iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2014

Abstract:Background: Cancer of the ovary is not common, but it causes more deaths than other female reproductive cancers. Women with ovarian cancer may have no symptoms or just mild symptoms until the disease is in an advanced stage because it is hard to detect early. A diagnostic approach based on the use of CA 125 in association with ultrasonography has been suggested for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Objective: To compare the utility of CA 19-9 in comparison to CA 125, for risk stratification and diagnostic purposes in patients with gynaecological diseases.

[1]. Kumar R; Mishra M; Singh JK; et al. Evaluation of the Significance of CA-125 Levels in Patients With Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in Bihar, India. Clinical Ovarian Cancer: Vol 2( 2), November 2009: 118–120
[2]. McIntosh M, Anderson G, Drescher C, et al. Ovarian cancer early detection claims are biased. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:7574.
[3]. Jacobs IJ, Menon U. Progress and challenges in screening for early detection of ovarian cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2004;3:355–366.
[4]. Rice GE, Edgell TA, Autelitano DJ. Evaluation of midkine and anterior gradient 2 in a multimarker panel for the detection of ovarian cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2010;29:62.
[5]. Palmer C, Duan X, Hawley S, et al. Systematic evaluation of candidate blood markers for detecting ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2008;3:2633.
[6]. Anderson GL, McIntosh M, Wu L, et al. Assessing lead time of selected ovarian cancer biomarkers: a nested case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010;102:26-38.
[7]. Su F, Lang J, Kumar A, et al. Validation of candidate serum ovarian cancer biomarkers for early detection. Biomark Insights 2007;2:369-75.
[8]. Greene MH, Feng Z, Gail MH. The importance of test positive predictive value in ovarian cancer screening. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:7574.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Of The Eyelid -A Rare Case Report
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Yapa Guha, Dr Yumnam Chingsuingamba
	:	10.9790/0853-13220507

Abstract: we describe here a 43 year old woman who came to eye opd with a chief complaint of a mass in left lower eyelid since 4 years. On local examination the mass was non-tender, well defined margin, smooth, mobile and non-adherent to underlying tarsal plate. Other ocular examinations were normal. General investigations were done. The mass was excised by simple excision under peribulbar local anaesthesia and sent for histopathological examination.

[1] Brownstein S. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the conjunctiva with intraocular invasion. Ophthalmology 88:1226-1230, 1981
[2] Bambirra EA, Miranda D, Rayes A. Mucoepidermoid tumour of the lacrimal sac. Arch Ophthalmol 99:2149-2150, 1981
[3] Ni C, Wagoner MD, Wang WJ, Albert DM, Fan CO, Robinson N. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lacrimal sac. Arch Ophthalmol 101:1572-1574, 1983
[4] Zhang h, Yan J, Li Y, Zhang P. mucoepidermoid ca of the eyelid;a case report and review of literature.yan ke xue bao 2005 sep:21(3):152-7
[5] Rao NA, and Font RL. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the conjunctiva, a clinicopathologic study of five cases. Cancer 38:1699-1709, 1976

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The world's biggest benign Parotid Tumour 'pleomorphic adenoma': a rare case report
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr H Nagaraj, Dr R N Raikar , Dr Rajalakshmi, Dr Arshiya Taj, Dr Asha M N, Dr Aneeta Mutgi, Dr. Sujith MS
	:	10.9790/0853-13220812

Abstract: The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands weighing 15 grams and Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed salivary tumour) is the most common benign salivary gland tumour and also the most common benign tumour of the parotid. Normally this tumour is a slow growing well demarcated apparently encapsulated lesion rarely exceeding 6cms in its greatest dimension. However the below mentioned case is an exception wherein the tumour measures 24x18x11 cms in dimension. Thereby making it the world's largest benign parotid tumour recorded till date.

Keywords : Benign mixed tumor, parotid gland, parotidectomy, pleomorphic adenoma, largest parotid tumour.

[1]. Matsuba HM, Thawley SE, Simpson JR, Levine LA, Mauney M. adenoidcystic carcinoma of major and minor salivary gland origin. Laryngoscope 1984; 94:1316-8.
[2]. Dalati T, Hussein RM. Juvenile pleomorphic adenoma of chhek. A case report and review of literature. Diagn Pathol 2009,4: 32.
[3]. Pons-Vicente O, Almendros-Marques N, Berini-Aytes L, Gay-Escoda C. Minor salivary gland tumors: A clinicopathological study of 18 cases. Med Oral Pathol Oral Cir Bucal 2008 Sep 1; 13(9):E582-8.
[4]. Auclair PL, Ellis GL, GNEPP DR, Wenig BM, Janney CG. Salivary gland neoplasms: general considerations. In: ELLIS GL, Auclair PL, GNEPP DR, eds: Surgical Pathology of the salivary glands, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co. 1991: 135-164.
[5]. Issacson G, Shear M. Intraoral Salivary gland tumors: A retrospective study of 201 cases. J Oral Pathol 1983: 12: 57-62.
[6]. Tian Z, Li L, Wang L, Hu Y, Li J. Salivary gland neoplasms in oral and maxillofacial regions: A 23 year retrospective study of 6982 cases in eastern Chinese population. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39(3); 235-42.
[7]. Van Heerden WF, Raubenheimer EJ. Intraoral salivary gland neoplasms: a retrospective study of seventy cases in African population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991;71:579-82

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	"A community based study on Infertility and associated socio-demographic factors in West Bengal, India"
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr Nirmalya Manna, Dr Dipanwita Pandit, Dr Raja Bhattacharya, Dr Soumi Biswas
	:	10.9790/0853-13221317

Abstract: India the world's second most populous country, which has struggled to control its population so as to meet growth and development targets, now has to battle infertility, as the down-payment for economic uplift. The objectives of the present study were to know the prevalence of infertility in a rural community, to assess different risk factors associated with infertility and also to find out the health care seeking behaviour of the study population. This cross sectional study was done among 191 couples selected by systematic sampling. A pre-designed pre-tested proforma was used for collection of data. Statistically significant association of infertility with age, education, socio economic status, family type, prior family planning method, menstrual abnormalities, gynaecological abnormalities were found. Regarding health care seeking behaviour it was found that most of the study population preferred private sector for treatment of infertility.

