IOSR-JBM   Volume-16 ~ Issue-9 ~ Sep. 2014

Abstract: Development of new business through entrepreneurship directly impact on societies and economies grow and prosper. Although there has been considerable research based on psychological and economic approaches to entrepreneurship, the influence of socio-cultural factors, 1. Religion 2. Ethnicity 3. Family 4. Physical attributes 5. Economic Status 6. Education, make an impact on entrepreneurial development process in developing country. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to put together all factors from a theoretical perspective, the socio-cultural factors and entrepreneurial activity. In this sense, the article points an appropriate framework to develop future research analyzing the socio-cultural factors that influence the decisions to create new businesses.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial activity, Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial emergence, Socio-cultural environment, Cultural factors

[1]. Adeleke, A., Oyenuga, O.O. and Ogundele, OJ.K. (2003). Business Policy and Strategy. Mushin, Lagos:Concept Publications Limited.
[2]. Abdin, MJ 2010, Bangladesh‟s SMEs facing so many challenges, the independent, http://theindependentbd.com/paperedition/others/ panorama/2385-bangladeshs-smes-facing-so-manychallenges. html, accessed on 16 October, 2011.
[3]. Ahmed, R, & Chaudhury, H, 1980. Female Status in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies: Dhaka, Bangladesh.
[4]. Abdullah, Mohammad (1996). Entrepreneurship Development in Light Engineering Industries in Bangladesh: Problems and Policies. Management Development 25 (3) July-September.
[5]. Beugelsdijk, S. and N.G. Noorderhaven (2005). Personality characteristics f self-employed; An empirical study, Small Business Economics, 24, 59-167.

Abstract: Long time ago, marketing campaigns were confined to the traditional methods and yet they fulfilled all the needs of a marketer to create a buzz about their brand in the market at that time. In today's world, having a general idea of marketing a brand is not enough. The market demands creativity and along with it other attributes that can give you an edge over the others. The answer to this need is Social Media marketing which, in such a short time, has reached staggering heights and has captured the attention of marketers worldwide. It goes without saying that social media has become a great platform to promote a brand owing to its wide reach and frequency of use. There are a large number of factors contributing to success of social media as a marketing platform. When a marketer promotes his product, his primary aim is to reach to the right audience and understand their needs. One of the most important merits of social media is the "instant feedback" option that it provides to all its users. The users can comment on the posts and campaigns that are done as a part of marketing strategy which gives the marketer a fair idea of the needs and desires of its customers. This paper/article examines how Social Media Marketing helps in reaching the target markets, how it is different from traditional marketing, the benefits of it, and with the conclusion that Social Media Marketing is an important marketing strategy that will continuously grow in both practice and demand all over the world.

Keywords: Marketing Campaigns, Creativity, Social Media Marketing, Marketing Strategy

[1]. Assaad, Waad; Jorge Marx Gomez. Social Network in marketing (Social Media Marketing) Opportunities and Risks 2 (1). Retrieved 7 February 2013.

[2]. Evans, Dave (16 September 2010). Social Media Marketing: The Next Generation of Business Engagement. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-0-470-94421-9. Retrieved 28 July 2013.

[3]. Muljadi, Paul and Paul Muljadi. p. 342. Digital Marketing Handbook.

[4]. Smith, Kay. "Kony 2012: The Ultimate Social Media Campaign?". Social Media Marketign. Business 2 Community. Retrieved 29 March 2012.

[5]. Kaplan Andreas M., Haenlein Michael (2010). "Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media".Business Horizons 53 (1). p. 61

Abstract: The selection of appropriate propulsion system is one of the most critical decisions in the design and development of a successful ship production environment. During such decision making process which essentially involves qualitative and quantitative multi-criteria selection, a tradeoff between tangible and intangible factors is essential to select the best amongst the equals. In this case study, the design team was tasked to select suitable propulsion system for a ship under design. The team uses analytical decision making tool, such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in this case, to arrive at a informed decision. The team could compare many non-comparable but interlinked parameters like technical parameters, cost, time, vulnerability etc using AHP. The team could also harness the expertise of team within the arrived consensus decision. This study illustrates that the decision arrived through analytical methods tend to be accurate and practical than an intuitive decision.

