iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-12 ~ December-2014

Abstract: A variety of haemoparasites infecting humans occur in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Filariasis is one of them that usually manifests as hydrocoele, elephantiasis, lymphadenopathy and fever. The microfilaria causing these symptoms can usually be demonstrated in the peripheral circulation or get lodged into one of the organs and are discovered on fine needle aspiration samples. However, occurrence of microfilaria in the bone marrow is a rare presentation. We hereby report one such case of a paediatric patient who presented as a case of pyrexia of unknown origin, anaemia and raised creatinine levels.

Keywords: Anaemia, Bone marrow, Creatinine, Filariasis, Pyrexia, Wuchereria bancrofti

[1]. Yenkeshwar PN, Kumbhalkar DT, Bobhate SK. Microfilariae in fine needle aspirates: a report of 22 cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2006;49:365-69.
[2]. Kishore B, Khare P, Gupta RJ, Bisht SP. The microfilariae of Wuchere- ria bancrofti in cytologic smears: a report of 5 cases with unusual presentations. Acta Cytol 2008;52:710-12.
[3]. Gupta S, Gupta R, Bansal B, Singh S, Gupta K, Kudesia M. The significance of the incidental detection of filariasis on aspiration smears: a case series. Diagn Cytopathol 2010;38:517-20.
[4]. Anupindi L, Sahoo R, Rao RV, Verghese G, Rao PV. Microfilariae in the bronchial brushing cytology of symptomatic pulmonary lesions. A report of two cases. Acta Cytol 1993;37:397-99.
[5]. Srikanth S. Microfi laria in thyroid aspirate-An unusual finding. Thyroid Research and Practice | January-April 2014 | Vol 11 | Issue 1:26-8.
[6]. Col R Ravikumar,Col KK Sen, Surg Lt Cdr SN Singh,Surg Capt N Chawla, SR Choudhary,Maj D Singh. Filarial Dance in a Breast LumpMJAFI 2010; 66 : 193-195
[7]. Kanade. U. S, Dantkade. S. S, Chaware. S. A, Narkhede. R. R, Gadhekar. M. S.Microfilaria in preauricular subcutaneous nodule on cytology– an unusual presentation. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences/Volume1/ Issue4/October - 2012 Page 382-386

Abstract:Introduction : Although concomitant chemoradiation (CTRT) is the standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer (LACaCx), it cannot be administered safely in elderly patients or those with certain comorbidities.

Aims: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of six fractions per week of pure accelerated external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with standard CTRT, for selected patients with LACaCx.

Materials and Methods: From January – September 2010, 45 patients with LACaCx (FIGO stage II B – III B) were administered EBRT 50 Gy / 25 fractions as: 21 in Arm A - Six fractions per week pure accelerated EBRT without chemotherapy and 24 in Arm B - Five fractions per week of conventional CTRT. Patients in both arms received identical brachytherapy. Continuous variables, means-medians were compared with unpaired 't' test and categorical data were compared with 'chi square' test. Disease Free Survival (DFS) was assessed using Kaplan Meier curves.

[1]. Indian Council of Medical Research: National Cancer Registry Programme; Consolidated Report of Population Based Cancer Registries 2001 – 2004; incidence and distribution of cancer; December 2006.
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Abstract: Background: Myringoplasty Is A Surgical Technique Used To Restore The Integrity Of Tympanic Membrane And To Improve Hearing Level.

Objective: To Compare The Three Surgical Modalities For Myringoplasty Overlay, Underlay And Interlay In Cases Of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media With Inactive Mucosal Disease In Large Central Perforation.

Material And Methods: This Is A Prospective Study Of 18 Months (January 2013 To June 2014) Duration Conducted In Department Of ENT, Era's Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow And Data Was Collected From The 90 Patients Admitted For Myringoplasty.30 In Each Group. Results Were Calculated In Terms Of Graft Accepted Or Rejected And Decrease In Air Bone Gap.

