iosr-JPBS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2014

Abstract:The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective role of ethanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced hepatotoxicity in rat model. DMN administered rats (single dose orally, 12 mg/kg; on day 8) were pretreated with ethanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata (400 mg / kg body weight) for 7 days and sacrificed 48hrs after DMN intoxication. Results showed that DMN caused a marked rise in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), as well as marked decrease in serum total protein (TP), globulin, albumin (ALB), PCV, WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin and platelet compared to controls. However pretreatment with Annona muricata ethanolic leaf extract produced a significant decrease in the ALT and total cholesterol level and an increase in total protein, globulin, albumin and hematological parameters compared to DMN alone group. Taken these data together, it can be concluded that natural plant components such as Annona muricata leaves could protect the liver against dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver toxicity.

Keywords: Annona muricata, Dimethylnitrosamine, Extract, Hepatotoxicity, Rats,

Abstract: Bone-mass formation in human is looked at to understand the underlying dynamics with an eye on healing of bone-fracture and non-unions in non-invasive pathways. Three biological cells osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes are important players in creating new bone or osseous matter in which quite a few hormones, proteins and minerals have indispensable supportive role. Assuming populations of the three mentioned cells as variables, we frame a theoretical model which is represented as a set of time differential equations. These equations imitate the dynamic process of bone matter creation. High value of osteocytes with moderate level values of osteoblast and osteoclast, all at asymptotic scale, imply creation of new bone-matter in our model. The model is studied both analytically and numerically. Some important results are highlighted and relevant predictions are made which could be put to future experimental test.

Key words: Osseous matter; Osteoblasts osteoclasts & osteocytes; Population type model; Asymptotic solution; Theoretical predictions.C

Abstract: With our increasing reliance on chemicals to grow more food, the health of soil is detoriating. Soil is being deprived of essential micro nutrients. Global warming has lead tothe disintegration of humus in soil, which is adversely affecting the availability of nutrients to plants, causing deficiencyof micro nutrient in human body. Metabolismcauses acidosis. Prolonged acidosisleads to development of chronic diarrhea Body becomes deficient in variousmicronutrients like Zinc, Iron etc. System is unable to replenish essential nutrients from dietary sources.Acidosis leads to sharp change in pH;there is change in culture media due to drainage of micronutrients and change in pH which has got mutagenic effect here hydrolysis tends to proceed as pH rises the situation may be accentuated by small divalent ions; "spontaneous mutations" occur due to spontaneous hydrolysis. This ultimately leads to malignancy. Natural products offer a great opportunity to evaluate totally new chemical classes of anticancer agents; Nature is an attractive source of new therapeutic compounds as a tremendous chemical diversity is found in millions of species of plants and microorganisms

Keywords: 1Antioxidants 2Free radical 3 Hypozincemia4 Micronutrients 5 Stress Hormones

Abstract: Effects of heavy metals and initial buffering variations on phosphate solubilization of insoluble phosphate were studied. Fourteen PSF obtained were quantitatively screened for phosphate solubilization. The best isolate in each rhizosphere were selected and subjected for further evaluation. The best two isolates were subjected to different buffering values and heavy metal concentrations. Results indicated that there were no significant differences between control of GF1 and 1ug/ml and control of PF7 upto 10 ug/ml copper concentrations. But the solubilization performances of each isolates in cadmium and zinc media indicated that there are significant differences between control and all the concentrations, except for GF1 were there was no significant differences (P˃0.05) between controls and 1ug/ml of cadmium. The results on pH variation showed that isolate GF1 and PF7 were able to solubilize insoluble phosphate at various initial pH levels, but isolate GF1 can be used as better phosphate solubilizers at extreme environmental stress condition..But since these two fungal isolates tested have shown some level of resistance to heavy metal tested, this may make them potential candidates for further investigations for bioremediation of polluted environment and even solubilization at heavy metal environment.

Keywords: Buffering, Phosphate solubilization, Heavy metal, Environmental stress, Rhizosphere.

Abstract: The phytochemical compounds from purple field corn (Zea mays L.)cob (PFCC), mainly grown in Phitsanulok, Thailand, were extracted with acidified 80% methanol and the anthocyanins were isolated from the extract through column chromatography with acidified absolute methanol. The PFCC extract (PFCCE) showed total anthocyanins glucoside as 6022 mg/100 g by colorimetric method. Three kinds of anthocyanins were detected by HPLC-DAD at 500 nm. The antimicrobial activity of the anthocyanins from PFCC was then evaluated via macrobroth dilution method against Candida albicans ATCC 90028, two clinical isolates of Fluconazole susceptible species (C. albicans and C. tropicalis) and three clinical isolates of Fluconazole resistant species (C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis). As a result, the anthocyanins exhibited a potent inhibitory activity against all the tested species with the MIC in range of 0.625 – 2.5 mg/mL. Moreover, fungicidal activity of the anthocyanins was also observed against clinical isolates of C. tropicalis and C. albicans with the MFC in range of 0.625 – 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively.