Keywords: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Propulsion system selection, Multi criteria decision making.

[1]. Saaty, 1980, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Tata McGrew Hill.
[2]. AHP approach for supplier evaluation and selection in a Steel manufacturing Company by Tahriri etal, JIEM, 2008

Abstract: Let every individual and institution now thinks and acts as a responsible trustee of the Earth, seeking choices in ecology, economics and ethics that will provide a sustainable future, eliminate pollution, poverty and violence, awaken the wonder of life and foster peaceful progress in the human adventure". John McConnel (Founder of International Earth Day) As the components of our environment are dynamically dependent and interrelated, even a small change in its equilibrium will have serious consequences on mankind. The functioning of our ecosystem is hampered by various types of pollution resulting from anthropogenic activities, which in turn impacts life of any kind. It is time to realize our responsibilities towards nature and reduce our damage to the environment. No other creature of nature is altering the environment as human being is changing it by its selfish motives to satisfy his short term requirements and benefits. While manis in the progress of sustainable development, by sacrificing the natural environment it is not possible to attain it.One effort towards saving the environment has originated the concept of green marketing in modern business. Green marketing focuses on saving the earth's resources in production, operating,packaging,

Keywords: Awareness, Environment, Green Products, Green Marketing, Responsibility

[1]. Arbuthnott, J. and Lingg, S. (1975), ―A comparison of French and American Environmental Behaviors, knowledge and attitudes‖, International Journal of Psychology, 4(10): 275-281.
[2]. Balderjahn, I. (1988), ―Personality Variables and Environmental Attitudes as Predictors of EcologicallyResponsible Consumption Patterns‖, Journal of Business Research, 17: 51-56.
[3]. Eriksson, C. (2004),―Can Green Consumerism Replace Environmental Regulation?—A Differentiated-Products Example‖,Resource and Energy Economics, 26(3): 281-293.
[4]. Follows, S.B. and Jobber, D. (2000),―Environmentally Responsible Purchase Behavior: A Test of aConsumer Model‖,European Journal of Marketing, 34(5/6): 723 – 746.

Abstract: Enhancing student employability has always engaged students in need of making them acquire quality skills in order to be ready of fully engaging themselves as a part of the labor force. However, for engineering students, there is a much wider undertaking on how they can conceptualize their knowledge and skills as well as aptitude in order to get a job. As the modern world is taking on a more dynamic constructional structure of inventing digital technologies, it is inevitable to realize that the supply of engineering job positions and the demand for engineering students will continue to gradually rise in the future but the main problem faced by the engineering students is the actual demand and supply factor of the graduates which has been leaving a very big gap. This paper therefore is going to address some ideas that can enhance the employability rate of engineering students in order to reduce and eventually eradicate this skills gap (University of Colorado, 2013).

Keywords: Employability, Scale Development

[1]. Aggarwal, H. (2014). Software engineering jobs. Employability rate. Retrieved from: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-14/news/51484811_1_national-employability-report-amcat-software-jobs
[2]. Berntson, E. (2008). Employability Perceptions: Nature, Determinants and Implication for Health and Well-being. Sweden, UK: Department of Psychology, Stockholm University.
[3]. Economic Times. (2014). Less than 20 percent engineers are employable for software jobs. Economic Times: India Times. Retrieved from: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-14/news/51484811_1_national-employability-report-amcat-software-jobs
[4]. Harvey, L. (2001). Defining and measuring employability. Quality in Higher Education, 7(2).