[1]. Galdstone HB, Jackler RK, Varav K. Tympanic Membrane Wound Healing. An Overview. Otolaryngol Clin North Am., 28, 1995, 913–932.
[2]. Aslam MA, Aslam MJ. Comparison Of Over-Underlay And Underlay Techniques Of Myringoplasty. Pak. Armed Forces Med. J,3, 2009.:
[3]. Berthold E, Ueber Myringoplastik, Wier Med Bull, 1878, 1, 627–627, Cited By: Sismanis A. Tympanoplasty, In Glasscock-Shambaugh Surgery Of The Ear, Vol. 1, 5th Edn, Pp. 463-486, BC Decker Inc., 2003.
[4]. Bluestone CD, Cantekin EI, Douglas GS, Eustachian Tube Function Related To The Results Of Tympanoplasty In Children. Laryngoscope, 89, 1979 89, 450-8.
[5]. Nadol JB, The Chronic Draining Ear. In: Gates GA (Ed.). Current Therapy In Otolaryngology – Head And Neck Surgery, BC Decker Inc., Philadelphia, 1987, 18-22.

Abstract: Submucosal fibroids are the least common of the various types of fibroid tumors. These fibroids develop just under the lining of the uterine cavity. Large submucosal fibroid tumors may increase the size of the uterine cavity and can block the fallopian tubes. This can cause complications if one is trying to get pregnant. Some fibroids do not produce any symptoms at all while others can be severely symptomatic. Associated symptoms with submucosal fibroids include very heavy menstrual bleeding or excessive and prolonged menstruation. The passage of clots and frequent soiling can take its toll on one's everyday lifestyle. Untreated, prolonged or excessive bleeding can cause more complicated problems such as fatigue or anemia which could potentially lead to a need for blood transfusions. This case report is about a 44 years old lady having two kids, complaining of very heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain and an enlarged abdomen.

Keywords: Fibroid, Fibroleiomyoma, Fibromyoma, Myoma, Submucosal, Uterine leiomyoma

[1]. Vos, T (2012 Dec 15). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.". Lancet 380 (9859): 2163-96. PMID 23245607
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[5]. Olufowobi O, Sharif K, Papaionnou S, et al; Are the anticipated benefits of myomectomy achieved in women of reproductive age? A 5-year review of the results at a UK tertiary hospital.; J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004 Jun;24(4):434-40. [abstract]
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Abstract: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by triad of varicose veins, cutaneous capillary malformation, and hypertrophy of bone and soft tissue. (1) The port wine stain is a flat, red or purple mark on the skin that is often the only noticeable symptom of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome at birth. It may be associated with life-threatening complications such as high-output cardiac failure, consumptive coagulopathy, and internal hemorrhages.

[1]. Phillips GN, Gordon DH, Martin EC et-al. The Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: clinical and radiological aspects. Radiology. 1978;128 (2): 429-34.doi:10.1148/128.2.429 - Pubmed citation

[2]. Gloviczki P, Driscoll DJ. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: current management. Phlebology. 2007;22(6):291-8. Review. PubMed citation

[3]. Jacob AG, Driscoll DJ, Shaughnessy WJ, Stanson AW, Clay RP, Gloviczki P. Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome: spectrum and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998s Jan;73(1):28-36. PubMed citation

Abstract: Introduction: Wound healing involves number of processes which occur due to injury like coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, collagen deposition, epithelisation & remodelling. Steroids have been used in various situations where wounds are prone to develop. Present study was therefore undertaken to elaborate the influence of tephrosia purpurea on wound healing as well as in dexamethasone suppressed albino rats. Material & Methods: Three wound screening methods were utilized for the present study; resutured incision, dead space & excision wound screening method. Four groups consisting of 6 rats each were included in the study. Group 1 was control; group 2 was treated with tephrosia purpurea (500 mg/kg/day). Group 3 treated with dexamethasone 0.3mg/kg i.p per day & group 4 received both tephrosia purpurea (500mg/kg) & dexamethasone (0.3mg/kg) per day.

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Abstract: Nosebleeds are reported in up to 60% of the population with peak incidences in those under the age of ten and over the age of 50 and appears to occur in males more than females[1]. An increase in blood pressure (e.g. due to general hypertension) tends to increase the duration of spontaenous epistaxis.[2]

[1]. Corry J. Kucik& Timothy Clenney (January 15, 2005). "Management of Epistaxis". American Academy of Family Physicians. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050115/305.html. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
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[3]. Cummings C.W. Cummings Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.4thed.Philadelphia,PA;Elsevier Mosby;2005.
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[5]. SharathkumarA.A.,ShapiroA.Hereditaryhaemorrhagic telangiectasia.Haemophilia.2008;14(6):1269-1280.[PubMed]
[6]. Gerald W McGarry , Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , 7th Edition,VOL.2-A; Part 13,126; 1596 – 1599 ,1603 -1604.