Keywords: Anthocyanins, Antimicrobial, Candida spp., Purple field Corn Cob

Abstract: The novel biological information from genomic signal analysis for the conversion of genomic sequences into digital signals opens the chance to use powerful signal process strategies for handling genomic info. The study of advanced genomic signals reveals large-scale options, maintained over the size of whole chromosomes that will be tough to seek out by victimisation solely the symbolisation. supported genomic signal strategies and on applied math techniques, Herein, we tend to discuss the parameters of deoxyribonucleic acid sequences, that square measure invariant to transformations evoked by SNPs, junction or crossover by victimisation customary 'Wet' strategies of deoxyribonucleic sequence analysis, substantiated with IT techniques is illustrated, urging for analysis endeavours during in this direction. Therefore, the recently established sign cascades from freelance part Analysis is employed to characterize the variability shaping of the various strains isolated in several places square measure according from a proof analysis views.
Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence, Digital Signal Processing (DSP), Nucleotide Sequence, Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Nucleotide genomic signal (NGS), Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sediment quality in the Asa River environment, in order to identify areas where sediment contamination could cause ecosystem degradation. Samples were obtained from three different locations and sediment are characterized for grain sizes, total organic matter, total recovery metals such as, lead, nickel, zinc, iron, arsenic, chromium, copper and cadmium. The sampling and processes of analyzed samples were carried out using the analytical methods as described by American Public Health Association (APHA) and sampling were done for a total period of twenty-four months (Between April, 2011 and March, 2013). Sediment sample from sampling site A had very low concentration of metal compared to sites B and C. High anthropogenic metal contamination was identified at sampling site B while metal concentration was found to be lower at sampling site C. This increased level of metals at sampling sites B and C could be due to an inappropriate use of waters at these two sites and, this contamination could possibly also be toxic for the resident species in case of re - suspension due to overturning. Statistically, there were significance correlations in the concentrations of heavy metals between the three sampling sites and the two seasons of the year. The level of all heavy metals analyzed was relatively higher than the permissible limits as recommended by World Health Organization, Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, and National Industrial Standard. Of all the metals examined, iron, copper and cadmium were found to be the most abundant in Asa River and its tributaries. Therefore, unregulated deposition of anthropogenic wastes into this river should be discouraged.

Abstract: The proximate analysis of the Bucholzia coriacea seeds according to AOAC (1990) shows appreciable amount of nutrients with highest carbohydrate content (77.20%) and moisture content having the lowest value (1.34%). There was presence of phytochemical compounds in the seeds as well. The trypanocidal potentials of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Buchholzia coriacea investigated intraperitoneally in trypanosome induced mice using parasitized blood of mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei strains (0.1ml of diluted blood from infected mice having an average of 100 parasites per microscopic field) confirmed infection by microscopic examination of blood samples obtained from the tail of the mice after 96hours of inoculation. The number of parasites per field was noted and the general clinical conditions of the mice were monitored. The packed cell volume was determined using a haematocrit centrifuge. The extract cleared the trypanosomes in the blood between the 11th and 13th day post infection, after 5 consecutive days treatment with 1000mg/kg, the level of parasitaemia was significantly lower than those of the 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg and the infected untreated groups in the aqueous extract than those treated with methanolic extract. There was no difference between the level of parasitaemia of the Berenil treated group and the 1000mg/kg of the extract treated group from the 7th – 13th day Post infection. The Berenil treated group and 1000mg/kg had a significant increase in the level of packed cell volume than the 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg treated groups with aqueous extract. In conclusion, the group treated with aqueous extract exhibited trypanocidal activity than the group treated with methanolic extract of Buchholzia coriacea especially at 1000mg/kg.

