normal pregnancy is a state of physiological stress in which there is increased production of free radicals and increased lipid peroxidation towards the end of pregnancy and in parallel, total antioxidant capacity gradually increases leading to an oxidative balance maintained throughout the pregnancy but in pre-eclampsia there is a biochemical imbalance with increase in lipid peroxidation and deficient antioxidant defenses. Aim Of Study: The present study is undertaken to estimate serum levels of MDA, PARAOXONASE, Total Cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, Triglycerides in normal pregnant women and pregnant women with Pre-eclampsia and to evaluate the correlation between MDA and PARAOXONASE and to evaluate MDA as a marker of Lipid Peroxidation. Materials And Methods: A case control study was done including 50 pregnant women with Pre-eclampsia as cases and 50 age matched normal pregnant women as controls. Serum lipid profile was estimated and serum MDA level was estimated by (NADIGER et al method), PARAOXONASE was estimated by (MACKNESS AND MACKNESS method). Results: TC, LDL-C, TG and MDA levels were significantly increased and HDL-C and PARAOXONASE levels were significantly decreased in cases compared to controls. Pearson's correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between serum levels of MDA and PARAOXONASE and a significant positive correlation between serum levels of PARAOXONASE and HDL-C and significant negative correlation between serum levels of PARAOXONASE and LDL-C in cases. Summary And Conclusion: In PRE-ECLAMPSIA there is altered lipid metabolism with increased lipid perosidation and decreased antioxidants. LDL is more susceptible to oxidation, it redily gets oxidized by MDA, to form oxidized LDL which is taken up by macrophages via scavenger receptors and form FOAM cells which in turn results in atherogenesis. Ox-LDL particles might be involved in vascular endothelial damage. Hence it may be concluded that endothelial cell damage and dysfunction as the major cause of PRE-ECLAMPSIA.

Key Words: MDA:Malondialdehyde, Tc: Total Cholesterol

[1]. KashinakuntiSv, HkSunitha, Gurupadappa K Et Al, Lipid Peroxidation And Antioxidant Status In Pre-Eclampsia. Al Ameen J Med Sci 2010; 3(1): 38-4.
[2]. Dutta Dc, Hypertension In Pregnancy. In Dutta Dc. Text Book Of Obstetrics. 6th Edition. Calcutta; New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., 2004.221-242.
[3]. Kumru S. Aydin S, Ferit M Et Al, Changes Of Serum Paraoxonase (An Hdl-C Associated Lipophilic Antioxidant) And Arylesterase Activities In Severe Pre-Eclamptic Women. European Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology And Reproductive Biology 2004; 114:117-181.
[4]. Singh Hj. Pre-Eclampsia: Is It All In The Placenta? Malaysian Journal Of Medical Scinces 2009; 16(1) : 7-15.
[5]. Meera Ks, Maitra S, Hemalatha R. Increased Level Of Lipid Peroxidation In Pre-Eclampsia Pregnancy; A Relationship With Paraoxonase 1 Activity. Biomedical Research 2010; 21(4): 393-396.
[6]. Packard C. Tricylglycerol-Rich Lipoproteins And The Generation Of Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein. Biochemical Society Transactions 2003; 31(5): 1066-1069.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Efficacy and Safety of some Medical Herbs on Gastric Ulcer Induced by Aspirin in Rats
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Heibashy, M.I.A., Mazen, G.M.A., Ibrahim, M.A.
	:	10.9790/3008-09341927

Abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used drugs in inflammation treatment. NSAIDs are associated with several side effects especially on the stomach. Considering these limitations of NSAIDs side effect, alternate natural nontoxic antioxidant with potent antiulcer activity such as ginger or curcumin was needed. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the correction role of ranitidine alone or with ginger or/and curcumin on aspirin induced gastric ulcer in adult male albino rats. Gastric ulcer in rats was induced by administered aspirin (500mg/Kg body weight/day) for three successive days to the animals. The obtained data revealed that aspirin induced a significant (p<0.05) increase in macroscopic ulcer score, gastric acidity and gastric production of mucosal non-protein sulfhrydryl group than those in control ones. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β & IL-8) were significantly (p<0.05) increase associated with remarkable elevation in the levels of total oxidant capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) in ulcergenic rats. On the other hand, aspirin caused significant (p<0.05) decrease in the gastric total anti-oxidant capacity, prostaglandine E2, cyclooxygenase and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) levels as compared to control rats. These disturbances in all the pervious parameters were ameliorated after the ulcerogenic rats treated with ginger, curcumin or their mixture accompanied with ranitidine treatment dependent on the time of administration (1&2 weeks). These findings are consistent with the concept that curcumin and ginger are antioxidant agents. The underlying mechanisms of these effects were discussed with available recent researches.

Keywords: Aspirin, Curcumin, Ginger, Gastric Ulcer, Ranitidine.

[1] S. Onasanwo, N. Singh, A. Saba, A. Oyagbemi, O. Oridupa and G. Palit, Anti-ulcerogenic and in vitro antioxidant activities of Lagenaria breviflora (LB) whole fruit ethanolic extract in laboratory animals. Pharmacognosy. Res., 3(1), 2011, 2–8.
[2] L. Laine, K. Takeuchi and A. Tarnawski, Gastric mucosal defense and cytoprotection: benchto bedside. Gastroenterology, 135, 2008, 41–60.
[3] J.L. Wallace, Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and Gastric Mucosal Protection: Why Doesn't the Stomach Digest Itself? Physiol Rev, 88, 2008, 1547–1565.
[4] J.L. Wallace and M.J. Miller, Nitric oxide in mucosal defense: A little goes a long way. Gastroenterology, 119, 2000, 512–520.
[5] C. Rao, S. Ojha, K. Radhakrishnan, R. Govindarajan, S. Rastogi, S. Mehrotra and P. Pushpangadan, Antiulcer activity of utleria salicifolia rhizome extract. J. Ethnopharmacol, 91, 2004, 243-249.
[6] A. Fisher and D. Le Couteur, Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of histamine H2 receptor antagonists. Drug Saf., 24(1), 2001, 39-57.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Salinity Stress on Growth Parameters and Yield of Sugarcane
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R.Gomathi And P.Thandapani
	:	10.9790/3008-09342832

Abstract: A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the influence of salt stress on growth and yield component of four sugarcane varieties viz., C 92038, Co 85004, Si 94050 and Co 85036. The result of the study reveals that the growth parameter viz., LAI, LAD and CGR, RGR and SGR indicated that the derivation of LAI, CGR and SGR are the reliable growth parameters for assessing the genotypes for salt tolerance, as resistant genotypes Co 85004 and C 92038 performed better because of higher CGR, and SGR in present study. The important yield parameters viz., number of stalk per-1, stalk length, number of inter nodes, inter nodal length, cane diameter and single cane weight were found to be affected under salt stress condition, which leads in overall yield reduction of 38.56 per cent in T2. However the extent of reduction was less in GA3 treated plants (18.50 %). Under salinity condition, the reduction in yield was less in C 92038 and Co 85004 (29.81 and 28.00 %) and it was found to be maximum in Co 85036 and Si 94050 (47.82 and 47.36 %). Irrespective of the genotypes, supplementing GA3 (150 ppm) as sett treatment and foliar application play role on imparting salt tolerance in terms of getting better growth and cane yield.
Keywords: Sugarcane salinity, CGR, RGR, SGR, GA3, resistant and susceptible.

[1]. Abdul Wahid, Iffat Masood, Intshar-ul-Haq Javed and Ejaz Rasul, 1999. Phenotypic flexibility as marker of sodium chloride tolerance in sunflower genotypes, Environt. and Exp. Botany. 42: 85-94.
[2]. Anonymous, 1996. Evaluation for abiotic stresses-salinity. Ann. Rept., Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore. P.34.
[3]. Ayman, S. and Gupta, A.L. 1995. Influence of sodium chloride induced salinity on wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes M.Sc (Ag) Thesis submitted to the Department of Plant Physiology I Ag. Sc. B.H.U. Varanasi, India.
[4]. Bhaskar H.Gaikwad. 1990. Effect of planting methods and foliar applied plant growth regulators and nutrients on short duration sugarcane. MSc. Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
[5]. Dang, Y.P., Mehla, A.S. Chhabra, R. and S. Kumar. 1998. Sodicity induced yield losses and changes in minerals concentration of sugarcane genotypes. Proc. S.T.A.I. 60th Annl Convention,:123-135.
[6]. Djanaguiraman, M. 2000. Improvement of physiology of salt tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties by salinity induction response technique. M.Sc.Agri thesis. Dept. of Crop physiology ,TNAU, Coimbatore.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Microbial Quality of "AKAMU" (OGI) Sold in NNEWI Markets, Anambra State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ezendianefo, J.N. and Dimejesi, S.A
	:	10.9790/3008-09343335

Abstract: The study was on microbiological quality of "akamu" (ogi) sold at Nnewi markets. The "akamu" samples were collected aseptically from five different markets in Nnewi. These samples were taken to the laboratory immediately and were analyzed using standard microbiological and biochemical methods. Escherichia species, Staphylococcus species, Klebsiella species, Streptococcus species and Pseudomonas species were the bacteria isolated while Mucor species, Aspergillus species and Fusarium species were the fungi isolated. The total bacteria counts ranged from 3.0 x 108 to 7.5 x 108 cfu/g while that of fungi ranged from 0.6 x 108 to 1.0 x 108 cfu/g. The high microbial count is attributable to poor hygienic practices during the processing and post processing handling of the "akamu".

Keywords: Akamu, Microbial count, Hygienic practices and Nnewi

[1] Arora, D.R. and Arora, B.B. (2012), "Test book of Microbiology", CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd New Delhi India, Pages 319-321 and 43-47.
[2] Awada et al (2005), http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal /v95/n5/full/6603291a.html.
[3] Banwart, G.J. (2004), "Basic Food Microbiology", CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd New Delhi India, Page 529.
[4] Cortez and Wild-Altamirano (1972), http:www.fao.org/docrep/t0395e/t0395e03html.
[5] Duguid, J.P. (1975). Medical Microbiology 12th edition, Vol II, Churchill Living Stone, Edinburgh pp 70-189.
[6] Frazier, W.C. and Dennis C.W. (2008), "Food Microbiology", Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd New Delhi India, Page 489.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Histology and Histopathology of the Lutjanus johni (Bloch, 1792) and Lutjanus russelli (Bleeker, 1849) from Visakhapatnam Coast, India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sowjanya Pilla, Rajesh Konathala, Ratnakala M, Sree Ramulu K
	:	10.9790/3008-09343640

Abstract: Histopathologic changes caused by digeneans and nematodes in the liver of Lutjanus johni (Bloch, 1792) and Lutjanus russelli (Bleeker, 1849) were studied. For this purpose histological sections were prepared and stained by routine procedures with haematoxylin and eosin and mounted permanently in Canada balsam. Photographs of selected portions were prepared in support of the damage caused by the parasites. The histopathologic changes caused by the Paracryptogonimus hirastrictus Manter, 1963 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) and Raphidascaris lutiani Raillietet Henry, 1915 (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae) include severe destruction and necrosis liver tissue. Destruction of epithelial cells, inflammation and an increase in thickness of sub-mucosa, atrophy and aggregation of inflammatory cells between hepatocytes.
Key Words: Atrophy, Canada balsam, Digenea, Eosin, Haematoxylin, Hepatocytes, Necrosis, Nematoda, Paracryptogonimus hirastrictus and Raphidascaris lutiani.

[1]. Altunel FN(1983) Parasitism in Mullets (Mugil species). I. National Congress of The Marine and Freshwater Researches. J of EgeUnivSciFac (B): 364-378
[2]. Deets GB, Kabata Z(1991) Lernanthropus corteziensis sp. (Copepoda, Lernanthropidae), Parasitic On the Gills of A Teleost Fish In Mexican Waters. Systematic Parasitology 18(1): 77-80
[3]. Ho JS, Kim IH(2004) Lernanthropid copepods (Siphonostomatoida) parasitic on fishes of the Gulf of Thailand. Syst Parasitol 58: 17-21
[4]. Ju-shey Ho &Il-Hoi Kim(2004) Lernanthropid copepods (Siphonostomatoida) parasitic on fishes of the Gulf of Thailand Systematic Parasitology 58: 17–21
[5]. Kabata Z(1979) Parasitic Copepoda of British fishes. The Ray Society London, U.K, 468

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Isolation, identification and Partial Purification of Lectin from Typhonium trilobatum
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Mrityunjoy Biswas, Niranjan Kumar Sana
	:	10.9790/3008-09344146

Abstract: In this investigation we included isolation, identification and partial purification and some characterizations of purified Lectin from Typhonium trilobatum. During the summer seasons, the rhizome of Typhonium trilobatum was collected from different sites of Rajshahi in Bangladesh and various steps were followed to isolate crude protein extract. For identification of protein, we used Hemaglutination activity assay and its agglutinated human (o+ve) blood cells. Lectin was purified by using DEAE-Cellulose column chromatography and UV Spectrophotometric method. During purity checking and molecular weight determination we used Gel Electrophoresis method and moved three bands. The molecular weight was calculated from the standard curve of reference proteins which was constructed by plotting molecular weight against relative mobility of the reference proteins on gel after electrophoresis and the molecular weight of the partial purified Lectin as determined by SDS-PAGE. It assumed that there were three Lectins present and estimated to be 19±1kDa, 40±1kDa and 90±1kDa of their molecular weights. The minimum concentration of Hemaglutination activity assay was 15.4μg/ml. These Lectins showed slight toxicity towards brine shirmp nauplii, the LC50 value was 9.90648. These Lectins also showed slight antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (123 μg/disc and 184.8 μg/disc). We can develop techniques and knowledge of protein chemistry, molecular biology including genetic engineering, and structural biology including analysis for the structure-activity relationship and clarification for the mechanism of enzymatic reaction to promote the research.
Keywords: Characterizations, Clarification, Electrophoresis, Hemaglutination, Toxicity.