Abstract: Gustafson's age estimation includes six age related changes of teeth. He then calculated the regression formula to estimate the age. Six criteria are level of attrition, secondary dentine deposition in pulp, changes in periodontium, root resorption, cementum apposition and root translucency. The aim of the study was to study the physiological changes of teeth according to the Gustafson's criteria and to access the age of the patient according to Gustafson's formula, Maples and Rice and to derive a new formula for age estimation from teeth in Kerala population. The score was calculated from physiological changes in the teeth and a graph was plotted with actual age on one axis and the score calculated on the other. Regression formulae were derived from the obtained graph. 36 extracted anterior teeth were selected. Patient's age and periodontal status was noted at the time of extraction. Teeth were longitudinally trimmed to about 25 micrometer and microscopically evaluated. All parameters of Gustafson's formula were accessed and graded. A regression line was drawn from known age and the total score. A mean error of 4.32 ± 2.80, 3.84 ± 2.65 and 4.00 ± 2.84 was obtained with Gustafson's formula, Maples formula and newly derived formula respectively. ANOVAs test was done was done to estimate the ages and it is found to be significant.

Keywords: Gustafson's formula, Maples formula, newly derived formula, forensic odontology.

[1]. Pillai, P.S. and Bhaskar. G. Age Estimation from the Teeth using Gustafson's Method – a Study in India. Journal of Forensic Science1974; 3: 135-41.
[2]. Chandler S. A study to determine the accuracy of Gustafson's method of age estimation on adult teeth when applied to a sample population of Western Cape 2013; www.hdl.handle.net/11394/3264.
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[4]. Amandeep Singh P Gupta. .Physiological changes in teeth as a tool to estimate age. Pacific Journal of Science and technology 2009; 2:956-65.
[5]. Manas Bajpai, Namita Mishra. A comparison of the accuracy of Maples and Rice and newly derived formula for age estimation. A forensic study .Journal of Orofacial Research 2012; 2:1-4.

Abstract: Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA), A Chronic, Degenerative Disorder Of Unknown Cause Characterized By Gradual Loss Of Articular Cartilage, Is The Most Prevalent Disease In Our Society With A Worldwide Distribution And Disabling Locomotors Disease Characterized By Degradation Of Articular Cartilage. Objective: To Estimate The Urinary Level Of Type II Collagen C Telopeptide (CTX-II) Among Osteoarthritic Patients. Method: This Was A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted In The Departments Of Physiology And Physical Medicine And Rehabilitation, Regional Institute Of Medical Sciences, Imphal Among Osteoarthritic Patients In Manipur During October 2012 To March 2014. Urinary Levels Of C-Terminal Cross-Linking Telopeptide Of Type II Collagen (U-CTX-II) Were Measured By ELISA Kits.

[1]. Altman R, Asche E, Bloch D, Bole G, Borenstein D, Brandt K, Et Al. Development Of Criteria For The Classification And Reporting Of Osteoarthritis. Classification Of Osteoarthritis Of The Knee. Arhtritis Rheum Aug 1986; 29(8): 1039-49.
[2]. Heidari B. Knee Osteoarthritis Prevalence, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis And Features: Part I. Caspian J Intern Med 2011; 2(2):205-212.
[3]. Sharif M, Kirwan J, Charni N, Sandell LJ, Whittles C, Garnero P. A 5 Year Longitudinal Study Of Type II A Collagen Synthesis And Total Type II Collagen Degradation In Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis-Association With Disease Progression. Rheumatol 2007; 46: 938-943.
[4]. Ofluoglu D, Ofluoglu O. Assessment Of Disease Activity And Progression Of Osteoarthritis With Using Molecular Markers Of Cartilage And Synoviumturnover. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2005; 1: 29-32.
[5]. Murphy L, Schwartz TA, Helmick CG, Et Al. Lifetime Risk Of Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 59:1207-1213.

