iosr-JPBS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2014

Abstract: Urinary albumin excretion is indicative of glomerular permeability with increasing levels of albumin in the urine indicates renal damage. An excretion rate of <30mg/day is normoalbuminuria. While an excretion rate >300mg/day is macroalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria of 20-200μg/min (30-300 mg/day) is an early indicator of renal injury and predicts the development of proteinuria and progressive renal failure. Microalbuminuria is also an important predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with both insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM] and non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM]. Urinary albumin excretion depends on permselectivity of the glomerular basement membrane [GBM]. Majority of patients with nephropathy have NIDDM due to higher prevalence of NIDDM ( 90% ) in general population. Hypertension accelerates rate of decline of renal function and more closely related to higher blood pressure and longer duration. Increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure and increased permeability of GBM are two proposed mechanisms for increased Urinary Albumin Excretion ( UAE ).

Keywords: Glomerular basement membrane, Glomerular hydrostatic pressure, Microalbuminuria, Mean arterial pressure, Urinary Albumin Excretion.

Abstract: All-trans retinoic acid (RA) is an active metabolite of vitamin A and its administration may prevent most of the defects generated by vitamin A deficient. Vitamin A plays an important role in many essential biological processes. The present study was carried out to calculate the LD50 value of RA in Monopterus cuchia through intramuscular injection. Statistical analysis was done using probit analysis by SPSS software. Six doses were selected and the fishes were sampled prior to injection (day 0) and days 1, 2, 3 and 4 after injection. The calculated value can be assumed to be used in various purposes such as in fish farming, in aquaculture etc as fishes are susceptible to various wounds, infection and diseases due to various environmental factors, pollution and many other reasons. As a result the impact of RA may be used in managing various fish farms and to increase the immune function of the fish for better yield.

Keywords: RA, LD50, fish farms.

Abstract: Abstract: The objectives of present study were to investigate some types of parasites that infects pigeon and study the histopathological changes of the intestine and liver from parasitized pigeons, 95 pigeon were examined ,obtained from local market of Al-Dewniya city ,blood samples were examined for blood parasites ,oral cavity and intestine examined for trichomonas and helminthes respectively ,28/95(29.47%) with blood parasites (Haemoproteus spp),63 pigeon of 95(66.31%)were parasitized with tape worms 19(20%) belongs to Cotugnia spp, and 44 (46.31%)belongs to Raillietina spp. ,37/95(38.94%) with nematodes ( Ascaridia spp.) ,10/95(10.52%) with Trichomonas, , and 7/95(7.36%) apparently clean, we recorded alsomany birdsholds more than one parasite, Histopathological study shows there areulceration and sloughing of epithelial lining of intestine mucosa , distraction and degeneration of villi. Also there are desquamation of epithelium , destruction of secretary glands , infiltration of inflammatory cells and atrophy of villi . Liver of pigeon show sever necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells also there is vaculation of hepatocytes , congestion , hyperplasia of hepatocytes and some hepatocytes undergone fatty changes. Our results showed that there are a serious problem in the domesticated pigeonswe conclude the problem is need more study and not easy to solved and need more hard work to be minimized Key word: pigeon parasites, AlDewaniya ,domestic pigeon

Abstract: Filtration is the removal of solids suspended in a liquid or gas by passage through a pervious medium on which the solids are retained. This review focuses on some advantages in different types of filters, sintered metal filters, nanofiltration, and their applications. Some advances in bag and belt filtration and advantages of self cleaning filters over the traditional manual and mechanical cleaning as well as fermentation, water purification and sterile filtration were also discussed. Thus advances in filtration technology include the development of continuous processes to replace old technology. Different self cleaning filters reduce product loss, improve flow consistency and require minimal operators' impute. Thus, by using latest filters and filter media in pharmaceutical industry, time is reduced and better quality products are obtained.

Keywords: ultra filtration, filter media, bag filtration, belt filtration

Abstract: Horseshoe crabs have been identified as one of the marine species that contribute greatly to scientific advances especially in haematological studies. Besides the haemocytes of these creatures, they are also well known for their protein contents in the perivitelline fluid (PVF). Due to this, over the years, there has been increasing interests in the scientific community to explore the function of proteins in the PVF of horseshoe crab for applications in various biomedical areas such as immunology, embryology and tissue or cell engineering. This article will review the two main protein components found in the PVF of the horseshoe crab namely, lectins, and hemocyanins with regards to its applications in medical research.

