IOSR-JBM   Volume-16 ~ Issue-1 ~ Feb-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria: A Review
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Idam, Linus Egwu
	:	10.9790/487X-16140107

Abstract: Empirical researchers and policy makers have shown increasing interest in entrepreneurship and its association with economic development. In the literature, a good number of studies have established positive relationship between entrepreneurship and employment generation, poverty alleviation and economic development. It is for this reason that various governments in Nigeria over the past three decades implemented a number of policies and programmes aimed at addressing the high rate of unemployment, wide-spread poverty and low level of economic development. Unfortunately, the various policies and programmes have failed to achieve the desired results. This paper attempts to identify the causal factors that militate against the effectiveness of government efforts at entrepreneurship development.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship development; Entrepreneurial firms; Small businesses.

[1]. Abimbola, O. H. & Agboola, G. M. (2011). Environmental factors and entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 13(4), 166-176. Retrieved from www-jsd-africa.com.
[2]. Adejumo, G. (2001). Indigenous entrepreneurship development in Nigeria: Characteristics, problems and prospects. Advances in Management: Journal of Department of Business Administration, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2(1),112-122.
[3]. Agboli, M. & Ukaegbu, C. C. (2006). Business environment and entrepreneurial activity in Nigeria: Implications for industrial development. Journal of Modern African Studies. 44(1), 1-30.
[4]. Akanji, O. O. (2001). Microfinance as strategy for poverty reduction. Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review, 39(4), 111-134.
[5]. Alvarez, S. A. & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27, 755-775.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The comparativestudyon the influenceof warranty period to thepractical age-replacementunder two situations
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Tao Na || Zhang Sheng
	:	10.9790/487X-16140813

Abstract: The paper focus on analyzing the impact of warranty periods on the optimal age-replacement from the consumers'perspectives.First we construct themathematical formulations for age-replacement model.After optimizing we find there exists a unique optimal replacement age based the long-run expected cost rate is minimized.Further,a concise numerical example is demonstrated, and the sensitivity analysis of the warranty period to practicalreplacement age is carried out as well.Afterwards, the influnce of warranty periods on the optimal age-replacement under two situations thatpreventive replacement is within and beyond the warranty periods are comparedanalytically.
Keywords: Warranty period;Practicalreplacement age;Preventive replacement age;Long-run expected cost rate.

[1] Chin-ChunWua, Chao-Yu Choub, Chikong Huang. Optimal Price,Warranty Length and Production Rate for Free Replacement Policy in The Static Demand Market[J].The International Journal of Management Science,2009,37(1):29-39.
[2] Chien YH.Determining Optimal Warranty Periods from the Seller's Perspectiveand Optimal Out-of-Warranty Replacement Age from the Buyer's Perspective[J].International Journal of Systems Science,2005,36(10):631-637.
[3] Chien, Y.,2010.Optimal age for preventive replacement under a combined fully renewable free replacement with a pro-rata warranty. International Journal of Production Economics 124 ,198-205.
[4] Emons B,Winand T.Warranties,Moral Hazard and The Lemons Problem[J].Journal of Economic Theory,1988(46):16-33.

[5] Jack N, MurthyDNP. A Flexible Extended Warranty and Related Optimal Strategies[J].Journal of the Operational Research Society,2007,58:1612-1620.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Comparison of Product and Corporate Branding Strategy: a conceptual framework
Country	:	Iran
Authors	:	Alireza Alizadeh || Asghar moshabaki || Seyyed Hamid Khodadad Hoseini || Asadolla Kord Naiej
	:	10.9790/487X-16141424

Abstract: Brand has been a part of almost every company, especially a big one that exists nowadays. Managers need to carefully consider the customer and other stakeholder meanings associated with their branding efforts to make appropriate marketing decisions. Today in competitive world, brand is considered one of the strategic organizational assets. Management of this valuable asset need to strategic thinking and position it in the whole of organization. Therefore, organizations must decide about product or corporate branding.
Submit of comparison table of differences between corporate and product branding strategy and conceptual model of branding strategy choice by multi business firms from developed economies entering to emerging or developing markets is the main participation of this paper. In the others sections of this paper, we address branding, product and corporate branding, synergies between product and corporate branding, similarities and differences between corporate and product branding, branding functions and branding strategy.
Keywords: Branding, Product Branding, Corporate Branding, Branding Strategy, Multi Business, Emerging Economy.