Abstract: Abstract: This study is likely to explore the association with single nucleotide polymorphism in cyp 19a gene in patient with PCOS. Aim: Investigation of genetic polymorphism in cyp19a gene in patient with PCOS. Setting: Kasturba Medical College Hospital , Mangalore & Kerala Medical College & Hospital, Mangode, Cherpulassery, Palakkad Dist, Kerala. Methods: 103 female patients with a clinical diagnosis of PCOS attending KMC, hospital, Mangalore, medicine outpatient department & Kerala Medical College Hospital, Mangode, Cherpulassery, Palakkad Dist, Kerala. were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. Main Outcome & Results: Prevalence of low physical activity, low fruit and vegetable intake, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidimia, BMI, tobacco use, alcohol use and family history. Conclusion: cyp19a gene is not associated with PCOS in South Indian population.

Key Words: PCOS, Genetic polymorphism

1]. Archard C, Theirs J. Le virilisme pilaire et son asson a 1'insuffisance glycolitique. Bull Acad Natl Med (Paris) 1921; 86:51-64.
[2]. Fauser B, Tarlatzis B, Chang J, et al. 2003 ASRM/ESHRE consensus document. Fertil Steril 2004; 18: 19-25. [3]. Alvarez-Blasco F, Botella-Carretero JI, san Millan JL, Escobar-Morreale HF. Prevalence and characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome in overweight and obese women. Arch Intrn Med 2006; 166: 2081-2086.
[4]. Daniilidis A, Dinas K. Long term health consequences of polycystic ovarian syndrome: a review analysis. Hippokratia 2009; 13: 90-92.
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Abstract: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by triad of varicose veins, cutaneous capillary malformation, and hypertrophy of bone and soft tissue. (1) The port wine stain is a flat, red or purple mark on the skin that is often the only noticeable symptom of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome at birth. It may be associated with life-threatening complications such as high-output cardiac failure, consumptive coagulopathy, and internal hemorrhages.

Laparoscopic splenectomy was first reported in the year 1991 by French surgeons Delaitre and Maignien. Since then it has been recognized as an accepted procedure for elective splenectomies in the management of various hematological as well as neoplastic conditions [1, 2]. Though, many major reports were available in the international arena, not much was reported from the southern part of India. We are reporting a case series of laparoscopic splenectomies performed by a single laparoscopic surgeon over a period of 2 years with a minimum follow-up of 2 months and a maximum follow-up of 1year and 10 months. One of the major observations in this series was its better outcome in terms of operative time and intraoperative blood loss

Abstract: Background: Intra abdominal pathologies requiring surgical intervention include appendicitis , malignancies, trauma ,perforation peritonitis etc. The most common organism isolated at the time of surgery was E. coli.We studied the spectrum of microbes at the time of laparotomy/laparoscopy to help us to know the emerging trends in microbiological spectrum and the sensitivity pattern in this medical college hospital. Objective: To study the microbial spectrum and sensitivity pattern in patients with intra abdominal pathology requiring surgical interventions.

[1]. John. E. Mazuski.,SurgClin N Am,Intra-abdominal infections,doi:10.1016/j.suc.2008.12.001,(2009) 421-437.
[2]. Yang Q1, Zhang H, Wang Y, Xu Y, Chen M, Badal RE, Wang H, Ni Y, Yu Y, Hu B, Sun Z, Huang W, Wang Y, Wu A, Feng X, Liao K, Shen D, Hu Z, Chu Y, Lu J, Cao B, Su J, Gui B, Duan Q, Zhang S, Shao H, Kong H, Hu Y, Ye H,J Med Microbiol, A 10 year surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in community- and hospital-associated intra-abdominal infections in China,doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.059816-0. Epub 2013 June 5,`2013 Sep;62(Pt 9):1343-9.
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[6]. Sartelli et al. World Journal of Emergency Surgery 2012, 7:15. Complicated intra-abdominal infections in Europe: preliminary data from the first three months ofthe CIAO Study,http://www.wjes.org/content/7/1/15.

Abstract: Mortality in acute kidney injury (AKI) remains impressively high despite technical and medical advances made following the advent of dialysis. Previous studies of prognosis in AKI have analyzed the influence of demographic factors, severity of AKI, nature of diseases causing AKI, coexisting diseases, treatment received and complications. Several other factors also affect prognosis of AKI viz. oliguria, a rise in serum creatinine greater than 3 mg%, older debilitated patients, multiorgan failure, associated comorbid conditions, need of dialysis, suspected or proven sepsis. Hence cases of AKI were studied at tertiary health centre in Marathwada region of Maharashtra to study the clinical profile and factors affecting the prognosis of acute kidney injury.

Keywords: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), Dialysis, Oliguria.

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Abstract: We report five cases of early or minimal change pancreatitis in our outpatient department. "Minimal Change Pancreatitis" is an entity that is very unfamiliar in majority of the practicing physician & surgeons. It is often called as "early chronic pancreatitis". All these terms are often used synonymously. It is a syndrome consisting of early phase of inflammation of pancreas which is manifested by less easily identifiable clinical features like chronic or recurrent abdominal pain syndrome with normal abdominal imaging studies e.g. USG (Ultrasonography), CT (Computed Tomography),MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)/MRCP(Magnetic Resonance Cholangio Pancreatography).

Keywords: Early Minimal Change Chronic Pancreatitis, Imaging Negative Chronic Pancreatitis, Minimal Change Pancreatitis, Early Chronic Pancreatitis.

[[1]. V Gupta, P. P. Toskes, Diagnosis and management of chronic pancreatitis, Postgrad Med J 2005;81:491–497.
[2]. Chris E. Forsmark, The Early Diagnosis of Chronic Pancreatitis, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6 (12):1291-1293.
[3]. Balci NC, Alkaade S, Magas L, Momtahen AJ, Burton FR, Suspected chronic pancreatitis with normal MRCP: findings on MRI in correlation with secretin MRCP, J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008 Jan; 27(1):125-31.
[4]. Parsi MA, Conwell DL, Zuccaro G, Stevens T, Lopez R, Dumot JA, Vargo JJ, Findings on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and pancreatic function test in suspected chronic pancreatitis and negative cross-sectional imaging, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Dec; 6(12):1432-6.
[5]. Czakó L, Diagnosis of early-stage chronic pancreatitis by secretin-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan; 42 Suppl 17:113-7.
[6]. Radu Badea, Brindusa Diaconu, Contribution of ultrasound to the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis and to evaluating its main complications, Romanian journal of gastroenterology, June 2005, vol.14 no. 2, 183-189.

Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most serious public healthproblem globally and its pulmonary form is the most common clinical presentation. This study, undertaken in a tertiary hospital in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, retrospectively examined the radiology features of pulmonary tuberculosis in all HIV infected and unaffected adult patients attending its pulmonary tuberculosis clinic. Method: The chest radiography and case notes of the patients treated in the chest clinic between January 2012 and December 2013 were retrieved and evaluated according to radiological features. Results: Of the total of 307 chest radiography studied, 156 (53.7%) were male and 142 (46.3%) were female, showing a male preponderance of 1.2:1. PTB/HIV co-infection was in 116 (37.8%) of the cohorts studied.

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Abstract:Chronic diarrhea is defined as a decrease in fecal consistency lasting for four or more weeks.1 Prevalence of chronic diarrhea varies in different populations but a reasonable approximation is that it affects about 5% of the population.2-4 Chronic diarrhea is one of the challenges of gastroenterology. Though well studied in pediatric age group, it has received little attention as a subject of research in adult population in India. Although no statistical data are available, chronic diarrhea is frequently seen in clinical practice in our part of the country. A number of disorders are associated with chronic diarrhea. The prevalence of specific disorders varies based upon the practice setting.

[1]. Bonis PAL, LaMont JT. Approach to the patient with chronic diarrhea-I. In: Rose BD, editor. UpToDate(computer program), Wellesley MA: UpToDate; 2005.
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[4]. Sandler RS, Stewart WF, Liberman JN. Abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea in the United States: prevalence and impact. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:1166.
[5]. Ahlquist DA, Camiilleri M. Diarrhea and constipation In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL,Longo DL, Jameson JL et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 16th ed. USA: McGraw-Hill, 2005: 224-232.

Abstract: Menstruation is a phenomenon unique to females and nearly universal experience in women's lives and is poorly understood. It is characterized by co-ordinated sequence of hormonal changes but the changes that occur in the distribution of hematological parameters and biochemical parameters have not been clearly established. The present study was undertaken with the following aim: i) To compare hematological parameters in different phases of menstrual cycle. ii) To compare biochemical parameters in different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials & Methods: The present study was carried out on healthy female medical students in the age group of 18 to 22 years with normal menstrual cycle of 30±3 days. Various hematological and biochemical parameters were studied during different phases of menstrual cycle.

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[5]. Zittermann, I. Schwarz, K. Scheld, et al. Physiologic fluctuations of serum estradiol levels influence biochemical markers of bone resorption in young women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(1):95-101.
[6]. M. Michelakis, H. Yoshida, J. C. Dormois. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone during the normal menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975;123:724-6.

Abstract: Background: Soft drink consumption has become a greatly visible and controversial public health and public policy issue. The lack of awareness concerning the ill –health consequence of soft drink consumption and lack of desire to changes this behavior could be addressed through a social marketing campaign. Objective: This study was performed to determine the effects oflong-term consumption of carbonated soft drinks on total serumprotein (TP), albumin, globulin, totalcalcium (CaT), corrected calcium and ionized calcium(Ca++) in healthy persons. Results: The study included 80 healthy subjects who consumed carbonated drink at different time length.The period of carbonated beverage Consumption was conversely associated with serum albumin, TP, globulin (p<0.00) and (CaT) (p<0.00) but there was no effect on the level of corrected calcium and Ca++.

Keywords: Calcium,Carbonated Beverage,Protein

[1]. Robert P,Karen R. Carbonated beverages and urinary calcium excretion.American Society for Clinical Nutrition.2001.
[2]. Lenny R. Vartanian, PhD, Marlene B. Schwartz, PhD, and Kelly D. Brownell, PhD. Effects of Soft Drink Consumption on Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Public Health .2007, Vol 97, No. 4.
[3]. Michael F, Jacobson. Liquid Candy How Soft Drinks Are Harming Americans' Health. 2005. 2nd. Center for Science in the Public Interest Washington, D.C.
[4]. Debra H,Anna R, TimG, JimmyL, Victoria M. F. Soft drink s, weight status and health: a review ,NSW Centre for Public Health Nutrition, Sydney , Australia. 2009 .University of W ollongong Research Online. [5]. Cynthia L. Brian K, M.D., Margaret D. Carroll M. and Sohyun P .Consumption of Sugar Drinks in the United States, 2005–2008.NCHS Data Brief. 71. 2011
[6]. Hector D, angan, A. R, Louie V. M. Flood &T. Gill 2009, Soft drinks, weight status and health: a review, NSW Centre for Public Health Nutrition, Sydney , Australia.

Abstract:Introduction: Mobile phones are in close contact with body serving transportation of bacteria in hospital settings. Further, sharing of mobile phones among health care workers & non Health care workers distinctly facilitate the spread of potentially pathogenic bacteria to the community. Aims & Objective: To study the bacterial flora present on cell phones of II & III MBBS students & to compare it with that found oncell phones of I MBBS students in terms of antibiotic resistance.

[1]. J. Ramesh, A. O. Carter, M. H. Campbell et al., "Use of mobile phones by medical staff at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados: evidence for both benefit and harm," Journal of Hospital Infection, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 160–165, 2008.
[2]. U. Arora, P. Devi, A. Chadha, and S. Malhotra, "Cellphones a modern stayhouse for bacterial pathogens," JK Science, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 127–129, 2009.
[3]. H. Kilic, M. Ozaslan, I. D. Karagoz, Y. Zer, and V. Davutoglu, "The microbial colonisation of mobile phone used by healthcare staffs," Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 882–884, 2009.
[4]. K. Chawla, C. Mukhopadhayay, B. Gurung, P. Bhate, and I. Bairy, "Bacterial "Cell" phones: do cell phones carry potential pathogens?" Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2009.
[5]. S. A. Sallam, M. A. Arafa, A. A. Razek, M. Naga, and M. A. Hamid, "Device-related nosocomial infection in intensive care units of Alexandria University Students Hospital," Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, vol. 11, no. 1-2, pp. 52–60, 2005.