Keywords: Horseshoe crab, perivitelline fluid (PVF), lectin, hemocyanin

Abstract: NSAIDs are popular drugs used for variable conditions, being analgesics, antipyretics and anti-inflammatory agents for more than a century. They are sold without a prescription and taken by millions of patients every day all over the world. Since they are used on a large scale as an anti-inflammatory agents & are given in doses that are consider high as compared to doses used in conditions other than inflammation and because many of NSAIDs users are females at child bearing age, so the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of diclofenac, naproxen & etoricoxib on ovulation & progesterone level in women. Adults women (39 females at fertile age ) were chosen as volunteers to take part in this study. They were visited the Rheumatology consultation clinic in Baghdad Hospital, suffering from minor aches & were diagnosed & received one of the three test drugs included in this study ( diclofenac 100mg once daily, naproxen500mg twice daily & etoricoxib 90mg once daily). Treatment with the above drugs was lasted for ten days starting at day ten after the onset of the period, a blood sample was taken from each patients for hormonal analysis( progesterone level) together with an ultra sonsography(U/S) to assess the mean diameter of the dominant follicle. At day twenty the patient came back for another ultra sonography & to give a blood sample for another check for progesterone level. A fourth group served as controls, who received no treatment ( volunteers ). The present study presents several new findings:

Abstract: Functional foods or functional food ingredients exert a beneficial effect on host health and/or reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond their nutritive value.Probiotics are living microbial food components that beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance.Prebiotics are indigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a number of health-promoting colon bacteria and thus improve host health. This study suggested evaluatesLactobacillus acidophilus strain as probiotic and inulin (fructooligosaccharides) as prebiotic on mineral absorption and immunological status. Male Westar rats (n = 30), with an initial mean weight of 170 ±10 g,After 5 days as adaptation period, rats were randomly divided into three groups, a control group, a FOS group and FOS with probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus) group (n = 10 of each group). The diet in the FOS and FOS with Lactobacillus acidophilus groups contained 5 g/100 g inulin and 2.5 g/100 g diet respectively, through replacement of the sucrose in the control diet.The respective wet diets were dried for 1 d (80°C) to calculate the wet/dry ratio, and calcium concentrations in the dry diets were then measured.A mineral metabolic study was performed to determine apparent calcium and magnesium absorptions in the intestine.They were determined in feces.Minerals concentrations (Ca, Mg, and P) in local bone areas were measured. Serum anti-sporidiumIgG and IgM were determined by ELISA standard technique. The results showed both calcium and magnesium apparent absorption was slightly but significantly greater in rats fed the fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with probiotic bacteria. All evaluate immunological parameter showed that group rat fed inline and Lactobacillus acidophilus strain was significant compare control group and group fed only inulin. Probiotic and prebiotic with together may improve absorption mineral special Ca and Mg. Also ameliorate immunological status.

Keywords: Probiotic – Prebiotic-Mineral Absorption - Immunological

Abstract: The emergence and spread of strains of P.falciparium to most of all available antimalarial drugs constitute major problem to control of malaria. Thus there is need to search for novel, cheap, effective and safe antimalarial drugs. This study was designed to evaluate the antimalarial activities of both the leaf and the bark of Azadrachta indica. A hundred apparentelly healthy albino mice (27-30g comprising of both test and control groups) were infected intraperitoneally with Plasmodium berghei. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of the extracts were carried out by giving up to 800mg/kg to apparentelly healthy non-infected mice. Weight loss, change in general behaviour and mortality were used as indicators of toxicity. Doses of 200, 600 and 800mg/kg/day of each extract of the leaf, the bark and their combination were given orally to infected mice after three hours.Following the four-day suppressive test procedure, none of the extracts caused symptoms of toxicity at the given doses within 24hours. Each extract showed variable level of parasitaemia suppression depending on the dose. The crude aqeous extract of A.indica leaf exerted 70% suppression at the dose of 800mg/kg. The crude aqeous extract of the bark and the leaf of A.indica swed the highest (79.68%) suppression of parasitaemia at the dose of 800mg/kg. Furthermore, the crude aqeous extract of the bark of A.indica induced 66.32% suppression, whereas 25mg/kg of chloroquine exerted 94.65% suppression of parasitaemia. The study showed that crude aqeous extracts of Azadrachta indicacaused strong clearance against P.berghei indicating that they contain some chemical constituents that possibly lead to antimalarial drug development. Key Words: Evaluation, Antiplasmodial effect, Azadrachta indica, infected mice