Keywords: Proximate analysis, phytochemical screening, antitrypanocidal, Bucholzia coriacea,Trypanosoma brucei brucei

Abstract: The proximate analysis of the Mucuna pruriens leaves according to AOAC (1990) shows appreciable amount of nutrients with highest carbohydrate content (45.65%) and crude fat having the lowest value (2.97%). There were presence of phytochemical compounds in the leaves ethanol extract following the method of Trease and Evans (1983). The antiplasmodial potential of the ethanol leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens was evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum in mice, after intraperitoneally malaria-induced mice, using parasitized O+ human blood. Parasitamia was confirmed 72 hours after induction, by viewing a thick and thin field stained (A and B) smear of the parasitized blood under low power microscope (x10) field. The level of parasitamia per field was recorded during the period of experimentation. The amount of food intake was also determined. The standard control group was treated with artesunate. High deposits of parasitaemia were observed on the first day of treatment, but this reduced significantly on the third day. Experimental animals treated with lowest dose of extract (40mgkg) reduced parasitaemia level from 23 on the day 1 to 12 on the day 3, while the group treated with highest dose of extract (120mg/kg) reduced parasitaemia level from 12 parasites per field to 8 parasites per field by the third day. These results imply that Mucuna pruriens has antiplamodial potential which might be attributed to the phytochemical and secondary metabolites contents of the plant and, its also does dependent. The appetite level of the experimental animals also increased, as the parasitaemia level decreased.

Key words: proximate analysis, phytochemical screening, Antiplasmodial, Mucuna pruriens

Abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial diseases worldwide that can be presented asymptomatic or symptomatic, characterized by a wide range of symptoms from mild irritative voiding to bacteremia, sepsis, or even death. In latter decades, widespread utilization of antibiotics has resulted in increased incidence of antibiotic resistance among urinary tract pathogens all over the world. The aim of this study was to determine patterns of antibiotic resistance bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection s in the city of Warangal. This descriptive study was conducted in the city of Warangal. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard biochemicals tests. Antibacterial susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer method against some common antibiotics for gram negative and gram positive bacteria. In this study, 230 (8.06%) out of 2852 patients showed positive urine cultures of which there were 204 (88.69%) females and 26 (11.3%) males, 180 (83.17%) cases of isolated bacteria were gram negative bacilli while 50 (21.73%) cases were gram positive cocci.E.coli isolates, as the most frequent gram negative bacteria, showed high resistance to cephalothin (88.16%) and high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin (90.78%). Also Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates, as the most frequent gram positive bacteria, exhibited high resistance to amplicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin (92.31%) and high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin and vancomycin (92.3%).Considering the results of this study, E coli isolates were the predominant pathogens in UTI. Our data demonstrated that antibiotics with the highest activity included ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin and those with the least activity included ampicillin and Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Our findings reinforce the need for ongoing investigations to show the trends of antibiotic resistance which can help antibiotic prescription in the clinics.

Keywords: Antimicrobial agents , Bacteremia, Gram negative bacteria ,Multidrug resistant ,Urinary tract infections,

Abstract: Cyanobacteria or blue green algae have become more world wide spread, Oscillatoria brevis (O. brevis) is one of the most toxic species collected from freshwater Suez canal during algal bloom condition and was grown in blue green medium (BG-11) under laboratory conditions. In vitro assessment of cardio-toxicity of O. brevis was carried out by recording Electrocardiogram (ECG) after direct perfusion of isolated toads' hearts with 5μg/ml of O. brevis extract. Moreover, the mechanism of action of O. brevis extract on myocardium was revealed by the pharmacological tests using muscarinic receptor blocker (atropine sulfate), propranolol hydrochloride and verapamil. Oxidative stress induced by O. brevis was estimated by incubation of mice blood with 1μg/ml of O. brevis at 37 0C for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours respectively to determine the level of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants activities. Perfusion of isolated toads' hearts with 5μg/ml O. brevis extract significantly decreased the heart rate with an increase in the conduction time (P-R interval). Also, a remarkable increase in the power of ventricular contraction was observed, It was suggested that O. brevis could act through Ca2+ channels where verapamil application abolished the increase in myocardial contractility noticed after 10 minutes of O. brevis extract application. Lipid peroxidation and blood catalase activity significantly increased while a pronounced decline of blood glutathione concentration and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity were noticed. Oxidative stress induced by O. brevis could underlying the cardiotoxicity which is represented by sinus arrhythmia, ectopic beats and heart infarction.
Key word: O. brevis, ECG, Heart rate, Ca2+ channels, oxidative stress.

Abstract: The objective of the work has been to develop a system which independently controls the intravenous infusion rates of the hypnotic drug propofol and analgesic drug remifentanil. The system is designed to maintain a reference hypnotic depth level, while maintaining adequate analgesia. The main goals of general anesthesia are adequate hypnosis, analgesia and maintenance of vital functions. Furthermore the patient safety and cost reduction as a case of minimized drug consumption and shortened post- operative recovery phases are part of the main issues to motivate automation in anesthesia. Recent advances in sensing devices, along with robust nonlinear control theories, have generated new hopes that the gap between manual and automated control of anesthesia can finally be bridged.
Keywords: Analgesia, automated anesthesia, hypnosis, propofol, remifentanil, syringe pump.