Abstract: Pre-examination stress is a common condition faced by the students prior to exams and is quite prominent among the medical students. This study investigated the effect of an exam stress on blood pressure and pulse rate of 1st MBBS students who are due to appear in their academic examination. Ninety five (95) students participated in the study. The arterial blood pressure (indirect method) and pulse rate was measured three months prior to examination and again one week before examination along with the height and weight. The systolic blood pressure record when there was no exam was 113.12±4.65 mmHg which increases to 120.71±11.4 mmHg in the pre-examination period in females

[1]. Hashmat S, Hashmat M, Amanullah F, Aziz S. Factors causing exam anxiety in medical students. Pak Med Assoc 2008;54 : 167-170.
[2]. Pradhan G, Mendonca NL, Sahajanand S, Vardhan VG, Jayaranjan P, Rekha KN. Does appearing for exam cause stress? Evaluation the stress status among MBBS students influence of examination. Intl J Health Sc & Res 2013;3:38-42.
[3]. Freychuss U, Hjemdahl P, Juhlin Dannfelt A, Linde B.Cardiovascular & Sympathoadrenal responses to mental stress- Influence of β- Blockade. Am J Physiol 1998;255: 1443-51.
[4]. Parkerson GR Jr, Broadhead WE, Tse CK. The health status and life satisfaction of the first year medical students. Acad Med 1990;65: 586-8.
[5]. Rosal MC, Ockene IS, Ockene JK, Barret SV,Ma Y, Hebert JR.A longitudinal study of students depression at one medical school. Acad Med 1997;72:542-8.

Abstract: Studies have been referred to the increasing the numbers of H. pylori isolates against antibiotics in the world and account for recurrent and unresponsiveness of many cases of infections. In Iraq, particularly Kurdistan region there are no data regarding the antibiotic resistance profile of H. pylori isolated from clinical cases.The purpose of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of H. pylori isolates from clinical cases against clarithromycin, levofloxacin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. In this study 150 antral biopsies were sampled from patients referred to the Duhokhepatology and gastroenterology center, Azadi Teaching Hospital, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq for endoscopy examination between March and May, 2014. H. pylori was isolated from 30 (20%) out of 150 patients and their antimicrobial susceptibility were checked by disc diffusion assay.

[1]. M. Sirous, J.F. Mehrabadi, N.E. Daryani, S. Eshraghi, S. Hajikhani, M.H. Shirazi, Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates from Iran. Afr J Biotech, 9 (36), 2011, 5962-5965.
[2]. Fallahi G.H. Fallahi, S. maleknejad, Helicobacter pylori culture and antimicrobial resistance in Iran. Indian J Pediatrics, 74 (2), 2007, 127-130.
[3]. Ernst P.B. Ernst, B.D. Gold, The disease spectrum of Helicobacter pylori: the immunopathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. Annu Rev Microbiol, 54, 2000,615–640.
[4]. A.Y. Saeed and S.M. Pedawi, Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among dyspeptic patients. Journal of ZankoySulaimani, 5(2), 2002, 37-42.
[5]. H.M.S. Saadi, Evaluation of ELISA IgG,IgM and IgA for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori. 2014. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Abstract: A gummy smile is when there is too much exposure of the upper gingival during smiling. The appearance of the gingival contour depends on the underlying bony architecture. This is further influenced by factors like tooth position, the type of periodontium, the tooth form, aberrant muscle attachments and skeletal relationship. This review article focuses on the various factors influencing a gummy smile. It also highlights the various approaches in diagnosis and management for redefining a smile.

Key Words: altered passive eruption, gingiva, gummy smile, gingivectomy.

[1]. .Sarver D.M. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc.Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2001;120:98-111
[2]. Garber D.A, Salama M.A. The aestheticsmile: diagnosis and treatment. Periodontology 2000, Vol 1, 1996, 18-28
[3]. Allen EP. Use of mucogingival surgical procedures to enhance esthetics. Dent Clin North Am 1988;32:307-330. [4]. .Gottesman E. Excessive gingival display: addressing multiple etiologies for optimal esthetic outcomes. DentistryIQ, http://www.surgicalrestorative.com/articles/2012/09/excessive-gingival-display-addressing-multiple-etiologies-for-optimal-esthetic-outcomes.html.September 12, 2012.