[1] Abratt, R. (1989), "A new approach to the corporate image management process", Journal of Marketing Management, Vol.5, No.1, pp.63-76.
[2] Abratt, R. and Kleyn, N. (2012), "Corporate Identity, Corporate Branding and Corporate Reputations: Reconciliation and Integration", European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 46, Issue. 7/8, pp. 1048-1063.
[3] Balmer, J.M.T. (1995), "Corporate branding and connoisseurship", Journal of General Management, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 9-19.
[4] Balmer, J.M.T. (2001), "The three virtues and seven deadly sins of corporate brand management", Journal of General Management, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 1-17.
[5] Balmer, J.M.T. (2001a), "Corporate identity, corporate branding and corporate marketing", European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 35, No. 3/4, pp. 248-291.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Knowledge Management and Decennial Growth of a Private Sector Bank – A Case Study of ICICI Bank
Country	:	India
Authors	:	D. Sudha Rani || K. Rama Mohana Rao || P. Vijay Kumar
	:	10.9790/487X-16142537

Abstract: All over the globe the banking sector has witnessed a drastic change during the last decade. After liberalization, globalization and privatization initiatives of the government of India the scenario in banking sector has been changed. The private sector banks have strengthened significantly through sound financial health by adopting best methodologies and practices. The performance of private sector banks has influenced the growth of Indian economy and financial institutions. During the period of 2002-12 the banking sector in India has undergone different phases of global economic crisis. This period includes the pre crisis time, the crisis time and post crisis period. But the private sector bank which adopted knowledge management strategy from the beginning of this decade has not much affected by the global crisis in its performance and growth.
Keywords: Knowledge management, Decennial growth, performance parameters, Private sector banks, ICICI Bank.

[1]. Anurag B. Singh, Priyanka Tandon (2012), "A study of financial performance: A comparative analysis of SBI and ICICI Bank", International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services& Management Research, Vol.1, Issue 11, Pp:56-71.
[2]. Bhogaraju G. (2005), knowledge management: Why do we need IT for Corporates, Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, Vol.10, Issue. 2, Pp: 37-50.
[3]. Chanda Kochhar (2008), "Whenever there's a challenge, I see an Opportunity", ( http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/icicis-chanda-kochhar-whenever-theres-a-challenge-i-see-an-opportunity).
[4]. Chaminda Chiran Jayasundara (2008), "Knowledge Management in Banking Industries: uses and opportunities" Journal of University Librarians Association od Sri Lanka, Vol.12, Pp: 68-84.
[5]. Deepa Prabhu (2006), KM Tigers, Inside Knowledge, Vol.9, Issue 9.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Road Way to Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case Study of ICICI Bank
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Namrata Singh || Rajlaxmi Srivastava || Rajni Rastogi
	:	10.9790/487X-16143842

Abstract: In India thebanking sector plays a very important role in the development of the economy. The banking sector can be divided into private sector banks and public sector banks. In this paper a study is conducted on ICICI Bank which is one of the big players of private sector bank. Apart from the basic banking services the ICICI bank is also indulged in taking CSR initiatives towards the benefit of society. CSR is a term which means Corporate Social Responsibility, can be explained as"the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large". CSR is just not the charity it is additional to that. In this paper the data of ICICI Bank for the five years is taken and studied. An increase in the contribution is seen by the bank as the year passess.The study tries to through the light on different CSR initiatives conducted by ICICI Bank in the recent time.
Key words: CSR, CSR initiatives, Expenditure, Five year study, ICICI Bank.

[1] Michael Hopkins (MHCi): A planetary Bargain: Corporate Social Responsibility comes of Age ( Macmillan, UK, 1998).
[2] R.H.Gray,D.L.Owen and K.T Maunders, Corp[orate Social Resporting: Accounting and accountability , Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Haii ,1987.
[3] D.J. Wood, Corporate vSocial performance revisited", Academy of management review, vol.16 No.4,pp.691-718,1991.
[4] M.Lee, Responsible Business Development through Community Economic Development and Corporate social Responsibility,Burnaby,BC: CED Centre, Simon Fraser University,1997.
[5] L. Uhlaner,A .van , Family Business and corporate social responsibility. In a sample of Dutct Firms, Journal of small Business and Enterprise Development 11(2),pp.186-194,2004.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Four Factors to Influence Organization & Employee Commitment to Change within Pakistan
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Dr. Fareeha Zafar || Hafiz Muhammad Nasir || Ali Fazal Abbas
	:	10.9790/487X-16144353