Abstract: The Empowerment of women in economic, social and political settings has become one of the most important concerns of modern and elite world of 21st century. The organisation of Self Help Groups (SHGs) constitutes a widely accepted development strategy for women empowerment and poverty alleviation. The present paper focuses on the role of Kudumbashree (KDMS) in women's economic empowerment through SHGs in Kerala. It is one of the largest women's movement in Asia having over 37 lakh members covering more than 50 percent of households in Kerala. The broad objectives of the study is to examine the demographic profile of the KDMS members, to identify the effect of the various demographic variables on economic empowerment of KDMS members for the sub samples based on age, marital status, educational level and occupation. The study is mainly based on primary data from 150 KDMS members collected through interviews and meetings. Secondary data from research studies, annual reports, websites etc of government and non-governmental organisations were also used. Data collected was carried out by using structured interview schedule and data analysis done through applying ANOVA as the main statistical technique, using SPSS software. The demographic profile of Neighbourhood Groups (NHG) members selected as sample reveals that majority of the members in KDMS are married and most of them belong to the age group of 31 to 45 years. It was found that there is economic empowerment among the members with respect to certain demographic variables. Statistical significance in the inter group differences between the various categories of demographic variables and economic empowerment in general and with respect to certain specific economic parameters were also identified. KDMS acts as a catalyst for economic empowerment of women by providing economic security, social solidarity and political betterment of women of the particular region.
Keywords: Women Empowerment, Kudumbashree (KDMS), Self Help Groups (SHGs), Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs), Economic Empowerment

[1] Murugan, K.R. & Dharmalingam, B. (2000). Self Help Groups- New Women‟s Movement in Tamil Nadu. Social Welfare, 47(80):9-12.

[2] Umashankar, D. (2006), Women‟s Empowerment: Effect of Participation in Self Help Groups. Unpublished Dissertation of Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Bangalore. Retrieved from: http://www.iimb.ernet.in/microfinance/Docs/Students/women%20empower%20Deepti.pdf.
[3] Dhanya, M.B & Sivakumar, P. (2010), Women Empowerment and Micro Finance: Case Study from Kerala. MPRA Paper No.25337. Retrieved from: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25337/1/MPRA_paper_25337.pdf.

[4] Sathiabama, K. (2010), Rural Women Empowerment and Entrepreneurship Development , (No. id: 2475) ESS Student Papers.
[5] Chaudhary, R; Chani, M.I & Pervaiz, Z. (2012). An Analysis of Different Approaches to Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Pakistan, World Applied Sciences Journal, 16(7), 971-980. Retrieved from: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/37784/2/MPRA_paper_37784.pdf.

Abstract: The advent of the era of liberalization, globalization, socio-economic, Geo-Political and Techno-Scientific trends, along with the advancements in information technology (IT) have transformed the world around us. It has brought to the center stage the importance of human resources, more than ever before. But it is boon and bane to the HR department because at good times employees are stated as Human resources and capital and at tougher times when the economy is showing a distinct sign of slowing the only department which has to tailor its activities and process cost-effectively is the HR department. The HR functions become imperative during recession. Training is a vehicle for human resource development "In hard times you need staff who can think on their feet and spot opportunities. Unless you have a well-trained workforce you will not be able to do that." This paper focus on the impact of recession on the training and its budget and how it is taken as a challenge by the HR division to regulate its day to day operations quantitatively and qualitatively.

Key words: Training, trainer, budgets, recession, economy, human resources

[1]. Vitae Researcher development conference, 2008 www.vitae.ac.uk/policy-practice/13491/Vitae-Researcher-Development-Conference-2008.html.
[2]. Effectiveness of Employees: Training and Development in Manufacturing Industries (A Case Study of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh)
[3]. Impact of Training Practices on Employee Productivity: A Comparative Study
[4]. The Impact of the Economic Recession on HR
[5]. Leadership Training and Network Formation: The evolution of the LEAD process

[6]. http://www.workforce.com/articles/training-is-taking-a-beating-in-recession-studies-find Employers Maintain Training Budgets Despite Recession, Research Shows