Abstract: The present study was conducted to estimate the level of protein and DNA and to know the pathoghencity of Aeromonas liquefaciens in the muscle tissues of the experimentally infected fish. Four different serial concentrations, vide 10-2 (Group A), 10-4 (Group B), 10-5 (Group C) and 10-6 (Group D), CFU/fish of the bacteria were injected intramuscularly in each of the four groups of 44 fish in each group ( age 5-6 months, approximately 75 gm wt). A total of 44 fish of same age and weight in each group a,b,c and d were used as controls for comparison. Necropsies were made (6 fish from each group) on hour 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48,72, 96 and 216 of infection from each of the infected group and controls for the estimation of total protein and DNA and for histological changes. There was a significant decrease of muscle protein in groups A and B and increase in group D when compared with controls. Also there was a significant increase of DNA in comparison with controls. It was understood that the virulent pathogen caused much physiological changes in the level of protein and DNA and histopathological changes

Abstract: Snail study was conducted in Jalingo and Ardokola LGAS of Taraba North Senatorial district; for one year,from April to March.The survey was aimed at establishing the presence of Schistosome snail hosts and some of their life attributes that enhance the transmission of schistosomiasis in the area. Two sites in Ardokola and three sites in Jalingo were used for the investigations on snail occurrence, monthly density and infection rate,fecundity , hatching rates and mortality rates of the snail hosts. Bulinus forskalii ,Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus,and Biomphalaria pfeifferi were the schistosome snail hosts collected. All the snails collected shedded cercariae. A significant difference(P<0.05) was observed between infected and uninfected snail populations in the two areas studied. The egg-laying and hatching attributes of B.forskalii, B(P)globosus and B.pfeifferi showed significant difference(P<0.05), however,there was no significant difference(P>0.01) in the death rates of the three snail types. The high fecundity and reduced death rates of the schistosome snails, in addition to their high infection rates; predispose them for effective transmission of schistosomiasis in Taraba North Senatorial District. This demands an urgent snail control intervention to forestall the disease attaining epidemic status. Key Words: Schistosome-Snail Host, Fecundity, Egg-hatching rates, Snail mortality, Schistosomiasis, Transmission.

Abstract: A 56-day feeding trial involving 72, day-old Anak broilers was carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate the performance and organ characteristic of broilers fed Cirina forda larva meals at dietary levels 100, 50 and 0 % and tagged Feeds A,B and C respectively. The feeds were compounded as Feed A, 100% C. forda and 0% fishmeal; Feed B, 50% C. forda and 50% fishmeal and lastly, Feed C, 0% C. forda and 100% fishmeal. At the starter and finisher stages of the birds, daily feed intake, mean weight gain, and final body weight were significantly different (P<0.05) among the birds with those fed with Feeds A and B recording higher values than Feed C. In the entire carcass parameters measured, significant difference (p<0.05) was established. The dressing weight percentage and live-weights of birds showed significant difference (p < 0.05); birds fed with Feeds A and B recorded higher values than those fed Feed C. The relative weights of seven visceral organs of broilers fed with Feed C were in all cases significantly higher (P<0.05) than the birds fed with Feeds A and B. The relative weights of the visceral organs decrease with increase content of C. forda larva. This investigation has revealed that, feeds compounded from C. forda larva could be used not only to compound feed for broiler birds, it can facilitate higher growth values at lower inclusion levels like conventional feeds.

Keywords: Cirina forda meal, conventional meal, performance, and organ characteristics .

Abstract: This work was done in 2014 at Taif, KSA, patients (Pts.) for study male hospital admitted were treated by urinary tract catheters (UTCs). They were (No.=50Pts.) normal and (No.=50Pts.) with diseases. Incidence of biofilms presence on UTCs for short and long-terms, through short-term it were 30, and 42%, and in long-term were 72, and 80% for normal and diseased Pts. respectively. Incidence of biofilms presence on UTCs every other day during 4Wks., its appeared increases incidence of biofilms presence on UTCs by: (5±2%) every other days, and (18±2%) every weeks. Incidence of the main microbial growth degree of biofilms on UTCs segments, in short-term were (normal Pts. 25, 25, 00, and 00%) and (Diseased Pts. 50, 50, 25, and 00%) for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments. In long-term were (normal Pts. 75, 50, 25, and 25%) and (diseased Pts. 100, 100, 75, and 50%) for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments respectively. Incidence the main and types of isolated micro-organisms (MOs) from UTCs biofilms, MOs were isolated in short-term as 21, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 11, and 5%, while in long-term were 45, 32, 26, 23, 22, 20, 19, and 12% for E. coli, Candida albicans, Staph. epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staph. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus vulgaris respectively. The most efficient methods to prevent infections from UTCs biofilms are to avoid unnecessary catheterizations and to remove catheters as soon as possible. The use of hydrophilic-coated catheters for clean intermittent catheterization can effectively reduce microbial borne infections.