Abstract: Change plays a vital role in the success and failure for an organization. Commitment to change is considered to be one of most important factors for the successful implementation of change initiatives. The purpose of this study is to define the importance of change in an organization and also describe those factors which are essential for the commitment to change in the organization. The purpose of the present research is to identify stressors and facilitators that could potentially have a bearing on employees' commitment to change as well as factors that could alleviate the adverse effects of these stressors on commitment to change. The paper also discusses how those factors can bring about change in the organization. The research also highlights those attributes which may reduce the dissatisfaction of employees and outlines how the employees can be driven towards change.
Keywords: Management, Change management, commitment to change, commitment factor.

[1] Bernerth, Jeremy. 2004. Expanding our understanding of the change message. Human Resource Development Review, 3(1): 36-52.
[2] Burnes, B. (2004) Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organizational Dynamics, 4thed (Harlow: Prentice Hall).
[3] Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. & Steers, R.M. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology commitment, absenteeism and turnover. New York, NY: Academic Press.
[4] Bennett, H., & Durkin, M. (2000). The effects of organizational change on employee psychological attachment: An exploratory study. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15, 126 - 147.
[5] Ford, J.K., Weissbein, D.A., &Plamondon, K.E. (2003). Distinguishing organizational from strategy commitment: Linking officers‟ commitment to community policing to job behaviors and satisfaction. Justice Quarterly, 20, 159-185.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Human Resource Role in Change Management during Cross Border Mergers
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Dr. Fareeha Zafar || Yousaf Iqbal || M. Tahir Azad || Rao Jameel Afsar
	:	10.9790/487X-16145461

Abstract: Human resource in today's age and time has a strategic role to be played in change processes. The following paper analyzes the key factors that can lead for a successful merger and how HR can assist in this change. The 2C's namely culture and communication holds the key for success and failure depending upon the implied strategy by the top management and its application by the HR department. Moreover, change management and mergers have been analyzed with case studies from cross border mergers.
Keywords: Change management, Communication, Cross border mergers, Human resource

[1] Ulrich, Dave (1996), Human Resource Champions, The next agenda for adding value and delivering results. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 0-87584-719-6, OCLC 3470904
[2]-[3] Kottler, J. (July 12, 2011), "Change Management vs. Change Leadership: what's the difference? Forbes online, [retrieved 12/21/11] available:http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkotter/2011/07/12/change-management-vs-change-leadership-whats-the-difference/
[4] Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge and Neharika Vohra: "Organizational Behavior: Organizational Change and Stress Management", (2011) Pearson publication, 14th edition, page: 536
[5] R. Beckhard and R.T. Harris, Organizational Transition, Second edition (reading, Massachusetts; Addison- Welsey, 1987, K. Lewis, Field Theory in Social Sciences (New York, Harper, 1951), E. H. Schein, Professional Education (New York: MC Graw Hill, 1972 pg# 76 – 84 and N. Tichy and M. Devanna, The Transformational Leader (New York Willey 1986).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Understanding the Moderating Role of Islamic Work Ethics between Job Stress and Work Outcomes
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Muhammad Umar Bin Ajmal || Sana Irfan
	:	10.9790/487X-16146267

Abstract: This study reveals the moderating role played by Islamic Work Ethics between job Stress and Work Outcomes (Turnover intention, Job Satisfaction). Data were gathered from 120 employees of Private and government, educational institute teachers and bankers, mediating mode of data gathering was Questionnaires. The results show significant negative relation of job stress with job satisfaction and significant positive relation with turnover intention. Islamic Work Ethics turns significant relation of job stress with job satisfaction and strengthen relation with turnover intention. The study provides interesting guide lines to managers in formulation of human resource policies. Limitations and future recommendations are discussed.
Keywords: Islamic Work Ethics, Job Stress, Turnover intention, Job Satisfaction.