[1] Alam, Z. (1936). Cytologocal studies some Indian Oleiferous Cruciferae3. Ann. Bot1, 85-100
[2] Wagstaff, D,J Genesis to Genesis: A historic perspective of plant toxicology. In: Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicant(eds. Tam G. and Catherine A.B), 1998, p.9-10
[3] Lis & Sharon,N (1977), In "The antigens" (M. Sela.cd.). Vol.4, pp.429-529. Academic Press, New york.
[4] Laemmli UK (August 1970). "Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4". Nature 227 (5259): 680–685.
[5] Smith, Jr. and G. M. Hieftje, Applied Spectroscopy; 1983, 37, 419-424.
[6] Lowry, O.H., N.J. Rosenbrough, A.L Farr and RJ. Rendall (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin Phenol reagent, Biol, Chem. 183: 265-275.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of the Community towards Malaria Prevention and Control Options: A case study of Meru South District, Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya.
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	KianiaN.Mugao, DubaMohamed, Garama Nimrod, Anjili O. Christopher
	:	10.9790/3008-09344754

Abstract: Background: Malaria is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in Kenya. The diseases displays varying degrees of endemicity in different regions in the country, however the knowledge, attitudes and practices of communities about the disease prevention and control measures are in many cases not in tandem. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of the communities towards malaria prevention and control options. Methodology: A cross sectional study design was done in six boarding schools in Meru South District in Tharaka Nithi County in Kenya. A single population proportion sample size formula and design effect of two was used to determine sample size. A total of 347 students were included in the study and proportional allocation was done among schools in the highland and lowland areas. The data was collected by trained data collectors and supervisors using questionnaires and interviewing guidelines. The collected data was cleaned, coded and entered into SPSS version 20.0 for windows software for analysis. Results: This study revealed that 7.8% of the respondents mentioned poverty as a strongly predisposing factor to malaria. Only 8.9% of the respondents reported that children were more vulnerable to malaria as opposed to 6.9% who give the opinion that adults were more vulnerable compared to children. On drainage, only 5.5% of the respondents reported that stagnant water near dwelling places is a strong predisposing factor to malaria. On the type housing, 4.6% of the respondents reported that poor housing exposed people to mosquito bites hence malaria. 18.2% of those interviewed were of the view that seasons with more fruits had more incidences of malaria and that this was more common during the wet and warm weather (23.6%) as compared to the cold and dry season (20.6%). Other predisposing factors that the respondents identified include pregnancy (25.3%), living with malaria infected people (43.8%) and self and presumptive medication (20.5%). Conclusion and recommendation: Knowledge, attitude and practice of the communities living in the area studied towards malaria prevention and control options was low. This calls for continual strengthening and improvement of the community knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria prevention and control.
Keywords: Malaria; Knowledge; Attitude; Practice; Insecticide treated net utilization

[1]. Deressa W, Ali A and Berhane Y. (2006). Review of the interplay between population dynamics and malaria transmission in Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Health20 (suppl 3): 137-144.
[2]. Gallup J.L and Sachs J.D. (2001). The economic burden of malaria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. Vol.64 no.1 suppl 85-96.
[3]. Gorstein J, Sullivan KM, Parvanta I, Begin F. (2007). Indicators and methods for cross-sectional surveys of vitamin and mineral status of populations. Micronutrient Initiative (Ottawa) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta), pg 29.
[4]. Gunter C.M, John C. B, Sekon F.T, Mahamoudou B.T, Mohamed M.T, Sekon B, Seydon D and Yosef S. (2010). Field experiments of Anopheles gambiae attraction to local fruits/seeds and flowering plants in Mali to optimize strategies for malaria vector control in Africa using attractive toxic sugar bait methods. Malaria Journal9:262.
[5]. Le Prince J.A.(1920). Drainage as an anti-malarial measure. Am. J Public Health (N.Y.) 10(2):120-123.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Prevalence of dengue viral infection (DI) in and around of Angul district of Odisha, India: A comprehensive eco-epidemiological study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	M. Rajesh Kumar Rao, R. N. Padhy
	:	10.9790/3008-09345564

Abstract: Currently, the disease 'dengue viral infection (DI)' was endemic in Angul district, Odisha state, as the region fall in the deciduous, dry and wet climatic zone. This study was designed to analyze a relationship of DI with climatic factors (rainfall, temperature and relative humidity) during the year, 2013. During the study, monthly climatologically data was obtained and analyzed; and 1980 blood specimens of dengue suspected cases were collected and diagnosed. Out of 1980 suspected cases, 745 cases (37.6%) were confirmed as DI. Larger proportions of DI were observed among adults. The difference between DI positive cases during different months was significant (p < 0.05). DI coincided mainly with the monsoon period of heavy rainfall. The difference between DI positive cases as compared to DI negative in monsoon period was significantly higher (p < 0.001). This prospective study highlighted rain, temperature and relative humidity as the major and important climatic factors, which could alone or collectively be responsible for the epidemic or outbreak. More studies in this regard could further reveal the correlation between the climatic changes and epidemics or outbreaks, which would help in making the strategies to forecast any epidemic or outbreak in the future well in advance.
Keywords: Dengue Infection, Dengue fever, Rainfall, Temperature, Relative humidity

[1]. Gubler DJ: Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998, 113:480-496.
[2]. W. J. H. McBride and H. Bielefeldt-Ohmann, "Dengue viral infections; pathogenesis and epidemiology," Microbes and Infection, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 1041–1050, 2000.
[3]. E. A. Henchal and J. R. Putnak, "The Dengue viruses," Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 376–396, 1990.
[4]. T. Solomon and M. Mallewa, "Dengue and other emerging flaviviruses," Journal of Infection, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 104–115, 2001.
[5]. WHO: Health Situation in the South East Asian Region 1998–2000. WHO Regional Office, South East Asia, New Delhi.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Phytochemical, Proximate, Vitamins, Minerals and Heavy Metals Composition of Two Indigenous Mushrooms (Daedaleopsis Confragosa, (Polyporaceae) and Russule Girolle (Cantharellus Cibarius)
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Okwulehie, I. C. Okorie, D. O. And Egekonye, T. A.
	:	10.9790/3008-09346571

Abstract: The phytochemical, proximate, vitamins, minerals, heavy metals and antimicrobial composition of two indigenous species of mushrooms namely Russule girolle (Rg) or Cantharellus, cibarius and Daedaleopsis confragosa (Dc) were investigated. The phytochemical constitute of the Mushrooms are as follows tannin, 1.88±0.02% for Rg and 2.74±0.l00% for Dc), phenol (0.41±0.02% for Rg and-0.45±0.00% for Dc), sterol (0.18±0.00%, for Rg 0.23±0.02% for Dc, HCN, 0.10±0.01% for Rg and 0.13±0.00% for Dc, saponin 0.84±0.0% and 20.78±0.02%), alkaloid, 0.59±0.01% and 063±0.00%, flavonoid, 3.32±0.08% and 2.96±0.00%. for Rg and Dc respectively. Similarly the proximate composition in percentaces for Russule girolle(Rg) or Cantharellus, cibarius and Daedaleopsis confragosa were moisture, (8.42±0.03 and 8.79±0.07), Ash (8.53±0.08 and 10.77±0.03), fat, (3.35±0.06 and 11.53±0.08), protein, (18.73±0.44 and 22.62±0.08),and carbohydrate (55.75±0.62 and 41.12±0.27%) respectively. The result for vitamins were, B1, (0.16±0.00 and 0.19±0.0 mg/100g 1), B2, (0.45±0,00) mg/100g B3 (1.37±0.02 and 1.50±0.0 2 mg/100g), Vit E, (0.31±0.02 and 6.27±0.03 mg/100g) vit A (1.85±0.01 and 1.85±0.01 mg/100g) and Vit E (1.95±0.01 and 1.96±0.00%) respectively, Mineral contents were calcium (0.51±0.02 mg/100g for Rg and 0.570.03 mg/100g for Dc. magnesium, (0.18±0.00 mg/100g for Rg and 0.23±0.00 mg/100g for Dc, potassium (1.94±0.02 mg/100g for Rg and 0.2.78±0.00 mg/100g for Dc), phosphorus (0-12±0.00 mg/100g for Rg and 0.09±0.00mg/100g for Dc), iron (0.24±0.02 mg/100g for Rg and 0.19±0.01 mg/100g for Dc). The heavy metals concentration of the mushrooms were, Lead (not detected), Copper (0.03±0.000 and 07±0.00ppm, cadmium, not detected, Mercury (not detected) zinc, (0.12±0.00 and0.17±0.0)pmm respectively. The result obtained indicates that the mushrooms are of good quality. They are therefore recommended for maintenance of good health. They can also be exploited in the manufacture of drugs. Heavy metal levels obtained indicate that the mushrooms are safe for consumption but when consumed in very high quantity regularly may accumulate to toxic levels.

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[2]. Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC). (1980). Official method of analysis (13th Ed.) Association of Official Analytical Chemist Washington D C
[3]. Bano, Z. (1993). Food value of mushrooms.Gram Prandyogiki, 3:22-225
[4]. Boham, A.B. and A. Ckoeipai, (1994) Flavonoids and conversed tannins from leaves of Hawallan Vaccinium vaticulatum and V. calycinium pacific Sci. 48: 458-463.
[5]. Dunham S.M, O‟Dell T.E, and Molina R. (2003). "Analysis of nrDNA Sequences and microsatellite allele frequencies reveals a cyyptic chanterelle species cantharelle species cantharellus cascadensis sp. Nor. From the America pacific Northwest". Mycological Research 107 (10): 1163- 77.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Mature and Young Fruiting-Bodies of Pleurotus Pulmonarius Produced On Andropogon Gayanus Straw and Khaya Ivorensis Sawdust
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Okwulehie, I. C., Urama Judith , Okorie, D. O.
	:	10.9790/3008-09347277

Abstract: Pleurotus. Pulmonarius was cultured in the laboratory of the Department of plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. The mycelium of the mushroom was bulked up on guinea corn grains and was used to produce fruit-bodies on Andropogon gayanus straw and Khaya invorensis sawdust. The Chemical composition and nutritional values of the young and mature fruit-bodies evaluated. The nutrient composition in terms of the crude oil, protein, ash, total carbohydrate content mineral and vitamins contents were analyzed, and these were found out to vary dependent upon the stage of fruit-body development and substrate types. The moisture content was at maximum at immature stage and decreased during further development of the mushroom while the ash and fibre contents showed an opposite trend. The highest ash and fibre contents were obtained from the matured fruit-bodies and the lowest in the young fruit-bodies. Similarly the fats and protein contents of the mature fruit-bodies were higher than those of the young fruit-bodies. However the carbohydrate contents of the mushroom fruit-bodies were neither influenced by the substrates nor their stages of development. There was no significant difference between the proximate compositions of the fruit-bodies harvested from Andropogon gayanus straw and those from Khaya invorensis. The fruit-bodies were equally rich in Niacin, Thiamine, Ascorbic acid and Riboflavin. However the concentrations of the vitamins (in mg/100g) were more in the fruit-bodies harvested from A. gayanus straw than those from K. invorensis sawdust. In each case however, matured fruit-bodies had higher contents of the vitamins than young fruit-bodies. The result of the analyses shows that P. pulmonarius fruit-bodies contained minerals (Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Phosphorus and Calcium) and bio-active compounds (Alkaloids, Phenol, Tannin, Saponin and Hydrogen cyanide) in varying quantities. and mineral elements (Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Phosphorus and Calcium). Andropogon straw produced fruit-bodies with higher Potassium, than those from Khaya sawdust and this mineral occurred more in the matured fruit-bodies than in young ones in each case. The other minerals were low and did not show any defined trend in both the substrate and in the stages of development. Similarly, Alkaloids, contents of both matured and young fruit-bodies and from the two substrates were higher than the rest of the bioactive compounds respectively. The results of the investigation were discussed in relation of the best stage of the fruit-bodies for consumption and best substrate for the cultivation of the mushroom.
Key words: Chemical composition, nutritional value Pleurotus pulmonarius Matured fruit-bodies, young fruit-bodies

[1]. AOAC: Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1995), Method No. 920.151. Helrich K.ed. AOAC;
[2]. AOAC: Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1980)' Volume 1.
[3]. Ayodele, S.M. and Okhuoya, J.A., (2009). Nutrition of cultivated Psathyrella atroumbonata. Pegler, a Nigeria edible mushroom. Journal of science.105 (4): 158-159.
[4]. Boham, A.B. and A. Ckoeipai, (1994) Flavonoids and conversed tannins from leaves of Hawallan Vaccinium vaticulatum and V. calycinium pacific Sci. 48: 458-463.
[5]. Edeoga, H.O., and Gomina, (2000). Nutritional values of some non-conventional leaf vegetables of Nigeria. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 24:7-12.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Antimalarial Activity and Isolation of Phenolic Compound from Parkia biglobosa
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Modupe Builders, Taiwo Alemika, John Aguiyi
	:	10.9790/3008-09347885

Abstract: Parkia biglobosa popularly called African locust bean tree is used traditionally for the treatment of malaria. Phenolic compounds were found to be the major antimalarial components of Parkia biglobosa .The aim of this work is to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity and isolate phenolic compounds from Parkia biglobosa.The stem barks of Parkia biglobosa were extracted with methanol to obtain methanol extract. The extract was also subjected to column chromatography to obtain four fractions, these fractions were preliminary tested for antiplasmodial potency and methanol fraction which gave the most potent effect was fully evaluated and was refractionated to obtain the phenolic compounds. Phytochemical test, Thin layer chromatography (TLC), Infra-red (IR) spectroscopy and functional group tests were used to study the compounds. The compounds showed antimalarial activity against P.berghei and clinical isolate of P.falciparum. This study confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds in the stem extract of Parkia biglobosa, further research is needed to identify the chemical structures of the compounds from Parkia biglobosa and this may serve as new lead structure in the development of an antimalarial agent.

Keywords: Phenolic compounds, Parkia biglobosa, Antiplasmodial, Antioxidant, Isolation

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[2]. Htut , Z.W. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. England Journal of Medicine, 361, 2009, 1807–1808.
[3]. Sendagire H, Kyabayinze D, Swedberg G, Kironde, F. Plasmodium falciparum: Higher incidence of molecular resistance markers for sulfadoxine than for pyrimethamine in Kasangati, Uganda. Tropical Medicine International Health., 10, 2005, 537–543.
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[5]. Builders, M.I, Wannang, N.N, Ajoku, G.A, Builders, P.F, Orisadipe, A, Aguiyi, J.C. Evaluation of antimalarial potential of Vernonia ambigua Kotschy and Peyr (Asteraceae). International Journal of Pharmacology, 18(11), 2010, 1-9.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Phytochemical and Antioxidant Analyses of Selected Edible Mushrooms, Ginger and Garlic from Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Udu-Ibiam, O. E., Ogbu, O., Ibiam, U. A., Nnachi, A. U., Agah, M. V., Ukaegbu, C. O., Chukwu, O.S., Agumah, N. B., Ogbu, K. I
	:	10.9790/3008-09348691

Abstract: Antioxidant defense and repair systems naturally found in humans as well as in other living organisms are insufficient to completely prevent biological injuries caused by free radicals because of the relative ease with which we are constantly exposed to processes that generate them. The advantage of dietary antioxidants over synthetic ones (which are associated with gross side effects) as free radical scavengers has been documented worldwide. In this study, the phytochemical and antioxidant analyses of selected edible mushrooms, ginger and garlic from Ebonyi State, Nigeria, were carried out using dried extracts of the samples. The results revealed the presence of valuable phytochemicals including: phenolics, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin, saponin, alkaloid, tannin, phytic acid, and cyanogenic glycosides. Ginger (Zingiber officianale) had the highest phenolics content of 64.42±0.91 mg/g, closely followed by the mushroom, Tricholoma nudum, (64.122±1.20) and garlic (Allium sativum) (12.42±0.61 mg/g). Least phenolics content of 2.65±0.006 mg/g was observed in the study with the mushroom, Boletus spp. Ginger also had the highest flavonoid content of 0.045±0.001 μg/g. The presence of these bioactive or phytochemical compounds supports the possible antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of mushrooms, ginger and garlic and high phenolics and flavonoid contents of ginger and mushroom suggests high antioxidant potentials.
Keywords: Antioxidants, Garlic (Allium sativum), Ginger (Zingiber officianale), Mushrooms, Nigeria Phytochemicals

[1]. H. Pushpa and K. B. Purushothama, Antimicrobial Activity of Lyophyllum decastes an Edible Wild Mushroom, World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6(5), 2010, 506-509.
[2]. C. H. Gan, B. Nurul-Amira and R. Asmah, Antioxidant analysis of different types of edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporous and Agaricus brasiliensis), International Food Research Journal 20(3), 2013, 1095-1102.
[3]. S. T. Chang, P. G. Miles. ―Mushrooms Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact‖. 2nd Edition. CRC Press, USA, 2004.
[4]. O.E. Udu-Ibiam, O. Ogbu, O. Nworie, U. A. Ibiam, M. V. Agah, A. U. Nnachi, K. I. Ogbu, Antimicrobial Activities of Some Selected Edible Mushrooms and Spices against Clinical Isolates from Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (FETHA), Ebonyi State, Nigeria, International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 3(5), 2014, 251-255.
[5]. Gull, M. Saeed, H. Shaukat, S. M. Aslam, Z. Q. Samra and A. M. Athar, Inhibitory Effect of Allium Sativum and Zingiber Officianale Extracts on Clinically Important Drug Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria, Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 11, 2012, 8.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Systematic Study of Important Variables in Absorption Drug Loading into Specially Formulated Ion-Pairing PLGA Nanoparticles Using Doxorubicin Hydrochloride as Model Drug
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Korlapativenkateswara Rao
	:	10.9790/3008-093492111

Abstract: An effective drug loading procedure should be simple and time-efficient to maximize drug loading or uptake: adsorption drug loading, when optimized, could provide an important tool to fulfill these requirements. With this in mind, the purpose of this study was fourfold. First, evaluate the ion pairing potential between borate-based lipophilic anions and a model cationic drug, doxorubicin hydrochloride (doxHCl), in organic solvents, to introduce attractive force for absorption loading. Second, formulate blank polymeric nanoparticles incorporating borate-based lipophilic anions using oil-in-water(O/W) emulsion for adsorption drug loading. Third, systematically study and optimize absorption loading of doxHCl into the aforementioned nanoparticles by analyzing different variables. Lastly, having optimized the drug uptake conditions, evaluate doxHCl uptake by nanoparticles in plasma. Results shown an almost 1:1 molar attraction between lipophilic anions and doxHCl as well as successful formulation of PLGA or PLGA/PEG-PLA polymeric nanoparticles incorporating one of the borates, potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate (KTpCIPB). These nanoparticles were spherical and XPS confirmed the presence of PEG polymer on their surface. Adsorption drug loading was optimized using polymers with high acid number (502H), maximizing KTpCIPB incorporation, increasing incubation/uptake temperature, increasing drug: nanoparticle incubation ratio, and using PEGylated nanoparticles (those containing PEG-PLA). Under optimized conditions, doxHCl loading reached as high as 6%. Studies with another model drug, vinblastine sulfate(VS), confirmed the utility of this loading procedure and specially formulated nanoparticles. Plasma drug uptake study showed marginal reduction of plasma drug concentrations near the normal therapeutic dose of doxHCl while the nanoparticle system effectively reduced drug concentration by almost 16%, when plasdma drug concentration was 4 times the normal therapeutic dose (200μg/ml). favourable results supported the use of borate-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles for improved model drug loading via absorption/extraction loading procedure under different conditions.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	CitricAcid Production from Carob Pod Extract by Aspergillus. Niger
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Mustafa Mohammad Haider
	:	10.9790/3008-0934112116

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to study the production of citric acid by the fungus Aspergillus niger using carob pod extract as a carbon source for fungal growth and production of citric acid. High yields of citric acid were achieved after six days of incubation when 10% of carob pod extract as a carbon source present in fermentation media with pH value of 3.16 and the amount of yield being12.25g\l, (55.48%). The results also revealed that the accumulation of citric acid by the fungus was affected by the source and concentration of nitrogen, as well as high production of the acid was obtained in fermentation medium containing ammonium sulphate, in which the accumulated amount increased up to 18.25g\l, (70.16%). Moreover, the addition of 0.05% calcium chloride and 2% ethanol to the fermentation medium highly stimulated citric acid accumulation by the fungus to reach 21.06g\l and this amount equivalent to 113.22% of the biomass dry weight.
Keywords: Carob pod extract, citric acid, fungus.

[1]. H.S. Grewal , and K. L. Kalra. Fungal production of citric acid. Biotechnol. Adv., 13 ( 2), 1995, 209-234.
[2]. E.B., Kana, J. K. Oloke, A. Lateef, and A. Oyebanji. Comparative evaluation of artificial neural network coupled genetic algorithm and response surface methodology for modeling and optimization of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger MCBN297. Chem. Eng. Transac., 27, 2012, 397-402.
[3]. M. Yigitoglu. Production of citric acid by fungi. J. of Islamic academy of Sci., 5(2), 1992, 100-106.
[4]. S. S. Kahlon. Production of citric acid by Aspergillus species isolated from different sources. J. Red Punjab Agri. Univ. 19 (1), 1982, 44-50.
[5]. K. D. Rane, and K. A. Sims. Oxygen up-take and citric acid production by Candida lipolytica Y1095. Biotechnol Bioeng. 43, 1994, 131-137.

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