Keywords: Patients (Pts.), Urinary tract catheters (UTCs), Biofilms, Short-term, Long-term, Segments, Micro-organisms (MOs)..

Abstract: Back Ground: Fine Needle aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a minimally invasive and highly effective primary diagnostic method adopted worldwide to establish diagnosis. Application of FNAC in osseous neoplasm is limited as it requires a thorough understanding of histologic complexity and non-specific nature of varied cell morphologies commonly seen in bone tumors. In present study its role in the diagnosis of metastatic lesions has been stressed. Aims: The study is to establish the accuracy of the procedure as compared to the histopathology and the role of cytological study as a compliment to histopathology. Material and Methods: In the present three year study 42 cases of FNAC of bone lesions were done. Collected from department of orthopedics, Guntur General Hospital, Guntur. Cytological study was made and most of the cases were correlated with histopathology. Results: A total number of 42 aspirations were done 39 aspirations were neoplastic and 3 were non neoplastic. Successful aspirations were 38 and unsatisfactory aspiration were 4. FNAC and biopsy correlation of secondary deposits is 100%. Conclusion: With detailed clinical data, radio graphical data and analysis FNAC can be accurate in most of the lesions. FNAC can be of great help in differentiating between primary and secondary tumors.

Key words: Bone tumors, FNAC, Histopathological correlation, Metastatic lesions, Primary

Abstract: Studies were conducted to assess the distribution of root-knot nematode in some tomato fields in Makurdi from October 2010 to January 2011. Tomato plants were surveyed for infection based on symptoms such as stunted growth, yellowing of leaves and wilting in farmers' farm for determining disease incidence. Number of knots (NK) and root knot index (RKI) was used for disease severity. Disease plant Samples were collected and taken to the laboratory for extraction. Perineal patterns were prepared and examined under the microscope and species identified using appropriate keys. The result shows incidence range from 20%-60% in October, 2010 and 20%-80% January, 2011 while the severity of the disease ranged from 1-3 in October, 2010 and 1-4 in January, 2011. Significant differences (P=0.05) in the study areas. Egg Mass Index (EMI) and Gall Index (GI) ranged from 1.0 - 4.0. Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica were identified to be the causes of infection. It is suggested that control methods should be applied in the nematode management in farmers fields so as reduce nematode population and increase yield.

Key words: Disease symptoms, Root Knot, Perineal Pattern, Meloidogyne, Tomato

Abstract: A study was carried out to investigate "Human water-contact and the transmission of S. haematobium infection among Primary School pupils in Guma Local Government Area of Benue State". Parasitological screening was carried out on 643 pupils, 455 (70.8%) males and 188 (29.2%) females. Out of the total figure, 352 tested positive [252 (55.4%) males and 100 (53.2%)] for the infection of S.haematobium. There was also a significant difference in the prevalence rate in the male and female population with the males having higher infection than females, (X2 cal=6.61 > X2 crit. = 5.99 at P≤ 0.05 and 2df). The prevalence of the infection was significantly higher in Yelwatta (68.0%) than Gbajimba (51.1%) and Daudu (50.4%), (X2cal = X2crit. =5.99 at P ≤ 0.05 and 2 df). The intensity of infection on the other hand was significantly higher in Daudu (39.2%) than Gbajimba (31.8%) and Yelwatta (29.0%), (X2 cal =11.83 > X2crit. =5.99 at P ≤ 0.05 and 2df). Individuals aged 6-10 years old were the most infected, and the intensity of infection was higher among males. The demographical survey data also revealed that pupils who had parents as farmers and fishermen were more exposed to the infection of S.haematobium (43.0% vs 30.4%). To control urinary schistosomiasis, methodologies and managerial tools should be integrated to improve preventive strategies with emphasis on health education, information and communication.

Key words: Human, Water Contact, Behaviour and S.haematobium