[1]. Muhammad Jehangir, Dr. Nasir Kareem, Dr. Ayaz Khan, Muhammad Tahir Jan, Dr. ShaheedSoherwardi. Effects of job stress on job performance & job satisfaction. Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business. Vol 3, No 7 (November 2011)
[2]. Richer, S.F., C. Blanchard and R.J. Vallerandi, 2002.A Motivational Model of Work Turnover. Journal of 30Applied Social Psychology, 32(10): 2089-2113.
[3]. Price, J. (2001). Reflections on the Determinants of Voluntary Turnover. International Journalof Manpower 22, 600-624.
[4]. Porter, L.W; & Steers, R.W. Organizational, Work, and Personal Factors in Employee Turnover and Absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin, 1973, 80, 151-176.
[5]. Locke, E.A. The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction. In M.D. Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1976.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Analysis of the Myths and Realities of the Internal Checks And Balances In An Organisation
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Atu, Osahenoma Vivian || Atu, Omimi-Ejoor Osaretin Kingsley || Dr. Adediran Samson || Aruomoaghe Jude
	:	10.9790/487X-16146872

Abstract: This article analyzed the myths and realities of internal checks and balance in organizations. The research method includes the administration of questionnaires to the account department that constitutes the sample size. Data was sourced by means of a well structured questionnaire and data collected were presented by using relevant table. Internal control system is an essential part of an organization, and therefore, should be taken very seriously in the organization because an effective internal control system is able to detect fraud, shortcoming and the misuse of assets among others. The hypotheses were however tested with the use of chi-square (x2) statistical tool. The first hypothesis, which states that internal control system has no effect in an organization, was rejected. The second hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship between the operation and previewed internal control mechanism in the organization was also rejected. The finding of this study reveals that internal control can detect all forms of human errors, internal control is not a witch haunting strategy, and managements are the only ones responsible of establishing internal control system. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the management should ensure training to all staff about internal control system, its purpose and each employee's adhere to an effective internal control system. There should be a regular audit by external auditor of the organization's financial statements.
Keywords: Myths, Realities and Internal Checks and Balances.

[1]. America Institute of Certified Public Accountants (2005). Internal Control-Internal Framework. The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of Taredway commission (COSO). Retrieved April 29, 2006 from http://www.coso.org/publications/executive-summary-integrated-framework.ht
[2]. Bariyima, D.K (2002). Auditing Basic Principle (4th Ed). Springfield Publishers, Lagos, Nigeria.
[3]. Bereson, S M & Levin, D (1998) Business Statistics: A First course. Prentice Hall, Inc. New Jersey.
[4]. Boritz J. (1993), Risk Assessment Do's and Don'ts. Schools of Accountancy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada Retrieved June 12 2006 on http//www.jebcl.com/riskdo/riskdo.htm.
[5]. Bradford C. (2013), myths and facts on internal controls/ business and entrepreneurship available at www.yourbusiness.azcentral.com/myths-internalcontrols-15761.html accessed on 07/10/3013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Responsibility Accounting: An Overview
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Atu, Omimi-Ejoor Osaretin Kingsley || Ogbeide Endurance || Agbo Innocent Sunny || Clement E .Ozele
	:	10.9790/487X-16147379

Abstract: This paper is focus on responsibility accounting: issues and effect of transfer pricing on the Nigeria economy. The definition of responsibility accounting by different authors where given followed by the various responsibility which are the cost, revenue and investment centers. Detailed analysis was made on transfer pricing which is now becoming a global issue. This is as a result of several activities engaged in by multinational firms to reduce their corporate tax burden. A conceptual approach was taken at reviewing several literatures to identify the methods and effect of transfer pricing on the economy. Also several recommendations were made to aid the transfer pricing policy in Nigeria.

[1]. Adeniji A. (2005): An insight into management accounting. (3rd Ed.). Value analysis consults: Lagos.
[2]. Adeniji, A.A. (2008): An Insight into Management Accounting. (4th Ed.). Yaba Lagos.
[3]. Adediran S.A (2006): Multinational transfer pricing, International Taxation and Comparative financial report practices. A Ph.D seminar presented at Igbinedion University Okada.
[4]. Aruomoaghe .J. and Atu O. K. (2010). Multinational transfer pricing: Issues and Effects on the Nigeria Economy. The Nigerian Academic forum: a Multidisciplinary journal (19)1. Awaka: Nigeria.
[5]. Baistrocchi E. (2006): The transfer pricing problem. Tax Lawyer,(59) 4. Argentia Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Factors Affecting the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in the Jua Kali Sector In Nakuru Town, Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Anne Ngima Kinyua
	:	10.9790/487X-16148093

Abstract: Interest in the role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the development process continues to be in the forefront of policy debates in developing countries. The role of finance, management skills, macro-environment factors and infrastructure have been viewed as a critical element for the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the factors affecting the performance of SMEs in the Jua Kali sector in Nakuru town. The study adopted a survey research design and employed a stratified random simple sampling. Primary data was collected from 262 study respondents using structured questionnaires.The data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially and presented through figures, tables and percentages. The findings indicate that; that access to finance had the potential to positively affect performance of SMEs; management skills were found to positively and significantly affect performance of SMEs; macro environment factors were found to significantly affect performance and Infrastructure did not significantly affect performance of SMEs in the study area. The study results also indicated that as number of years in operations increased the performance increased. The study recommends that banks should improve access to finance through offering f better lending terms and conditions and collateral requirements; focus on acquiring appropriate management skills such as financial, marketing and entrepreneurial skills and effectively strengthen the macro environment in order to increase their performance.
Key words: Small and medium-sized enterprises, Performance,Jua kali sector.

[1.] Amyx,C.(2005). Small Business challenges- The perception problem: Size Doesn‟t matter. Washington Business Journal 2,4-16.
[2.] Aryeetey, E., A. Baah-Nuakoh, T. Duggleby, H. Hettige, and W. F. Steel, (1994). "Supply and Demand for Finance of Small Scale Enterprises in Ghana", Discussion Paper No. 251, World Bank, Washington, DC.
[3.] Biekpe, N. (2004), "Financing Small Business in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Some Key Credit Lending Models and Impact of Venture Capital‟, Journal of African Business, 5(1), 342-378.
[4.] Bigsten, A., et al, (2000), "Credit Constraints in Manufacturing Enterprises in Africa", Working Paper WPS/2000. Centre for the study of African Economies, Oxford University, Oxford
[5.] Buatsi, S.N. (2002), "Financing Non-traditional Exporters in Ghana‟, The Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 17(6), 56.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An Analysis of Indian Public Sector Banks Using Camel Approach
Country	:	India
Authors	:	CA. Ruchi Gupta
	:	10.9790/487X-161494102

Abstract: The progression of an economy is significantly dependent upon deployment as well as optimum utilization of resources and most importantly operational efficiency of the various sectors, of which banking sector plays a very vital role. Banking sector helps in stimulation of capital formation, innovation and monetization in addition to facilitation of monetary policy. It is imperative to carefully evaluate and analyse the performance of banks to ensure a healthy financial system and an efficient economy. The present study attempts to evaluate the performance of public sector banks in India using CAMEL approach for a five year period from 2009-13.

[1]. Arora, S and Kaur, S (2008), "Diversification by Banks in India: What are the Internal Determinants?".The Indian Banker, Vol. III(7):pg. 37-41.
[2]. Bhattacharyya, A and Sahay, P (1997), "The impact of liberalization on the productive efficiency of Indian commercial banks". European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 98(2): pg. 250-68.
[3]. Bodla, B.S. and Verma, R. (2006), "Evaluating Performance of Banks through CAMEL Model: A Case Study of SBI and ICICI". The ICFAI Journal of Bank Management, Vol.5(3): pg.49-63.
[4]. Chaudhry,Sahila and Singh, Sultan (2012): "Impact of Reforms on the Asset Quality in Indian Banking", International Journal of Multidisciplinary Vol. 5(2): pg. 17-24
[5]. Gupta,Omprakash K and Chinubhai,Aneesh, (2008)"Dynamics of Productive Efficiency of Indian Banks". International Journal of Operations Research, Vol.5(2): pg.52-58.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of Corporate Governance on Cash to Cashflow Sensitivity Evidence from Pakistani Manufacturing Firms
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Khalid Razzaq || Mr. Naeem-Ullah
	:	10.9790/487X-1614103108

Abstract: The study was conducted with the objective to investigate whether Pakistani manufacturing firms listed on KSE-100 index hold more cash out of their cashholding by augmenting Almedia et al. (2004) regression equation with corporate governance indicators. The study concluded with having positive significant coefficient for cashflow, mbr and variability while the corporate governance indicators of CEO duality indicates that in the presence of CEO duality cashholding tend to be low. However no evidence was found corporate governance indicators and number of executive directors and non-executive directors fell to impact any cashholding pattern of the firms.
Key words: Cash Holding, KSE-100 index, Manufacturing Firms.