Abstract: Our entrepreneurship food venture in Cape-Town satisfied the dire needs of customers in the environment. It's obvious that innovations endows resources and creates wealth and adds value to the development of business. However, business flourished in South Africa own to the fact that the city has economic growth especially in small business as this restaurant business development improved. More so, our exemplary business adopted a competitive strategy to enhanced market shares, sales volume increase, price cuts and promotional strategies of quick delivery and quality food and customers value. While, the objective is to a achieve holistic integration of both internal variables such as inimitable skills and business capabilities, value and organisational distinct assets by a frame work structure of an ansoff matrix analysis

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, business development, competitive strategy and ansoff matrix analysis.

[1]. Asoff, H.I., 1965. An Analytical Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion. McGraw-Hill New York: Edited 2002.
[2]. Barry, T., 2000. A Simple Approach to Sales Forecasting,[online] Available at:<http://www.inc.com/articles/2000/03/17871.html>[Accessed 9th February 2013].
[3]. Brown, R., Barrow, P., and Barrow, C., 2008. The Business Plan Workbook, 6th ed. Kogan page: London and Philadelphia.
[4]. Beaver, G.,2002, Small Business Entrepreneurships and Enterprise Development, Pearson Education Limited.

Abstract: This paper investigated the relationship between the practices of imposing barriers on switching, the freedom of choice and ethical issues arising there from, in carbonated soft drink industry in Nigeria. Using convenience sampling, a sample of 200 respondents (88 females and 112 male) was drawn from hotels, restaurants, and other exclusive outlets. We employed a five Liket-scale response ranging from strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agreed to strongly, agreed. The study found that some consumers that is loyal to competing products may also decide not to patronize the outlets where barriers to choice are imposed thereby leading to loss of purchase. Also, where formidable and practicable, instituting barriers may provide competitive instrument provided loss of sale can be minimized but it should not be encouraged so that emerging products and competition can have a level playground for competition.

[1]. Balabaws et al, Reynolds N and Simiutiras A. (2006) "Bases of E.store loyalty: perceived switching Barriers and satisfaction. "Journal of Business research (39:2), pp 214-224.
[2]. Barnes, J.G. (1994). " The issue of establishing relationships with customers in service companies: when are relations feasible and what form should they take? Presented at the third annual frontiers in service Vanderbut University, Nashville, TN, October 6-8.
[3]. Beerli, A, Martin, J.D and Quintana, A. (2004)." A model of customer loyalty in the retail banking market". European Journal of marketing. Vol.38, No.1/2, pp 253-275.
[4]. Bendapudi. N: and Berry L.L (1997). Customer's motivations for maintaining relationships with service providers, Journal of Retailing.Vol.71, No.3.pp 223-47.

Abstract: Nobody argues the fact that a company can be a legal person may hold assets and liabilities. Today, the debate is stronger around the rights and duties with regard to men and environment that go with that status. We intend to primarily reflect on the dimension of social responsibility in other words, "corporate social responsibility". A company must be able to act and be held accountable for their actions or inactions as would a humain being. The issue of capacity and the means to achieve this has been discussed in corporate governance, politics, economics and business. In this paper, we think of the concept of CSR perspective of strategic management and try to demystify the theoretical foundations as well as the evolution of the concept and its tools. It stems from a critical reading in hypothesis. A comparative approach between the companies is advanced in reading and verification of hypotheses in search of an evaluative grid positions and managerial practices more appropriate for the Moroccan company.

Keywords: corporate social responsibility, Hypothesis, Moroccan company,.

[1] Thiétart R.A. (1999), Méthodes de recherche en management, Dunod, 1999, 535p.
[2] Sustainable Square Consultancy & Think Tank report : CSR in the north Africa Juin 2013
[3] EL malki Tarik (2010), La responsabilité sociale des enterprises: le cas du Maroc
[4] J-p.Gond et J.Igalens (2008), La responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise