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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Water Contact Patterns and Urinary Schistosomiasis Transmission among School Children in Endemic Area of Wudil, Kano, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ahmad, M. M., Getso, B. U. , Ahmad, U. A
	:	10.9790/3008-09350104

Abstract: The aim of this study was to ascertain the role and relative importance of water Contact activities in the transmission of Urinary Schistosomiasis during the study period.Different water contact activities were observed and recorded among the subjects in the study area. While on the other hand, 200 Urine samples were collected and examined for the presence of blood in the urine using strip-reagent method as confirmation to Schistosomiasis infection.As well, a sedimentation technique was employed to detect the presence or otherwise of Schistosome ova in the urine samples. Out of these 200 urine samples, 25% (50) were found to be positive with S. haematobium. Male children recorded the highest cases of 88% (44), while female has only 12% (6) of the total samples observed. Children between the ages of 11-14 years have the peak prevalence of 78% (39), while those within 7-10 years of age have 22% (11) respectively.Children who engaged in swimming in water has the highest rates of 68% (34), followed by washing 12% (6) and the least contact patterns was farming with only 8% (4).This result was by far less than what were obtained in the previous studies in some areas and may not be unconnected with the level of awareness by these school children and their limited contact with the water.
Key words: Water Contact, Prevalence, Urinary Schistosomiasis, Children, Transmission

[1]. Alozie JI and Anosike J (2004): Prevalence of urinary Schistosomiasis in BendelLocal GovernmentArea ofAbia State, Nigeria. Animal Research International. (2004) 1(2): 77.
[2]. Bassey, SE (1988): The epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in the Kano Irrigation Project Area, Kano State.M.sc Theses, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
[3]. Betterton C, Ndifon GT, Bassey SE, Tan RM and Oyeyi, T (1988): Schistosomiasis in Kano State, Nigeria. I. Human infections near dam sites and the distribution and habitat preferences of potentialsnail intermediate hosts, Annals of Tropical Medicine and,parasitology,77: 143-149.

[4]. Bichi,, A. H., Taram, H. and Mukhtar, M. D. (2003): Incidence of S. haematobium and S. mansoni in Bichi General Hospital, Kano State.Africa Journal of Material and Science, Vol. 3, No. 2. 2003
[5]. Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L (2000): The global status of Schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop, 2000, 77(1):41-51.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Multiple Infections of Helminths in the Stomach and Intestine of Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) In Oba Reservoir, Oyo State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ajala, Olasunmibo Olumuyiwa, Fawole, O. Olatunde
	:	10.9790/3008-09350512

Abstract: The study was carried out in Oba reservoir,( 8° 3"to 8° 12"N and 4° 6"to 4° 12"E in Oyo state, Nigeria.) between August 2011 and November 2013. A total of 246 live fishes (Clarias gariepinus),purchased from local fishermen were examined. In the laboratory, morphometric parameters were measured, sexes determined and fishes were dissected to separate the alimentary system. Parasites recovered were identified and counted; data were subjected to statistical analyses. Parasites recovered were Procamallanus laevionchus, Paracamallanus cyathopharynx (Nematodes.), Anomotaenia sp., Monobothrium sp., Polyonchobothrium clariae. (Cestodes) and Neoechinorynchus rutili (Acanthocephalan).Using non parametric (NPar), Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, infection was significant (p = 0.05) within seasons, and females were more infected than males. Prevalence was 46.34%. Monobothrium sp. had the highest range of infection (0 - 32) and intensity (21.98+2.08) while Anomotaenia sp. had the least (0 – 1) and (1.00+0.01) respectively. Six parasites were found in the intestine, while four were in the stomach. Fishes of small sizes (< 10cm) and small weight (< 20g) were not infected; there was high prevalence in medium and large sized fish and a direct linear relationship exist between length and intensity. Body weight was significant (K-S; p = 0.05) in relation to infection and sex. Multiple infections were common, which showed a positive correlation (Spearman) between most of the parasites except Anomotaenia sp. which showed negative correlation with P. clariae.
Key words: Clarias gariepinus, Morphometric, Parasite, Prevalence

[1]. Paperna, I. Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa: An update. CIFA Technical Paper.31, 1996, 157 – 170.
[2]. Khalil, L. F., and Polling, L. Check list of the Helminthes parasites of African Freshwater Fishes (University of the North, Republic of South Africa 1997).
[3]. Eyo, A. A, and Olatunde, A. A.. Protein and amino acid requirements of fish with particular reference to species cultured in Nigeria. In: Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology (Ed.) Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) Lagos, Nigeria. 2001, 58 - 71.
[4]. Ovie, S. I, and Ovie, S. O. Fish larval rearing: the effect of pure/mixed Zooplankton and artificial diet on the growth and survival of Clarias anguillaris (Linnaeus,1758) larvae. J. Aquat. Sci. 17 (1), 2002, 67-73.

[5]. Olofintoye, L. K. Parasitofauna in some freshwater fish species in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 5(4) 2006, 359 – 362.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Excruciating pain and itching occurring at the administration site after intravenous injection of dexamethasone - a prospective clinical study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr.Utkarsha Lokesh, Dr. Anubhav Jannu, Dr. Dona Bhattacharya
	:	10.9790/3008-09351314

Abstract: Dexamethasone is been used preoperatively before many minor surgical procedures.It is believed that single dose of dexamethasone as premedication does not cause any side effect. However during our study conducted on the aftereffect of intravenous administration of dexamethasone an unusual side effect of itching and burning sensationaround abdomen occurred.
Keywords: steroids, dexamethasone, itching

[1]. Thomas VI (1986) More on dexamethasone induced perineal irritation. N Engl J med 314: 1643-1644.
[2]. Neff SP, Stapelberg E, Warmington A Excruciating perineal pain after intravenous dexamethasone. Anaesth Intensive Care 2002 30: 370-371.
[3]. Singh et al., Intravenous Dexamethasone Causes Perineal Pain and Pruritis, J Anesthe Clinic Res 2011.
[4]. Young, D.B., and T.E. Jackson.. Effects of aldosterone on potassium distribution. Am. J. Physiol. 243(Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 12) 1982:R526-R530.
[5]. El Mernissi, G., and A. Doucet. Short-term effects of aldosterone on renal sodium transport and tubular Na-K-ATPase in the rat. Pfltigers Arch 1983, 399:139-146.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Seasonal Prevalence of Malaria in Tribal Mandals of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ponnada Srinivasu
	:	10.9790/3008-09351519

Abstract: Malaria is known to the disease of poor people. The tribals living on Visakhapatnam hill tracts of Eastern Ghats are suffering from malaria more seasonally. During the present study Plasmodium falciparum is identified as more dominated than Plasmodium vivax. Apart of the tribal living conditions the ecological conditions of the habitat may also influence to the seasonal prevalence of malaria.
Keywords: Malaria, Seasonal, Tribals, Visakhapatnam..

[1]. Anjali Singh, A Bhagyalaxmi, (2010). Parasitological observations on seasonality and prevalence of malaria in ahmedabad district through idsp. Indian J. Prev. Soc. Med. Vol. 41 No.3 & 4.
[2]. Ayanlade, A., Adeoye, N. O., & Babatimehin, O. (2010). Climate change /variability and malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa: A case of Nigeria. Report of the Royal Norwegian Society of sciences and Letters 250pp.
[3]. Enosolease, M. E., & Awodu, O. A. (2003). Seasonal variation of malaria parasitaemia in an Urban Tropical. City. Nigeria. J. Clin. Pract. 6 (1), 30-33.
[4]. Federal Ministry of Health. (1991). Malaria in Nigeria Epidemiology and control, Nig. Bull. Epid, 1 (3), 1-19.
[5]. Gadzama, N .M. (1983). Mosquito Vectors of the Sahel savanna and environmental development. Annals. Of Borno, 1, 99-104.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Study effect of Breast Cancer on Some Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Babylon Province, Iraq
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Liqaa Oday Ali
	:	10.9790/3008-09352024

Abstract: This is a cross sectional study of variations of Hematological and biochemical parameters among female breast cancer patients and apparently healthy individuals in Babylon province 30 breast cancer patients from daily clinic and private hospitals and 20 control individual were studied between January and June, 2013. Questionnaires for bio data administered to both the patients (cases) and control subjects. Hematological parameters were run on the EDTA samples for packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell count (WBCs),red blood cell count (RBCs), platelet count, lymphocytes count using(Auto-Hematology Analyzer-, Hungary2011). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) also performed on the sodium citrate samples using the Western green method. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were seen in the values for WBCs, RBCs, platelets count, PCV, lymphocyte and ESR (p >0.05) among patients.The mean PCV, RBCs and WBCs,platelet count, lymphocyte value were lower in patients compared to the controls with statistically significant differences (p<0.05). However, the mean ESR value significantly higher than the control subjects (p < 0.05). This study has shown that anemia; leucopenia and thrombocytopenia were common basic features to be considered in breast cancer patients while the biochemical parameters included the level of estrogen, progesterone hormones, cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins (HDL, LDL), some immunoglobulin's (IgG, IgA and IgM) also had been measured in the study. The results demonstrated significantly high values of estrogen, progesterone hormones, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, cholesterol, and significantly high values in immunoglobulin's IgA, IgG,and IgM.in breast cancer in comparison with control group

[1]. Al-Mudhaffar S. and Al-Samarai I.H. 2001. "Evaluation of immunoglobulins, lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme in breast tumor patients". Nat. J. Chem., 2: pp.315-329
[2]. Bacchus R., Kilshaw B.H., Madkour M., Al-Bassam M.S. and Al-Farhan C.B. 1980. "Preliminary student on a reference range for Saudi Arabian males: (1) serum uric acid". Saudi Med. J., 1(3): pp.160-162.
[3]. Bain, C., Willet, W., Rosner, B., (1981). Early age at first birth and decreased risk of breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol., 114 : 705-709. Bottiger
[4]. Baselga J, Norton L, Albanell J, and Kim YM, Mendel- sohn J: Recombinant humanized anti-HER2 anti- body (Herceptin) enhances the antitumor activity of paclitaxel and doxorubicin against HER2/neu overexpressing human breast cancer xenografts. Cancer Res 1998; 58:2825-2831.
[5]. Beresford MJ, Burcombe R, Ah-See ML, Stott D, Makris A: Pre-treatment haemoglobin levels and the prediction of response to neoadjuvantchemot- herapy in breast cancer. Clin Oncol (R CollRadi- ol) 2006; 18:453-458

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Phytochemical Investigation on Stem of Calotropis Procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Konathala Rajesh, S.P.Preethi Priyadharshni, K.Eswar Kumar, T.Satyanarayana
	:	10.9790/3008-09352529

Abstract: Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. (Family, Asclepiadaceae) commonly known as Arka is used in many ayurvedic formulations like Arkelavana and is present throughout India and in other warm, dry places such as Afghanistan, Egypt and tropical Africa. Calotropis procera is small, erect and compact shrub, which is used in several traditional medicines to cure various diseases. A study on Calotropis procera stem samples, extracted from the air-dried stem powder with different solvents such as Hexane, Chloroform, Methanol and sterile water. The standardization of stem of Calotropis procera was carried out to establish its macro and microscopical standards, physicochemical parameters and preliminary phytochemical investigation to evaluate the characters of the plant. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was done long with measurement of the leaf constants, fluorescence characteristics and extractive values. Quantitative estimation of total ash value, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash may useful for identification of the powdered drug. The studies suggest that the observed pharmacognostic and physiochemical parameters of Calotropis procera stem are of great value in quality control and formulation development and also curing various ailments.
Keywords: Calotropis procera stem, fluorescence analysis, macroscopy, microscopy, pharmacognostic standardization, phytochemical screening.

[1]. Goyal, M. and Mathur, R. Antimicrobial potential and Phytochemical analysis of plant extracts of Calotropis procera. Int.J.of DrugDiscovery and Herbal Research, 2011; 1(3):138-143.
[2]. Evans WC. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. Saunders an Imprint of Elsevier; 2005; 41–7.
[3]. Alikhan I, Khanum A. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of India. Ukaaz Publication; 2005; 133–134.
[4]. Raghubir R, Rasik M, Gupta AJ. Healing potential of Calotropis procera on dermal wounds in guinea pigs. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 68:261–266.
[5]. Chase CR, Pratt R. Fluorescence of powdered vegetable drugs with particular reference to development of a system of identification. Am Pharm Assoc. 1949; 38:324–331.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	PFP_Min: A graph Theoretic Approach for Prediction of Protein Function from Protein-Interaction Network
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Chandrima Sinha Roy, Piyali Chatterjee
	:	10.9790/3008-09353036

Abstract: Proteins are responsible for all biological activities in a living object. With the advent of genome sequencing projects for different organisms, large amounts of DNA and protein sequence data is available, whereas their biological function is still un-annotated in most of the cases. Predicting protein function is the most challenging problem in post-genomic era. Using sequence homology, phylogenetic profiles, gene expression data function of un-annotated protein can be predicted. Recently, the large interaction networks constructed from high-throughput techniques like Yeast2Hybrid experiments are also used in protein function. In this paper, a graph-theoretic approach PFP_Min is proposed for prediction of protein interaction network. This approach considers protein Interaction network as a graph with every protein being an individual node where some of them are assumed to be of unknown function. The objective is to assign function to un-annotated protein based on the minimum cut set. While assigning function to unknown protein, a neighborhood heuristic is also taken to achieve better prediction accuracy.
Keywords: Protein Interaction Network, Functional Group, Minimum Cut Set, Connectivity Index, and Neighborhood Heuristic

[1]. Berthe Katrine, Fiil, Jin-Long Qiu1, Klaus Petersen, Morten Petersen and John Mundy. Coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) of Nuclear Proteins and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) from Arabidopsis. [2]. Kerppola TK. 2008. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation: visualization of molecular interactions in living cells.
[3]. Pellegrini, M. et al. Assigning protein functions by comparative genome analysis: Protein phylogenetic profiles. PNAS, 96:4285–4288, 1999.
[4]. Marcotte, E.M. et al. Detecting Protein Function and Protein-Protein Interactions from Genome Sequences. Science, 285:751–753, 1999.
[5]. Marcotte, E.M. et al. Detecting Protein Function and Protein-Protein Interactions from Genome Sequences. Nature, 402:83–86, 1999.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Phytochemical Analysis and Vitamin Composition of Irvigna Gabonesis and Citrullus Colocynthis
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Igwenyi, I. O.
	:	10.9790/3008-09353740

Abstract: Chemical analysis on Citrullus colocynthis and Irvigna gabonesis seeds was carried out to predict their possible medicinal value and therapeutic applications using standard methods. Analysis of vitamin contents revealed that the seeds were predominantly composed of water soluble vitamins. Vitamin B1, B2, B6 and B12 contributed a total of 610.15mg/100g and 898.66mg/100g in Citrullus colocynthis and Irvigna gabonesis respectively. Vitamin C was high in both seeds with values for Citrullus colocynthis 67.80 and Irvigna gabonesis 112.13mg/100g. Investigation into the level of plants secondary metabolites showed that the seeds were composed of bioactive components. The phytochemical composition revealed high concentration of tannins and alkaloids. Some antinutrients such as phytate, cyanogenic glycosides, hemagluttinin, saponins and oxalates were present at very low concentrations. Flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and phenols were also present at high concentrations while beta carotene occurred at very low concentration of 0.31±0.01 and 0.92±0.01mg/100g for Irvigna gabonesis and Citrullus colocynthis respectively. The high concentration of vitamin C, flavonoids and phenols were indicative of high antioxidant activity.

[1] Baumargata, T. (1963). Biochemistry of Saponins and phonelic compounds. Journal of Biochemistry, 15: 1332 – 1335.
[2] Blake, C. (2005). Vitamins and other Nutrients. In: Horwitz, W. and Latimer, G. (Editorials), Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th edition. USA: 1-57.
[3] Champer, C. P., Harvey, R. A. and Fernior, D. R. (2005). Biochemistry: Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd.
[4] Cushnie, T. P. and Lamb, A. J. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 26(5): 343-356.
[5] Ejiofor, M. A. N. (1994). Nutritional value of Ogbono (Irvigna gabonesis var. excelsa). Proceedings of the ICRAF-IITA Conference on Irvigna gabonesis, Ibadan, Nigeria. May 20, 1994,

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Baygon Insecticide on the Activities of Total, Alkaline and Acid Phosphatases of Selected Tissues of Albino Rats
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Igwenyi, I. O., Aboh, N., Nwachukwu, N., Ibiam, U. A., Offor, C. E., Aja, P. M., Agbafor, K. N.
	:	10.9790/3008-09354143

Abstract: Effects of "Baygon" (a combination of proporxur, dichlorovos and cyfluthrin) on serum and liver enzymes of albino rats were determined using standard scientific methods, after exposure to the insecticide. Twenty five rats were used for the study and grouped into five according to exposure time that ranged from zero (control) to 1440 minutes. Mean serum and liver alkaline phosphatase activities of the experimental animals increased significantly (p<0.05) upon exposure to the insectside. However, the activity in group E exposed for 1440 minutes showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in both the serum and liver homogenate. This is indicative of possible recovery over time. The mean activities of serum and liver acid phosphatase showed no significant difference (p>0.05) relative to the control. Prostatic acid phosphatase increased upon exposure but decreased with time in the serum. Thus exposure to Baygon insecticide for even a short time alters liver enzymes activities and by extension, liver function. These distortions and fluctuations in activities of the liver enzymes in the serum and liver homogenates after exposure to Baygon insecticide is an indication of hepatotoxic effect of the insecticides while the results observed after prolonged exposure showed that there was possible recovery with time.
Key words: Insecticide; enzymes; liver; serum, toxicity.

[1] Akanji, M. A., Olagoke, O. A., Ipinmoye, T. I. and Oloyede, O. B. (1996). Effect of Chronic Consumption of Metasulphite on the Activities of Some Enzymes in Selected Tissues of Rays. Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 11: 11 -15.
[2] Barbara, H. and Daniel, M. (2005). Basic Medical Laboratory Techniques, 5th edition. Butherworth Publishers, London.
[3] Bhaynagar, V. K., Saigal, S., Khemani, L. D. and Malviya, A. N. (1982). Survey among Workers in Pesticide Factories. Toxicology. 10: 129-132.
[4] Bohmont, B. L. (1990). The Students' Pesticide Users Guide. 8th edition. Prentice-Hall inc, London, 170-221.
[5] Burtis, C. A. and Ashwood, E. R. (2003). TIETZ Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, 5th edition. Elsevier, New Delhi, India.
[6] Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. Pesticides, 9: 10-15

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Investigation on the effect of aqueous Leaf extract of Acanthus montanus on spermatogenesis in Swiss mice
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Eme Efioanwan Orlu, Adetutu Obulor
	:	10.9790/3008-09354449

Abstract: Acanthus montanus T. Anderson (Acanthaceae) possesses several medicinal properties; it is used in Cameroon as a folk medicine to treat pain, inflammation and threatened abortion. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of A. montanus aqueous extract on spermatogenesis in Swiss male albino mice and its mechanism of action.The extract, irrespective of dose, reversibly improved spermatogenic activity with 500mg/kg-1b.wt giving the most promising result. No significant reduction in body weight and weight of reproductive organs was observed and the gonadosomatic index remained stable irrespective of the increase in concentration of extract of A.momtanus. Increase in the spermatogenic indexes and total spermatogenic yield points to the potential of Acanthus montanus as a herbal –based remedy for spermatogenic dysfunction.

[1] Noumi.E..Fozi,F.L2003.Ethnomedical Botany of epilepsy treatment in Fongo-Tongo village,Western Province,Cameroon.Pharm.Biol.41 (5):330-339
[2] Djami, A.T., Asongalem, E.A., Nana, P., Choumessi, A., Kamtchouing, P., Asonganyi, T. (2011). Subacute toxicty study of aqueous extract from Acanthus montanus. Electronic Journal of Biology. l7(1): 11-15
[3] Okoli,C.O., Akah, P.A., Onuoha, N.J., Okoye, T.C., Nwoye, A.C., Nwosu, C.S.(2008). Acanthus montanus: an experimental evaluation of the antimicrobial, anti-inflamatory and immunological properties of a traditional remedy for furuncles. BMC Compl. And Alter. Med.,1(8):27
[4] Olufunmilayo, O.A., Steve, O.O., Orowo, O. (2004). The analgesic effect of the methanolic extract of Acanthus montanus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(1):45-48.
[5] Asongalem, E.A., Nana, P., Foyet, H.S., Dimo, T., Kamtchouing, P.(2008). Antifertility and Fetotoxic activities of Acanthus montanus aqueous extract in Wistar rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 116(2) 228-33.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Analysis of secondary metabolites, antibacterial, brine shrimp lethality & larvicidal potentiality of Microcos paniculata fruits
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Md. Abdullah Aziz, Ahmed Shafin Alam, Asma Akter Ema3, Monira Akter, Mohammed Motaher Hossain Chowdhury
	:	10.9790/3008-09355058

Abstract: Microcos paniculata traditionally known as 'Kathgua or Fattashi' in Bangladesh is widely used for the treatment of various ailments including colds ,diarrhea, hepatitis, heat stroke, dyspepsia, wound healing, fever and as an insecticide. Hence, the present study was designed to investigate the antibacterial, toxicity & 4th instar Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvicidal activities of fruit extracts of M. paniculata using a range of organic & inorganic solvents (methanol, chloroform and water). Antibacterial, toxicity & larvicidal effects were studied by means of agar disc diffusion, brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLB) & standard WHO protocol with slight modification. The susceptibility of the microorganisms to the plant extracts was compared with standard antibiotic flucloxacilin. Fruit methanol extract (FME) revealed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity in contrast to other extracts (Fruit chloroform extract-FCE & Fruit water extract-FWE) , particularly significant against gram negative bacteria, Proteus mirabilis being the most (zone of inhibition 28 mm). Moreover, the FME was found to be the most toxic to brine shrimp nauplii, with LC50 of 52.7 μg/ml, indicating the possibility of finding potential toxic compounds in this plant. 4th instar Culex quinquefasciatus larval mortality was observed and recorded after 24 h exposure period. Both FME & FCE exhibited considerable larvicidal effects with LC50 of 342.1 μg/ml &441.7 μg/ml respectively. Altogether, these results propose that the organic fractions, FME & FCE could be used as a potential sources of antibacterial agents along with their toxic & larvicidal potentiality.
Keywords: Secondary metabolites, Antibacterial, Brine shrimp lethality, Larvicidal, Microcos paniculata

[1]. Daniel, S.F., Norman, R.F., 2001. The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environ. Health Perspect. 109, 69-75.
[2]. Essawi, T., Srour, M., 2000. Screening of some Palestinian medicinal plants for antibacterial activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 70, 343-349.
[3]. Krishnaraju, A.V., Rao, T.V.N., Sundararaju, D., Vanisree, M., Tsay, H.S., Subbaraju, G.V., 2005. Assessment of bioactivity of Indian medicinal plants using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. 3, 125-134.
[4]. Aarthi, N., Murugan, K., 2010. Larvicidal and smoke repellent activities of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Against the malarial vector Anopheles Stephensi LIS (Diptera:Culicidae). J. Phytol. 2, 61-69.
[5]. Holder, P.W., Brown, G., Bullians, M., 1999. The mosquitoes of New Zealand and their animal disease significance. Surveillance. 26(4), 12-15.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Fucoidan induces Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 Cells by Activating Caspase Cascade and Down-regulating XIAP
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Amal M. Banafa, SadiaRoshan, Yunyi Liu (柳昀熠), Shasha Zhao(赵沙沙), Guangxiao Yang (杨广笑) , Guangyuan He (何光源) , Mingjie Chen (陈明洁：通讯作者)
	:	10.9790/3008-09355964

Abstract: Previous studies have shown fucoidan could induce apoptosis in breast cancers, while the detailed mechanisms need to be investigated.Results of this study illustrated that number of viable MDA-MB-231 cells was decreased by fucoidan with a dose-dependent manner, while the fucoidan did not affect the viable epithelial cells number of normal human mammary (MCF10A)..After incubation with fucoidan, several apoptotic events such as chromatin condensation and increase of the population of G2/M phase were observed in MDA-MB-231 cells. RT-PCR and Western blot results showed that the activation of caspase cascade such caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, as well as the expression of XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein), was involved in the apoptosis process. Besides that, reactive oxygen species(ROS) production was increased after fucoidan treatment. These results indicated that fucoidan could induce the apoptotic cell death through modulation of XIAP and caspases activation in MDA-MB-231 cells and could also induce the generation of ROS.

Keywords: Fucoidan, Apoptosis, MDA-MB-231 Cells, Caspase Cascade, XIAP, reactive oxygen species (ROS).

[1]. Cumashi, A., et al., A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiangiogenic, and antiadhesive activities of nine different fucoidans from brown seaweeds. Glycobiology, 2007. 17(5): p. 541-552.
[2]. Fitton, J.H., Therapies from fucoidan; multifunctional marine polymers. Marine drugs. 9(10): p. 1731-1760.
[3]. Ye, J., et al., Enzyme-digested fucoidan extracts derived from seaweed Mozuku of Cladosiphon novae-caledoniae kylin inhibit invasion and angiogenesis of tumor cells. Cytotechnology, 2005. 47(1-3): p. 117-126.
[4]. Ermakova, S., et al., Fucoidans from brown seaweeds Sargassum hornery, Eclonia cava, Costaria costata: structural characteristics and anticancer activity. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 164(6): p. 841-850.
[5]. Hu, W. and J.J. Kavanagh, Anticancer therapy targeting the apoptotic pathway. The lancet oncology, 2003. 4(12): p. 721-729.
[6]. Martin, K. and J. Barrett, Reactive oxygen species as double-edged swords in cellular processes: low-dose cell signaling versus high-dose toxicity. Human & experimental toxicology, 2002. 21(2): p. 71-75.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Molecular Genetic Variations and Phylogenetic Relationship using Rapid Amplified polymorphic DNA of three species of Catfishes (Family: Schilbidae) in Upper Egypt
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Abu-Almaaty, A. H., Abdel-Basset M. Ebied, Mohammad allam
	:	10.9790/3008-09356581

Abstract: The RAPD-PCR analysis was carried out on three species of fresh water fishes of family Schilbidae (Schilbe mystus, Schilbe uranoscopus and Siluranodon auritus) by using twenty primers. All twenty primers amplified successfully on the genomic DNA extracted from all studied fish species. The number of bands was variable in each species. Schilbe mystus produced number of bands 174, and Schilbe uranoscopus 193, while in Siluranodon auritus 210 bands. A total of 295 DNA bands were generated by all primers in all specimen, out of these DNA bands 97 (32.88%) were conserved among all specimens, while 198 bands were polymorphic with percentage 67.12% of all the twenty tested primers produced polymorphism in all specimens table 22. These results are discussed in relation to implications of RAPD assays in the evaluation of genetic diversity.
Key words: Genetics – Molecular genetics - Schilbidae, random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD, fingerprinting, primer, genetic diversity and Upper Egypt

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