[1]. Attig, N., Cleary, S.W., El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O. (2012b). Institutional investment horizon and investment–cash flow sensitivity. Journal of Banking &Finance (36, 1164-1180).
[2]. Dittmar, A., Mahrt-Smith, J., & Servaes, H. (2003). International corporate governance and corporate cash holdings. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, (38, 111-133).
[3]. Wei, K.C.J., Zhang, Y. (2008). Ownership structure, cash flow, and capital investment: Evidence from East Asian economies before the financial crisis. Journal of Corporate Finance (14, 118-132).
[4]. Keynes, J.M., (1936). The General Theory of Employment. In: Interest and Money. Harcourt Brace, London.
[5]. Bates, T., Kahle K., and R. Stulz (2009), Why to U.S. firms hold so much more cash than they used to?, Journal of Finance (64, 1985-2021).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determinants of Banks Profitability
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Haroon Jabbar
	:	10.9790/487X-1614109113

Abstract: The study is conducted by taking 31 commercial banks operating in Pakistan for the period 2009-2012. The results revealed that banks profitability is significantly impacted by CAP and size while loan loss provision, deposit growth are form to have negative significant coefficients our results are robust as we imply panel data estimation techniques of fixed, common, and random effect model. Our results are in line with in past research done on the impact of internal factors on banks profitability.

[1]. Staikouras, Ch, and G. Wood. "The determinants of bank profitability in Europe."European Applied Business Research Conference,
Venice. 2004.
[2]. Athanasoglou, Panayiotis P., Sophocles N. Brissimis, and Matthaios D. Delis. "Bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic
determinants of bank profitability." Journal of international financial Markets, Institutions and Money18.2 (2008): 121-136.
[3]. Athanasoglou, Panayiotis P., Sophocles N. Brissimis, and Matthaios D. Delis. "Bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic
determinants of bank profitability." Journal of international
[4]. financial Markets, Institutions and Money18.2 (2008): 121-136.
[5]. Claessens, Stijn, Aslι Demirgüç-Kunt, and Harry Huizinga. "How does foreign entry affect domestic banking markets?." Journal of
Banking & Finance 25.5 (2001): 891-911.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of kids on purchasing decision in Family Study of Households in Jalandhar
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Preeti Thakur
	:	10.9790/487X-1614114119

Abstract: The purpose of this paper seeks to find out the Influence of kids on purchasing decision in family. Second purpose is to find the influence of kids in purchasing decision by product category and another purpose is to study the factors which influence children's decision in selecting a product. The findings of this research shows that there is important role of child in purchasing decision of product in family and there is significance relationship between age of child and involvement of child in purchasing decision. I have found the factors which influence decision of children in selecting a products, and four major factors that came out are advertisement enhance the knowledge of children regarding the products, any specific toy or gift attached with the product influence the child to purchase the product,, they are influenced by their friends and they get influenced by the packaging of the product.
Keywords: Purchasing, advertising, Kids.

[1]. Agrawal, N., Tripathi, P. & Aditya, (2008), ―senior lecturer of management‖, Department of Management Studies, Delhi School of Professional studies & research Delhi, A study of the impact of Television Advertising on Children's Food Preference. Indian journal of marketing june,2008.
[2]. Darian,C. Jean, (1998), Parent-child decision making in children's clothing stores, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management ,Volume 26 Number 11 · 1998 · 421–428.
[3]. Fan ,Y. & Li, Yixuan. (2009), Children's buying behaviour in China A study of their information sources ,Marketing Intelligence & Planning Vol. 28 No. 2, 2010 pp. 170-187
[4]. Grant, J. & Stephen, R, (2005), Buying behaviour of ―tweenage‖ girls and key societal communicating factors influencing their purchasing of fashion clothing. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management Vol. 9 No. 4, 2005 pp. 450-467
[5]. Jam, A., Akhtar, S. & Tahir, H, (2010), Impact of Advertisement on Children Behavior: Evidence from Pakistan European Journal of Social Sciences –Volume 12, Number 4 (2010).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The impact of diversification on cash to cash flow sensitivity evidence from Pakistani manufacturing firms
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Samad Shahbaz
	:	10.9790/487X-1614120125

Abstract: This paper contributes that existing knowledgeby augmented the model proposed by alameda et al with the variable of cash flow volatility and diversification. The panel data analysis revealed that Pakistani firms are highly dependent on cash and hold more cash out of their operational cash flow. Further cash flow volatility has proven to be insignificant contributor of higher cash flow by Pakistani firms in the presence of diversification. The interactive dummy of diversification exhibits a negative significant coefficient indicating that diversified firms hold less cash out of their cash flow and thus do not need huge cash holding.

[1]. Acharya, V., Almeida, H., (2006).Is cash negative debt? A hedging perspective on corporate financial policies. London Business
School working paper.
[2]. Chang, K., & Noorbakhsh, A. (2006). Corporate cash holdings, foreign direct investment and corporate governance. Global Finance
Journal, 16, 302-316.
[3]. Dittmar, A., Mahrt-Smith, J., & Servaes, H. (2003). International corporate governance and corporate cash holdings. Journal of
Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 38, 111-133.
[4]. Duchin, R. (2007). Cash holdings and corporate diversification. Job Market Paper, University of Southern California.
[5]. Fazzari (1988). Financing constraints and corporate investment. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of Branding Strategies on Consumer Buying Behavior in FMCD Industry
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ms. Suman Si || Ms. Mansi Kapoor
	:	10.9790/487X-1614126135

Abstract: Consumer Buying Behaviour is of utmost importance with the increasing value being given to the consumers and their needs. Branding is one such aspect which also effects the consumers buying behavior thus also influencing the opinions and perceptions of the consumers. Marketing has become more of a customer oriented activity. This customer orientation has given rise to increased value being given to the brand strategies which would satisfy the consumers by providing the brand that they desire for
Brand is thus the link between the business and its consumers. A business might get the patent rights for the brand but the consumers are the one who will define the brand by experiencing it. Marketing problem enhancing from the consumers' behaviour has a greater degree of similarity behavioural problems relating to the consumer durables.
Keywords: Branding Strategies, Consumer buying behavior, Fast Moving Consumer Durables industry.

[1]. Kotler, P. (1997) Marketing management: analysis, planning, implementation, and control, London: Prentice Hall
[2]. L.L.Kanuk, Leon.G.Schiffman; Consumer Behavior 9th edition
[3]. Senguptha J.S.: Consumer Behaviour on Durables: Analyses, Southern economist, March 2011.
[4]. Laura, Milner, Fodness Dale and Speece, Mark W. (1993) "Hofstede‟s research on cross-cultural work-related values: Implications for consumer behaviour," European Advances in Consumer Research, 1, 70-76.
[5]. Palmer, A. (2000) Principle of Marketing, Oxford: Oxford University press Schiffman, L. G and Kanuk, L. Leslie. (1994) Consumer behaviour, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Study on Usage of Credit Card System
Country	:	India
Authors	:	A. Anto Bright Prabhu
	:	10.9790/487X-1614136140

Abstract: A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users as a system of payment. It allows its holder to buy goods and services based on the holder's promise to pay for these goods and services. The issuer of the card creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the consumer (or the user) from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the user.
Keywords: Attitude, Awareness, Credit card, Cardholders and Perception.

[1]. Beri.G.C,MarketingResearch,NewDelhi,TataMcGrawHillPublishingCompany Limited,2006.
[2]. Bhaskaran.R,CreditCards,knowyourbanking-II,IndianInstituteofbankingandFinance,NewDelhi,TaxmannPublicationsPvt.Ltd.,February2006.
[3]. BhusryMamta,E-Commerce,Chennai,FirewallMedia,2005.ChristopherMartin,HowtowinCustomers,PitmansPublishing,1990. Doyle PeterandBriggewaterSusan, InnovationinMarketing,ButterworthHernemann,1998

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Empirical study on the role of Procedural Justice in Performance appraisal on Turnover Intentions Mediating role of Organizational Politics
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Zain Dar || Naintara Sarfraz Raja
	:	10.9790/487X-1614141145

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of the study to examine the relationship of Procedural Justice in Performance appraisal on Turnover Intentions. Fair performance appraisal of the employees. Design/Methodology/Approach: It analyzes a combination of Hr practices and its application on the Management issues to enhance the productivity and overcome the turnover ratio. The framework particularly focuses on the application and usefulness of Organization Development (OD) by identifying different causes of turnover. Findings: The model sufficiently addresses the results accepted the entire hypothesis and there is significant relationship between variables. Originality/value: The existing studies contribute to establish performance models and the introduction of their concepts into the management issues. Focusing on the crucial variable Politics as mediator in the study.

[1]. Cotton, B., and G.T.Tuttle. 1996. 481–569. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Colquitt, J. A. 2001. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 386-400.
[2]. Dulebohn, J.H. and Ferris, G.R. (1999),
[3]. Ferris, G. R., Russ, G. S. and Fandt, P. M. (1989). Impression Management in Organizations, Sage, Newbury Park, CA,
[4]. Ferris, G.R. et al. (1996), Stress-related implications, and outcomes'', Human Relations, Vol. 49 No. 2, pp. 233-66.
[5]. Ferris, G.R., Frink, D.D., Galang, M.C., Zhou, J., Kacmar, K.M. and Howard, J.L. (1996),"Perceptions of organizational politics: prediction, stress-related implications, and outcomes", Human Relations, Vol. 49 No. 2, pp. 233-66.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Repositioning the Odl Project in Zimbabwe: The Case of Matabeleland South Zimbabwe Open University Regional Centre
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Dr. O. Mafa || Mr. D. Ndudzo
	:	10.9790/487X-1614146155

Abstract: The study focussed on repositioning the Open and Distance Learning (ODL) project in Zimbabwe, using Matabeleland South Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Regional Centre as a case study. Data were generated from purposively sampled Regional Centre staff. Data generation was guided by – the perception of Regional Centre staff towards key success factors that influence the competitiveness ODL regional centre; challenges that were contributing towards low student numbers in the regional centre; strategies that the regional centre was using to ameliorate the challenges; and alternative strategies that could be employed to address the problem of low student numbers. Major findings were that: the participants had a positive disposition towards the key success factors; Matabeleland South ZOU Regional Centre is not readily accessible from some of the districts in the province; the regional centre's failure t contextualise some of the key success indicators could be contributing to low student numbers; deploying to different geographical locations alone may not be enough to raise student numbers; and the regional centre seemed to be deficient on core competences needed to contextualise key success factors. Recommendations included – assisting the regional centre to contextualise key success factors; seriously considering some of the alternative strategies that were suggested by the participants; encouraging the regional centre to fully utilise facilities, structures and stakeholders at its disposal in its marketing endeavours; and replicating the study at a macro level so as to enhance the generalizability of the findings.
Key words: Zimbabwe Open University, Open and Distance Learning, Key Success Factors, Core Competences; Matabeleland South ZOU Regional Centre.

[1]. Ali, A. & Ahmad, I. (2011). Factors Determining Students‟ Satisfaction in Distance Learning Courses: A Study of AllamaIqbal Open University. Available at www.cedtech.net/articles/22/222.pdf.Accessed on 16/10/2013.
[2]. Angelino, L. M., Williams, F. K. &Natvig, D. (2007).Strategies to Engage Online Students and Reduce Attrition Rates, The Journal of Education Online, 4(2), 1-14.Available at files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ907749.pdf.Accessed on 20/10/2013.
[3]. Arinto, P. B. (2013). A Framework for Developing Competencies in Open and Distance Learning, The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 14(1): 167-185.
[4]. Basaza, G. N., Milman, N. B., Wright, C. R. (2010). The Challenges of Implementing Distance Education in Uganda: A Case Study. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 11(2).Available at www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/833/154 Accessed on 20/11/2013.
[5]. Bonk, C. J. (2006). The Future of Online Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: The Survey Says . . . Available at www.educause.edu/eor.article/future-online-teaching-and-learning-higher-education-survey-says. . . Accessed on 17/10.2013.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Organizational citizenship and organizational justice in Pakistani schools
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Aziz-ur-Rehman Dar || NaintaraSarfraz Raja
	:	10.9790/487X-1614156160

Abstract: It was found that the teachers had positive perceptions regarding organizationalcitizenship and organizational justice. Their organizational citizenship perceptions did not varyaccording to gender, field of study and seniority, whereas their organizational justice perceptionsvaried according to seniority, but not gender and field of study. There was a moderate positiverelationship between the teachers' organizational citizenship and organizational justice perceptions.

[1]. Allen, T.D. and Rush, M.C. (1998), "The effects of organizational citizenship behavior on performance judgments: a field study and a laboratory experiment", Journal of AppliedPsychology, Vol. 83 No. 2, pp. 247-60.
[2]. Aquino, K. and Bommer, W.H. (2003), "Preferential mistreatment: how victim status moderates the relation between organizational citizenship behavior and workplace victimization",Organization Science, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 374-85.
[3]. Ball, G.A., Trevino, L.K. and Sims, H.P. Jr (1994), "Just and unjust punishment: influences on subordinate performance and citizenship", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37 No. 2,pp. 299-322.
[4]. Bateman, T.S. and Organ, D.W. (1983), "Job satisfaction and good soldier: the relation between affect and employee citizenship", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 587-95.
[5]. Beugre, C.C. (1998), Managing Equity in Organizations, Quorum Books, Westport, CT.