Abstract: Balarista (BLR) is an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the South Asian countries for the treatment of dyspepsia, debility and arthritis. The effect of chronic administration of Balarista (BLR) on the serum Lipid profile was studied in this experiment. After 28 days of chronic administration of the BLR preparation to the male Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 40 ml/kg the following biochemical changes were noted. There was a statistically very highly significant (p=0.001) increase in serum Non-HDL-C and LDL-C level whereas a significant increase (p=0.005) was noted in case of total cholesterol (TC) level. Besides, a statistically very highly significant decrease was noted in case of serum triglyceride (TG), VLDL-C and HDL-C level; thus leading to a statistically very highly significant increase (p=0.001) in Cardiac Risk Ratio (CRR) (TC/HDL-C), Castelli's Risk Index-II (CRI- II) (LDL-C/HDL-C) and Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) ((TC - HDL-C)/HDL-C) but a non-significant decrease (p=0.091) in case of Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) ((log (TG/HDL-C)).

Keywords: Balarista, Lipid profile, Cardiac Risk Ratio, Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Atherogenic Coefficient

Abstract: Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) has been a serious topic of discussion due to its challenges it poses to livestock farmers and consumers of improperly cooked meats. Honey and vitamin E supplementation in treating African Trypanosomiasis with special reference to Trypanosomabrucei in infected albino rats was carried out in the Zoology department of NnamdiAzikiwe University, Awka. 36 albino rats were grouped into 18 infected and 18 uninfected male and female rats. Each of these 18 rats was further grouped into three subgroups each with six rats. The PCV of the infected rats has significant level at t0.05 by 0.3179 while the Weight of the infected rats has significant level at t0.05 by 3179.

Abstract: Moringaoleifera is a pan-tropical species that is reputed to possess a number of nutritional and medicinal properties. On the other hand, honey is widely known for its anti-trypanocidal effects. The effect of various doses of aqueous extract of Moringaoleifera seed on the activities of the White Blood Cells (WBC) and Red Blood Cells (RBC) was investigated. Daily-dose administration of the Moringa seed treated water (1 – 10 mg/ml) to different rat groups for 21 days resulted in significant increase (P > 0.05) in the activities of the RBC and WBC were seen to have their influence in fighting the disease Trypanosomiasis. Histopathological studies revealed the presence of marked aggregation of bile canaliculi around the portal vein of the liver. Aqueous extract of Moringaoleifera leaves also delayed the proliferation of the parasites. Honey has properties of boosting the immune system, its anti-inflammatory action, antioxidant activity and stimulation of cell growth. Anaemia and serum biochemical changes are common features of African trypanosomosis. We investigated whether honey has protective effect on some liver functions and blood parameters affected by trypanosome infection. The serum albumin concentration in infected untreated rats increased significantly (p<0.05) compared with control whereas treatment with honey returned this effect to normal values.

Keyword: Moringaoleifera seed extract, honey, toxicity, parasitaemia, metabolic enzymes.

Abstract: Background and objectives: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic infectious disease called hepatitis C that mainly affects the liver by scaring the liver tissues which ultimately leads to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The viral load and genotyping of the virus was done from patients sample and the functionality of the various liver enzymes was tested by biochemical approaches. Methods: Twenty-nine HCV RNA positive patients were studied. RNA was exacted and quantified and genotyped by RT PCR. Total bilirubin, S.G.O.T, S.G.P.T, total protein, and alkaline phosphatase were analyzed by biochemical approaches. Result: 53.57% are genotype 1, 24.13 % are genotype 3 and 20.68 % are other than genotype 1, 2, 3, 4. The SGOT level in genotype 1 showed significant difference with reference to standard deviation and mean. Interpretation: The present study revealed that HCV genotype 1 accounted for 53.57% and have the HCV infection in Kolkata and surrounding areas.

Keywords: biochemical analysis, chronic liver disease, genotype, HCV, viral load