Abstract:Background : Blood group had been shown to correlate with some of the diseases. Earlier studies with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients had shown no significant correlations with ABO and Rh blood groups. We again endeavored to study for any correlations between blood groups and RA disease activity and disability it caused to the patients. Aim & Objectives : To determine the distribution of ABO & Rh blood group in patients with RA and to correlate the severity of RA with blood group phenotypes.

[1]. Doll R, Swynnerton BF, Newel AC. Observations on blood group distribution in peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Brit Med J 1960; 1: 31-35.
[2]. Vivek S, Jain J, Simon PS, Battur H, Supreetha S. Association of ABO Blood Group and Rh Factor with Periodontal Disease in a Population of Virajpet, Karnataka: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Int Oral Health. 2013 Aug; 5(4): 30-34.
[3]. Qureshi MA, Bhatti R. Frequency of ABO blood groups among the diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2003; 13: 453-455.
[4]. Lufullah, Bhatti TA, Hanif A, Shaikh SH, Khan BZ, Bukshshi IA. ABO blood group distribution and Ischaemic Heart Disease. Annals 2011; 17(1): 36-38.
[5]. Editorial. British Medical Journal. Blood Groups and Diseases. Br Med J. 1956; 29:757-758.
[6]. Garraty G. Dezik W, Issitt PD, Lubin DM. Terminology for blood group antigens and genes – historical origins and guidelines in the new millennium. Transfusion 2000; 40: 477-489.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major public health problems throughout the world. Current therapies especially synthetic drugs often fail to bring back normal glycemic control without complications. Numerous herbal medicines are widely explored as alternative medicine in diabetes. The objective of this work was to evaluate one such herbal extract of Benincasa hispida fruit for its anti-diabetic activity in experimentally induced diabetic rats. The extract at a dose of 200mg/kg/day and 400mg/kg/day was administered to dexamethasone induced insulin resistant animals for 10 consecutive days

[1]. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia : report of a WHO/IDF consultation, 2006.
[2]. Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lu Y, Singh GM, Cowan MJ, Paciorek CJ et al, National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2.7 million participants, Lancet, 378(9785),2011,31–40.
[3]. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010, Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011.
[4]. Health statistics and information systems,Cause-specific mortality. Estimates for 2000-2012. ( http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html).
[5]. Mathers CD, Loncar D, Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030, PLoS Medicine, 3(11), 2006, 442.
[6]. RA DeFronzo, Current issues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, Overview of newer agents: where treatment is going, American Journal of Medicine,123(3), 2010 Mar, S38-48.

Abstract: Leukemias are neoplastic proliferations of haematopoietic cells and form a major proportion of haematopoietic neoplasms that are diagnosed worldwide. Leukemias are classified into two broad groups, myeloid and lymphoid, based on the origin of the leukemic stem cell clone.1 Diagnosing the type and sub-type of leukemia is very important as the therapy, prognosis and survival rate changes with each type and sub-type. Although the French American British (FAB) morphologic classification of myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms has been used since many years, the discovery of number of genetic lesions that predict the clinical behavior and outcome better than morphology alone, necessitates the incorporation of specific genetic data in the classification scheme.1

[1]. Harris NL, Jaffe ES,Vardiman JW, Stein H, Diabold J, Flandrin G. WHO Classification of tumors of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues- Introduction. In: Harris NL, Jaffe ES,Vardiman JW, editors. Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.Lyon France:IARC press; 2008: 15.
[2]. McKenna RW. Multifaceted Approach to the Diagnosis and Classification of Acute Leukemias. Clinical Chemistry. 2000;46(8 II):1252-1259
[3]. Cousar J, Arber DA. Hematopoeitic Tumors: Principles of pathologic diagnosis. In: Greer JP, Rodgers GM, Foerster J, Paraskevas F, Lukens JN, Glader B, editors. Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology.12th edition, vol 2. Lipincotts Williams and Wilkins; 2009:1643- 65.
[4]. Idris M, Shah SH, Fareed J, Gul N. An experience with sixty cases of haematological malignancies; a clinico haematological correlation. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2004 Oct-Dec;16(4):51-4.
[5]. Al Ghazaly J, Al Selwi AH, Abdullah M, Al Jahafi AK, Al Dubai W, Al Hashdi A. Pattern of Hematological diseases diagnosed by bone marrow examination in Yemen : a developing country experience. Clin Lab Haematol 2006; 28(6):376–381.