Key Words: Infertility, rural community, health care seeking behaviour

[1] Dabral S, Malik SL. Demographic study of gujars of Delhi: VI. Factors affecting fertility, Infant mortality and use of BCM. J. of Hum. Ecol. 2005; 17: 85-92.
[2] Available from: http://www.newsweek.com/id/15862 [Accessed on December 2013]
[3] Gupta N. Infertility: planning a prototype action plan in the existing health care system. J Indian Med Assoc 2002;100:391-94.
[4] World Health Organization, Special Programme Of Research, Development and Research Training In Human Reproduction. Ninth annual report, Geneva. WHO
[5] Report of the meeting on the prevention of infertility at primary health care level, 12-16 Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/MCH/ 84.4).
[6] National family health survey (NFHS-3); 2005-2006 INDIA.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Maternal outcome in relation to Biochemical parameters in Hypertensive disorders in Pregnancy
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Andrews L, Mehta L, Sharma A, Haridas N, Vaishnav S, Jadav P
	:	10.9790/0853-13221822

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to correlate biochemical parameters like serum uric acid, LDH, AST, ALT, prothrombin time and APTT with maternal outcomes in Hypertensive diseases in pregnancy. Out of the 328 PIH cases, 9 (2.74%) maternal deaths were recorded during this study and 166 mothers were having complications and 194 mothers were having preterm delivery. All the 9 maternal death cases were admitted during emergency, 8(88.8%) came from rural areas, belonged to low socioeconomic class and had not taken antenatal care, 7 were primigravidas and from the 20-25 years age group. Serum levels of uric acid, LDH, AST, ALT and APTT were statistically significant with maternal deaths in comparison to mothers who survived.

Keywords: PIH, Uric acid, LDH, AST

[1]. Datta D, Datta PP. Maternal Mortality In India: Problems and Strategies. Asian Journal of Medical Research. 2013; 2(1): 33-35
[2]. Sibai BM, Gordon T, Thom E. Risk factors for preeclampsia in healthy nulliparous women: a prospective multicenter study. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal – Fetal Medicine Units. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 172(2): 642-48.
[3]. LoJo, Mission JF, Caughey AS, Hypertensive disease of pregnancy and maternal mortality. Curr Opin. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 April; 25(2): 124-32.
[4]. Ghulmiyyah L, Sibai B. Semin Perinatol.Maternal mortality from preeclampsia/ Eclampsia. 2012 Feb; 36(1); 56-9.
[5]. Dekker GA, Sibai BM. Etiology and Pathogenesis of PE: Current concepts. AM J Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 179(5):1359-75.
[6]. Matsubara K, Matsubara Y, Masaharu ITO. The utility of vascular dysfunction studies in the prediction and prevention of preeclampsia: A historical review. Vascular disease prevention. 2009; 6:163-69.
[7]. R.Aziz,, Tabassum M. Preeclampsia & Cardiac enzymes is there any relation.. 2010.www.crc.mui.ac.ir/arya/1655/pdf

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Delayed Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve palsy following total thyroidectomy: A case report
Country	:	India
Authors	:	D.N. Goyal, Venkateswara Rao Katta , Vijay Kumar V.R.N , Sumeera Farhath, Aravinda Sagar K, Avinash G
	:	10.9790/0853-13222324

Abstract: We report a case of delayed recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy following total thyroidectomy. A 25 year old male patient presented to us with a left thyroid swelling. Investigations have revealed the presence of follicular neoplasm in the left thyroid nodule, which was measuring 6 cms in diameter. An Indirect Laryngoscopy pre operatively has not revealed any abnormality. A total thyroidectomy was performed. Intra operatively, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve could not be identified, however at the end of surgery, visual confirmation of bilateral normal vocal cord movements was carried out. On fourth post-operative day, patient developed hoarse voice. An Indirect laryngoscopy has confirmed loss of movements in the left vocal cord and the patient was diagnosed to have delayed left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. The patient did not have any respiratory symptoms and received voice therapy. His voice returned to normal by three months.

Key Words: Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury (RLNI), Total thyroidectomy, Nerve at Risk (NAR), Indirect Laryngoscopy (IDL), Unilateral Vocal Fold paralysis (UVFP), Indirect Laryngoscopy (IDL).

[1] Jatzko GR, Lisborg PH, Muller MG, et al. Recurrent nerve palsy after thyroid operations—principal nerve identification and a
literature review. Surgery 1994;115:139–144.
[2] Wagner HE, Seiler C. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after thyroid gland surgery. Br J Surg 1994;81:226–228.
[3] Hermann M, Alk G, Roka R, et al. Laryngeal recurrent nerve injury in surgery for benign thyroid disease: effect of the nerve
dissection and impact of individual surgeon in more than 27,000 nerves at risk. Ann Surg 2002;235:261–268.
[4] Randolph GW. Surgical anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. In: Randolph GW, ed. Surgery of the thyroid and parathyroid
glands. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2003:300–342.
[5] Chiang FY,Wang LF,Huang YF, et al. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after thyroidectomy with routine identification of the
recurrent laryngeal nerve. Surgery 2005;137:342–347.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Hydatid Cyst at Unusual Sites: An Original Study with Review of Literature.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Aarti. B. Bhattacharya, Dr. S P Rai, Dr. R K Agrawal
	:	10.9790/0853-13222527

Abstract: Echinococcosis a zoonotic infection caused by echinococcusgranulosus is still a large extended public health problem in endemic regions. Primary echinococcosis may develop in almost any organ or tissue. The liver and the lungs are the most frequently involved organs. Primary hydatidosis of soft tissue involving foot, coccygeal region and breast is extremely rare even in endemic areas. After diagnosing 6 cases of primary hydatid cyst over a period of three years we present three selected rare cases of isolated primary hydatid cyst one each in left breast, left foot (soft tissue), and coccygeal region (soft tissue) along with a review of literature and discussion on the pertinent clinical features, management and prognostic aspects of the disease.

[1]. Lewise at al. A review of ecchinococcal disease. Ann Surg 1995; 18 (4): 390-396.
[2]. Kacheriwale SM, Mehta K.D, Pillai B, Jain Y - Rare presentation of primary hydatid cyst. Indian Jr of surgery 2004; 66 (1) : 47-49.
[3]. Abi F, et Fares F, Khaiz D, Bouzidi A. Unusual localizations of hydatid cysts A propos of 40 cases. J chir (Paris) 1989; 126: 307-12.
[4]. Taoril KB, Mahajan SM; Hirawe SR, Mundhada RG - Hydatid disease of breast. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2004; 14: 1: 57-60.
[5]. Engin G, Acunas B, Rozanes I, Acunas G. Hydatid disease with unusual Localization. Eur Radiol 2000, 10: 1904-12.
[6]. WHO informal working group. International classification of ultrasound images in cystic echinococcosis for application in clinical and field epidemiological settings. Acta Trop 2003, 85: 253- 61.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The study on role of surgical management of clavicle fracture in adults
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Lokesh Holagundi, Deepak S, Ramachandra, Dayanand
	:	10.9790/0853-13222831

Abstract: Clavicle fracture is a common traumatic injury around shoulder girdle due to their subcutaneous position. It is caused by either low- energy or high- energy impact. Fracture of the clavicle accounts for approximately 5 to 10% of all fractures and upto 44% of injuries to the shoulder girdle. About 80% of these fractures are in the middle third of the bone and less often in the lateral third ( 15%) and medial third ( 8%).AIMS AND OBJECTIVES;To study the role of open reduction and internal fixation in clavicular fractures, study various surgical procedures over fracture clavicle,.

[1]. Hill JM, Mc Guire MH, Crosby LA. Closed treatment of displaced middle third fractures of the clavicle gives poor results. J BoneJoint Surgery (Br), 1997; 79 :537-540.
[2]. Nordgvist A, Petersson CJ, Redlund-Johnell I. Mid clavicular fractures in adults : end result study after conservative treatment . J Orthop Trauma, 1998 ; 12 : 572-576.
[3]. Robinson CM, Court Brown CM, McQueen MM, Walkefield AE. Estimating the risk of non union following non operative treatment of a clavicular fracture. J Bone Joint Surgery (Am), 2004; 86 :1359-1365.
[4]. Edwards DJ, Kavanagh TG, Flannery MC. Fractures of the distal clavicle a case for fixation. Injury, 1992; 23 : 44-46.
[5]. Bostman O, Manninen M, Pihlajamaki H. Complications of plate fixation in fresh displaced mid clavicular fractures. J Trauma, 1997; 43:778-783.
[6]. Kao FC, Chao E K, chen CH, Yu SW, Chen CY, Yen CY. Treatment of distal clavicle fracture using Kirschner wire and tension band wires.J.Trauma, 2001;51 : 522-525.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Prevalence of oral premalignant and malignant Lesions among referred Kurdish patients Attending Department of Oral and Maxilofasial in Sulaimani Teaching Hospital
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Assistant Prof. Dr. Shanaz Mohammad Gaphor, Dr. Zhwan Abdulla Sabri
	:	10.9790/0853-13223236

Abstract: oral premalignant and malignant prevalence studies are important to know the state of health and the need of treatment. Premalignancy include group of diseases that acts as precursors of the squamous cell carcinoma. They are clinically and histologically distinct lesions preceding malignant changes. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common malignancy that has high metastasis potential and thus survival rate of patients is low.

[1]. AL-Mobeeriek A, Aldosari AM (2009).Prevalence of oral lesions amongSaudi dental patients.Ann Saudi Med; 29:365-368.
[2]. Anbar Tag-EI–Din, BarakatM,Ghannam SF(2005).A clinical andepidemiological study of lichen planus among Egyptians of AL-Minyaprovince. Dermatol Online J; 11:50
[3]. Axell T, Rundquist L (1987). Oral lichen planus. A demographic study.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 15: 52-6.
[4]. Axell T, Zain RB, Siwamogstham P, Tantiniran D, Thampipit J(1990).Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in out-patients at two Malaysian andThai dental schools. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 18: 95-9.
[5]. Axéll, T. (1987), Occurrence of leukoplakia and some other oral whitelesions among 20 333 adult Swedish people. Community Dentistry and OralEpidemiology, 15: 46–51.
[6]. BhurgriY (2005).Cancer of oral cavity-trends in Karachi SouthAsian Pac JCancer Perv; 6,420.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Syndecan-1 Levels In Type2 Diabetes Mellitus
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Naidele. Shet, Dr.Sukanya. Shetty, Dr.Ashalatha.V.Rao
	:	10.9790/0853-13223740

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end- stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Diabetic nephropathy is characterised by early hemodynamic changes which finally leads to renal insufficiency. Syndecans are type1 transmembrane heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that have important roles during development, wound healing and tumour progression by controlling cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Our aim was to compare and correlate the levels of serum Syndecan-1 in type2 diabetes mellitus with microalbuminuria and without microalbuminuria. Blood samples were collected from 200 patients out of which 100 patients were without microalbuminuria and 100 patients were with microalbuminuria. Serum Syndecan-1 levels were analysed by ELISA method. Syndecan-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with microalbuminuria (147.30±80.27) compared to patients without microalbuminuria (59.38 ± 27.79). There was a positive correlation between syndecan-1 and patients with microalbuminuria(r=0.570, p<0.001). The findings showed that increased serum levels of syndecan-1 in type2 diabetes mellitus suggest it may have a role in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Key words:syndecan-1, diabetic nephropathy, extracellular matrix, microalbuminuria, ELISA.

[[1]. Steffes MW, Osterby R, Chavers B, Mauer SM: Mesangial expansion as a central mechanism for loss of kidney function in diabetic patients.Diabetes1989 ;38: 1077–1081.
[2]. Kolset SO, Reinholt FP, Jenssen T.Diabetic nephropathy and extracellular matrix.J HistochemCytochem. 2012; 60(12):976-86.
[3]. Tina Manon –Jensen, Yoshifumi Itoh and John R. Couchman. Proteoglycans in health and disease: the multiple roles of syndecan shedding. FEBS Journal 2010; 277: 3876-3889.
[4]. Chowta N K, Pant P, Chowta M N. Microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus: Association with age, sex, weight and creatinine clearance. Indian Journal of Nephrology2009; 19: 53-56.
[5]. Carey, DJ: Syndecans: Multifunctional cell-surface co-receptors. BiochemJ 1997; 327: 1-6.
[6]. Bernfield, M, Kokenyesi, R, Kato, M, et al: Biology of the syndecans: a family of transmembrane heparansulfate proteoglycans. AnnuRev CellBiol 1992; 8: 365–393.
[7]. Kirti Kaul,1 MohitChopra,Pamela De Angelis, Eva M. Kohner,RakeshChibber.The novel link between inflammatory enzyme C2GNT and the shedding of syndecan-1 in podocyte dysfunction. Endocrinology Studies 2012; 2:e9
[8]. David J. Carey. Syndecans: multifunctional cell-surface co-receptorsBiochem. J. (1997) 327, 1-16.
[9]. Cook. DM, Hinkes. MT, Bernfield. M, et al: Transcriptional activation of the syndecan-1 promoter by the Wilms' tumor protein WT1. Oncogen 1996; 13: 1789–1799.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Malignant Melanoma of the Eye- A Case Report
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr.Vanlalruati Fanai1, Dr.Y.Chingsuingamba Meitei, Dr. Laishram Usharani, Dr.Kasomhung Soreingam,Dr.Catherine Lalmuankimi
	:	10.9790/0853-13224143

Abstract: We describe a 85 year old, male patient who attended our OPD with profused swelling of the left eye associated with loss of vision for the past 4 months. He gave no history of trauma, no history of fever and swelling is not associated with pain. The mass was profusedly large measuring 40 cm × 30 cm (approx),there was multiple, non-tender, firm, irregular cauliflower like growth which bleeds on touch filled the whole globe. Anterior and posterior segment cannot be visualized. The patient came at the last stage,so we could not perform Ultrasonography and ophthalmoscopic examinations. Histopathological examination and CT scan of the orbit was done and we diagnosed it as a case of uveal melanoma of the left eye. 200 centigray/day × 20 fractions of external beam radiotherapy was given for 20 days, the tumour size markedly decreased after treatment. The case was studied in detail as the condition is rarely seen in the north eastern part of India.

Keywords: CT orbit, External beam radiotherapy, Histopathology,Proptosis, Uveal Melanoma.

[[1] OcularMelanoma.UpToDate. www.uptodate.com (accessed march 2013).
[2] Raghavan et al. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 7th ed. 2005. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
[3] Raghavan et al. The Textbook of Uncommon Cancers. 3rd ed. 2006. Wiley.
[4] Singh et al. Clinical Opthalmic Oncology. 2007. 1st edition. Saunders Elsevier.
[5] Souhami, Tobias. Cancer and its Management. 5th ed. 2005. Oxford Blackwell.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An interesting case of Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome- An incidental finding
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Natarajan Suresh, HemalathaGanapathy, Shubhranshu Shekhar , Prakashiny
	:	10.9790/0853-13224446

Abstract: Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by persistent Mullerian derivative in patients with 46 XY Karyotype and normal virilization .Here we are presenting a case of incidental finding of Persistent Mullerian Duct Remnants in a 58 yr old man during routine hernioplasty.Histological diagnosis was confirmed by Immunohistochemistry

Keywords: Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome(PMDS),Hernia uteri inguinale

[1]. TuragaKK,StPeterSDCalkins CM,HolcombGW3 rd,OstlieDJ,SnyderCL.Hernia uterus inguinale;a proposed algorithm using the
laparoscopic approach.SurgLaparoscEndoscPercutan Tech 2006 p 3826-7
[2]. Diamond Andrew David,Yu N Richard; Sexual Differentiation ,Normal and Abnormal CAMPBELL-WALSH Urology 10th Ed
pg3624
[3]. Larsen,Schoenwolf ; Larsen Human Embryology Ed 2009 pg 509
[4]. BelvilleC,JaminSP,Picard JY : Role of Type 1 receptor for Anti Mullerian hormone in the SMAT 1 sertoli cell line. ONCOGENE 24 pg 4984-4992, ed 2005
[5]. ImbeaudS,BelvilleC,Messika-Zeitoun,HUM MOL Genet 1996 pg 1269-1277
[6]. Belville C, Van Vlifmen H : Mutations of AMH gene in patients with PMDS ,Biosynthesis,secretion,and processing of the abnormal proteins and analysis using a 3D model. MOL Endocrinol 18 pg708-721 ed 2004
[7]. Thompson ST,Grillis MA ,Wolkoff LH : TTE in a man with PMDS Arch Pathol Lab Med 118 pg 752-755 ed 1994
[8]. Romero FR,Fucs M ,Castro MG ,Garcia CR ,FernandesRde C ,Perez MD Adenocarcinoma of persistent mullerian duct remnants,case report and differential diagnosis Urology 2005;66;194-5
[9]. MehrdadMohammadiSichani,MitraHeidarpour,AsgharDadkhah,MehranRezvani:PersistentMullerian Duct Syndrome With an
irreducible Inguinal Hernia Urol J.2009 298-300

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Pain and Discomfort Associated With Initial Alignment with Three Different Archwires-A Clinical Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr.Anand Ambekar
	:	10.9790/0853-13224750

Abstract: Pain and discomfort are common place after insertion of an initial archwire during orthodontics1 and are reported at some stage during treatment by 91% of patients and following each appointment by 39%.2 The level of pain reported after archwire placement is believed to be greater and more prolonged than that following extraction of teeth.1 Discomfort peaks on the morning after placement of an archwire remained at this level for 2 to 3 days before abating at 5 to 6 days.1 The fear of potential pain related to treatment affects the uptake of orthodontic care.3 Furthermore, treatment discontinuation4 and poor compliance5 have been attributed to discomfort experienced in the early stages of appliance therapy.

[1]. Jones, M. and C. Chan . The pain and discomfort experienced during orthodontic treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial of two initial aligning arch wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1992. 102:373–381.
[2]. Lew, K. K. Attitudes and perceptions of adults towards orthodontic treatment in an Asian community. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1993. 21:31–35.
[3]. Bos, A. , J. Hoogstraten , and B. Prahl-Anderson . Towards a comprehensive model for the study of compliance in orthodontics. Eur J Orthod 2005. 27:296–301.
[4]. Patel, V. Non-completion of active orthodontic treatment. Br J Orthod 1992. 19:47–54.
[5]. Sergl, H. G. , U. Klages , and A. Zentner . Functional and social discomfort during orthodontic treatment: effects on compliance and prediction of patients' adaptation by personality variables. Eur J Orthod 2000. 22:307–315.
[6]. Burstone, C. J. Biomechanics of tooth movement. In: Krause BS, ed. Vistas in Orthodontics. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1964:197–213.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Tulsi-The matchless medicinal herb.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr.Vikram Perakath, Dr. Reema Lakshmanan
	:	10.9790/0853-13225155

Abstract: For many thousands of years,medicinal plants have been used to cure diseases,especially in the Indian subcontinent.Tulsi(Ocimum sanctum) is one such plant with many applications in medicine,like in periodontitis it influences cytokine production and has an immunomodulatory effect.Tulsi extracts are used as oral rinses.A proper understanding of its pharmacological profile is necessary to understand its various possible applications in medicine,and to pave the way for future studies in its applications in medicine.

Keywords:Tulsi(Ocimum sanctum),Periodontitis,Gingivitis,Cytokines,Neem(Azadirachta indica)

[1]. Ahmed M, Ahamed RN, Aladakatti RH, Ghosesawar MG. Reversible anti-fertility effect of benzene extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves on sperm parameters and fructose content in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2002; 13(1):51-9.
[2] Amrani S, Harnafi H, Bouanani Nel H, Aziz M, Caid HS, Manfredini S, Besco E, Napolitano M, Bravo E. Hypolipidaemic activity of aqueous Ocimum basilicum extract in acute hyperlipidaemia induced by triton WR-1339 in rats and its antioxidant property. Phytother Res. 2006 ;20(12):1040-5.
[3] Banerjee, S, Parashar R, Kumar A, Rao A R. Modulatory influence of alcoholic extract of Ocimum leaves on carcinogen-metabolizing enzyme activities and reduced glutathione levels in mouse. Nutr Cancer 1996, 25(2): 205-217
[4] Bansod S and Rai M. Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils from Indian Medicinal Plants against Human Pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus and A. niger. World Journal of Medical Sciences 2008, 3(2): 81-88
[5] Bhargava K P, Singh N. Antistress activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Ind J Med Res 1981,73:443-451
[6] Chattopadhyay RR. Hypoglycemic effect of O sanctum leaf extract in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 1993,31 891–893

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Pancreatic Pseudocyst with Gastric Outlet Obstruction: A Case Report and Literature Review
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Syed Ibrahim Ghulam Rasul, Ikhwan Sani Mohamad, Zaidi Zakaria, Syed Hassan Syed Aziz
	:	10.9790/0853-13225658

Abstract: Management of pancreatic pseudocyst is controversial.Surgical therapy has been clasically considered the treatment of choice for those pseudocysts. However, several studies have shown good results with percutaneous drainage. Percutaneous drainage can be performed easily, with minimal complication and may facilitate the resolution of a pseudocyst. We presented a case of a 20-year-old boy who sustained blunt abdominal trauma following motorvehicle accident. A large pancreatic pseudocyst developed within 3 weeks after the accident. Percutaneous drainage under ultrasound guidance was performed. The drainage flow decreased gradually until ceasing, and the pseudocyst disappeared.

[1]. Kloppel, G. Pseudocysts and other non-neoplastic cysts of the pancreas. Semin Diagn Pathol, 2000. 17(1): p. 7-15.
[2]. Bernades P, Belghiti J, Place S, Knezevitch Y, Fekete F: Histoire naturelle des collections liquidiennes au cours de la pancréatite chroniques. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1985; 9:2A.
[3]. Staub JL, Le Genissel H, Sarles H: Etude de la séméiologie et des résultats du traitement chirurgical de 103 cas de pancréatitis chroniques compliquées de kystes ou de pseudokystes. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1981; 5:433-439.
[4]. Lasson A, Genell S, Nilsson A: Proteolytic activity in pancreatic pseudocyst fluid. Int J Pancreatol 1994; 15:201-208.
[5]. Richter HM: Natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts; in Howard J, et al (eds): Surgical Diseases of the Pancreas. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1998, pp 417-421.
[6]. Pour PM, Thompson JS, Baxter BT: Pathology of pancreatic pseudocysts; in Bradley EL III (ed): Acute Pancreatitis. New York, Raven, 1994, pp 181-189.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rare sequelae of ectopic gestation: A case report of lithopaedion
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	I A Ekanem, E I Ekanem, C C Chukwuegbo, T I Ugbem, A D Ekanem
	:	10.9790/0853-13225961

Abstract: Lithopaedion is a rare clinical condition resulting from dystrophic calcification of extra-uterine foetus after demise. It often involves singleton foetuses but twin lithopaedions have also been reported. This case report is on a 30-year old Para1+4 woman who presented with a 5-year history of abdominal discomfort and swelling. She became pregnant about 6-years ago and attended clinics only thrice. However at the 9th month, she developed a fever and thereafter no longer felt foetal movements for which she took herbal concoctions. Pregnancy symptoms subsequently ceased and menstruation resumed 6 months later. She had laboratory and radiologic investigations and then laparotomy with extraction of a stone baby. She made good post-operative recovery.

Keywords: Lithopaedion, ectopic gestation, dystrophic calcification, mock labour, laparatomy

[1] J. M. Mishra, T. K. Behera, B. K. Panda, and K. Sarangi, "Twin lithopaedions: a rare entity.," Singapore medical journal, 48( 9), 2007, 866–8
[2] J. K. Roberts, "A lithopaedion in twins.," BMJ, 1952, 130
[3] P. Cave, "Note on Lithopaedion with report of a case.," BMJ, 1, 1937, 383–85
[4] "Lithopedion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithopedion. [Accessed: 07-Mar-2013].
[5] J. B. Fraser, "Lithopaedion," BMJ, 1913, 1624–25
[6] C. C. Ekwempu, "Obstructed labour due to tubal lithopaedion: a case report," East Afr Med J, 54( 6), 1977, 353–5
[7] I. S. A. Zaheer, "Acute intestinal obstruction caused by lithopaedion," British Journal of Surgery, 58( 5), 1971, 401–402
[8] P. Noble, "Abdominal pregnancy and lithopaedion," Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96, 2003, 423

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Role of Periodontal Therapy in Rapid Tooth Movement
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Pan Chern Hwei, Dr. Julie Toby Thomas
	:	10.9790/0853-13226265

Abstract:Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) or Wilckodontics is a clinical procedure that combines selective alveolar corticotomy, particulate bone grafting and the application of orthodontic forces. The most important factor in the success of PAOO is proper case selection and careful surgical and orthodontic treatment. An increasing amount of orthodontic patients seeking orthodontic treatment, make them prone to periodontal complications since their teeth are confined to the nonflexible alveolar bone. Interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment along with tissue engineering principles can create rapid orthodontic tooth movement as well as reducing side effects such as root resorption, relapse, inadequate basal bone and infection.

[1]. S.S. Sandhu , .N Bansal and N. Sandhu . Incidence of malocclusion in India: A review. J Oral Health Comm Dent, 6(1), 2012, 21-24.
[2]. T.G. Rappaport, M.H. Shalis and E. Gazit. Psychosocial reward of orthodontic treatment in adult patients. European Journal of Orthodontics, 32(4), 2010, 441–446.
[3]. M.M. Ong and H.L. Wang. Periodontic and orthodontic treatment in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 122(4), 2002, 420-428.
[4]. H. Kole. Surgical operations on the Alveolar Ridge to Correct Occlusal Abnormalities. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path, 12(5), 1959, 515-529.
[5]. M.T. Wilcko, W.M. Wilcko, and N.F. Bissada. An evidence-based analysis of periodontally accelerated orthodontic and osteogenic techniques: a synthesis of scientific perspectives. Seminars in Orthodontics , 14(4), 2008, 305-316.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Identification of human Thioredoxin as a potent redox protein in carcinogenesis
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Pradhaban.S, Revathy.C
	:	10.9790/0853-13226669

Abstract: Thioredoxins ("TRX") are ubiquitous 12-kDa oxidoreductase enzyme containing a dithiol-disulfide active site facilitating the reduction of other proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange. When thioredoxin levels are elevated there is increased cell growth and resistance to the normal mechanism of programmed cell death. An increase in thioredoxin levels seen in many human primary cancers compared to normal tissue appears to contribute to increased cancer cell growth and resistance to chemotherapy. Mechanisms by which thioredoxin increases cell growth include an increased supply of reducing equivalents for DNA synthesis, activation of transcription factors that regulate cell growth,

[1]. Therese Christina Karlenius and Kathryn Fay Tonissen , Thioredoxin and Cancer: A Role for Thioredoxin in all States of Tumor Oxygenation. Cancers 2010; 2:209-232
[2]. Ylermi Soini, Katriina Kahlos, Ulla Näpänkangas, et al. Widespread Expression of Thioredoxin and ThioredoxinReductase in Non-Small Cell Lung CarcinomaClin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 1750-1757.
[3]. Zhong, L., and Holmgren, A. Essential role of selenium in the catalytic activities of mammalian thioredoxin reductase revealed by characterization of recombinant enzymes with selenocysteine mutations.J. Biol. Chem., 275: 18121–18128, 2000.
[4]. Gasdaska, P., Oblong, J. E., Cotgreave, I. A., and Powis, G. The predicted amino acid sequence of human thioredoxin is identical to that of the autocrine growth factor human adult T-cell derived factor (ADF): thioredoxin mRNA is elevated in some human tumors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1218: 292–296, 1994.
[5]. Ueno, M., Masutani, H., Arai, R. J., Yamauchi, A., Hirota, K., Sakai, T., Inamoto, T., Yamaoka, Y., Yodoi, J., and Nikaido, T. Thioredoxin-dependent redox regulation of p53-mediated p21 activation.J. Biol. Chem., 274: 35809–35815, 1999.
[6]. Matthews, J. R., Wakasugi, N., Virelizier, J. L., Yodoi, J., and Hay, R. T. Thioredoxin regulates the DNA binding activity of NF-kB by reduction of a disulfide bond involving cysteine 62. Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 3821–3830, 1992.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Study Of Correlation Between Central Corneal Thickness And Intra Ocular Pressure Measurement Using Goldmann Applanation Tonometer And Rebound Tonometer
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr Bindu Malini, Dr Rajendra R., Dr Anita G, Dr Rohit Rao
	:	10.9790/0853-13227080

Abstract: Introduction: The purpose of this study was to note the influence of central corneal thickness on the intraocular pressure measurementand to compare rebound tonometer and Goldmannapplanation tonometerduring the recent 2 years in Ophthalmology OPD of JSS Hospital.

[1]. Ehler N, Bramsen T, Sperling S., Applanation tonometry and central corneal thickness, Acta Ophthal Copenh 1975;53:34-43.
[2]. JoAnn A. Giovani, Simon K. Law, Pearls of glaucoma management, pg79-80, 1st edition, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010.
[3]. Danias J, Kontiola AI, Filippopoulos T, Mittag T. Method for the noninvasive measurement of intraocular pressure in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:1138–41.
[4]. Krishnadas J. Prevalence of Glaucoma in India and the World. Tamil Nadu Journal of Ophthalmology, Dec 2009 : Vol. 47; issue 4: 13-6.
[5]. Shields MB. R, Allingham. Textbook of glaucoma, in: intra ocular pressure and tonometry. An overview of glaucoma, 5th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
[6]. Becker Shaffer's diagnosis and therapy of glaucoma, chapter: Introduction and classification of glaucoma, pg4-6,8th edition, Elsivier, Mosby.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Clinicopharmacological evaluation of drug interaction between Rifampicin and gliburide in Tuberculosis patients with Type II diabetes.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr.R.Suryanarayana Raju, Dr.G.V.Benerji, Dr.Srikanth Ravoori, Dr.Mounika Vaditya, Dr.Praneetha, Dr.Sowmya Adimulapu, Dr.V.A.N.Raju, Dr.P.Jayakara Babu
	:	10.9790/0853-13228184

Abstract: In our community Diabetes Mellitus and pulmonary Tuberculosis are still very common. The % of Pulmonary Tuberculosis among diabetic patients is nearly 27% by radiological diagnosis (377J IMA vol 100NO.6 june 2002). The % of diabetes among pulmonary tuberculosis patients is 6.5%. Both diseases are chronic and co-exist not commonly. It is said that if tuberculosis is uncontrolled inspite of meticulous anti TB treatment of tuberculosis patients suspect latent diabetes.

[1]. G.Acocella , Lepetit Research Laboratories, Italy 1980)
[2]. King H., Aubert R.E., Herman W.H.- Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025 prevalence, numerical estimates and projections, diabetes care 1998:21:1414-31.
[3]. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C., Kapur A., Vijay V., Das A.K. et al – Diabetes Epidemiology study group in India (SESI), high prevalence of diabetes and inpaired glucose tolerance in India- National urban Diabetes survey. Diabetalgia 2001; 44:1094-101.
[4]. Deshmukh M.D., Lungs and Diabetes, Review presented at the 3rd National Congress on diabetics, Bombay Nov. 1975.
[5]. WHO expert committee on diabetes mellitus. Second report WHO, Tech, Rep. Ser. 1980.646:1-80.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Collodion Baby: A Rare Case Report
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr.(col)D. Y Shrikhande, Dr. Rajib Chatterjee, Anuj Kumar, Inderdeep Kochar, Krishna Mandade, Mukesh vasoya
	:	10.9790/0853-13228587

Abstract: The term collodion baby is used for newborns in whom all the body surface is covered by thick skin sheets, so called "collodion membrane". Ichthyosis is an infrequent clinical entity worldwide (1:300,000 births). When diagnosed in a newborn, two forms can be identified: collodion baby and its most severe form, harlequin fetus or maligna keratoma. In both cases, clinical manifestations are thick and hard skin with deep splits.

1. D. van Gysel, R. L. P. Lijnen, S. S. Moekti, P. C. J. De Laat, and A. P. Oranje, “Collodion baby: a follow-up study of 17 cases,” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 472–475, 2002.
2. Cortina WJ, Cruz MJ, Villalobos OA, Espinoza MA. Ictiosis congenital (fetoarlequín). Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 1975; 32:699-702.
3. M. R. Judge, “Collodion baby and Harlequin ichthyosis,” in Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, J. Harper, A. Oranje, and N. Prose, Eds., pp. 118–125, Blackwell, Malden, Mass, USA, 2nd edition, 2006.
4. O’Connell JP. A collodion baby. Proc R Soc Med 1977;70:212-13.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Telemedicine and Teleradiology in Saudi Arabia
Country	:	Saudi Arabia
Authors	:	Maha Esmeal Ahmed, Mwahib Sid Ahmed Mohammed Osman Aldosh
	:	10.9790/0853-13228890

Abstract: Telemedicine offers the potential to alleviate the severe shortage of medical specialists in developing countries and promises to alleviate some of the difficulties rural doctors and hospitals have in accessing specialist advice in Saudi Arabia. Telemedicine programs between remote rural hospitals and central hospitals have been successfully implemented in Canada, USA, Australia and in Saudi Arabia

[1]. Report of the Oregon Telecommunications Coordinating Council,
[2]. http://www.ortcc.org/PDF/CouncilReport.pdf, Oregon Telecommunications Coordinating Council, Presented to the Joint Legislative Committee on Information Management and Technology, Seventy-Second Legislative Assembly, November 6, 2002 (Revised December 5, 2002)
[3]. 2.Strehle EM, Shabde N. One hundred years of telemedicine: does this new technology have a place in paediatrics. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 2006, 91(12):956–959.
[4]. Sood SP, et al. Differences in public and private sector adoption of telemedicine: Indian case study for sectoral adoption. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 2007, 130:257–268.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Clinical Utility of Radiation Medicine 99mTc-Methylene Di-phosphanate Bone Scintigraphy in the Early Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Karan Peepre, Deepak Shah, A.N. Tiwari1, R. Pisal
	:	10.9790/0853-13229193

Abstract:The value of 99mTc-Methylene diphosphanate (99mTc-MDP) bone scan in predicting development of bony destruction, swelling, new bone erosions and skeletal deformities in small joints and bones was studied by visual evaluation of bone scans. 99mTc-MDP was injected intravenously. 3 hours after the 99mTc-MDP injection, they have been underwent spot views of entire skeletons with planar scintigraphy in the anterior and posterior positions. All patients were examined under the Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) single head gamma camera imaging machine, equipped with a low-energy high-resolution parallel-hole collimator.

[1] Rheumatoid Arthritis.Arthritis Foundation.
[2] Brook A, Corbett M. Radiographic changes in early rheumatoid disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1977; 36: 71-3.
[3] Luukkainen R. Chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis with particular emphasis on the; effect of chrysotherapy on radiographical changes and on the optimal time of initiation of therapy. Scand J heumatol [Suppl] 1980; 34: 26-8.
[4] Dick W C, Deodhar S D, Provan C J, Nuki G, Buchanan W W.Isotope studies in normal and diseased joints: 99m-Tc uptake related to clinical assessment and synovial perfusion method by the 133-Xenon clearance technique. Clin Sci 1971; 40: 327-36.
[5] Oka M, Mottonen T, Rekonen A. Clinical results in the evaluation of peripheral joints by radionuclide methods. In:Kolarz G, Thumb N, eds. Methods of nuclear medicine in rheumatology. Stuttgart: Sqhattauer, 1982: 67-88.
[6] J. Christopher Buckland-Wright, Diana G. Macfarlane, Ignac Fogelman, et al.; Techetium 99m - methylene diphosphonate bone scanning in osteoarthritis hands, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular imaging Gateway(Springer), January 1991, Volume 18, Issue 1, pp 12-16 .

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Leadership in the Radiology field for teaching staff in Sudan during 2012-2013
Country	:	Saudi Arabia
Authors	:	Maha Esmeal Ahmed Esmeal, Mwahib Sid Ahmed Mohammed Osman Aldosh
	:	10.9790/0853-13229497

Abstract: The practice of radiology field are undergoing rapid change in the recent years due to technological advanced and the challenges and unique situations presented in higher education settings. Individuals in leadership positions need to have a strong set of leadership skills to affect positive change for radiology educators face many challenges but they have opportunities for trying to improve the quality of radiology education. The objective of this research is to create enough time to teach, to Provide adequate funds for education, to decide exactly what to teach, to Learn how to teach and to develope stable tools for evaluating the quality of teaching.

[1]. Ludmerer KM. Time to heal: American medical education from the turn of the century to the era of managed care. New York: Oxford University Press; 1999 Future work: faculty time in the 21st century. Change 1995;May/June:22-3
[2]. Watson RT. Rediscovering the medical school. Acad Med 2003;78: 659-65
[3]. Ludmerer KM. Instilling professionalism in medical education. JAMA1999;282:881-2.
[4]. Plater WM. Future work: faculty time in the 21st century. Change 1995;May/June:22-3
[5]. Gunderman RB, Williamson KB, Frank MF, Heitkamp DE, Kipfer HD.Learner-centered education. Radiology 2003;227:15-7.
[6]. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Home page.Available at: http://www.acgme.org.
[7]. Alderson PO. Noninterpretive skills for radiology residents. Introduction to series. Am J Roentgenol 1999;173:1451.
[8]. Watson RT. Rediscovering the medical school. Acad Med 2003;78:659-65.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluation of the Bond Strength of Ceramic to Nickel- Chromium Alloy with various proportions of Recast Alloy - An Invitro Study.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Priyanka Mahale, Dr. Gilsa K Vasunni, Dr. Pramod Kumar A V, Dr. Vinni T K, Dr. Rohit Sabnis
	:	10.9790/0853-132298102

Abstract: Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength and point of failure between ceramic and Nickel-Chromium alloys with various proportions of fresh and recast alloy. Materials and method: Fresh and once recast nickel-chromium alloy were used in various proportions and divided into 5 groups, group A, B, C, D, E with 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0% of fresh alloy respectively with 10 specimens in each group. All the metal specimens were veneered with VMK 95 ceramic and were then subjected to three point bend test and SEM analysis.

[1]. Lubovich RP, Goodkind RJ. Bond strength studies of precious, semiprecious, and nonprecious ceramic-metal alloys with two porcelains. J Prosthet Dent 1977 Mar;37(3):288-99.

[2]. Issac L, Bhat S. Effect of re-using nickel-chromium alloy on its ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and modulus of elasticity. Indian J Dent Res 1998;9:13-17.
[3]. Harcourt HJ, Riddihoug M and Osborne J. The properties of nickel-chromium alloys containing boron and silicon. Br Dent J 1970;12(9):419.

[4]. Nelson DR, Palik JF, Morris HF and Comella MC. Recasting a nickel-chromium alloy. J Prosthet Dent 1986 Nov;55(1):122-27.

[5]. Hesby DA, Kobes P, Garver DG, Pelleu GB. Physical properties of a repeatedly used nonprecious metal alloy. J Prosthet Dent 1980 Sep;44(3):291-93.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Isolation of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using a flocked swab elution transport system; with identification by PCR
Country	:	New Zealand
Authors	:	Aus Molan
	:	10.9790/0853-1322103108

Abstract: Admission screening is an essential part of the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Using collection systems that maintain viability and have high organism recovery, combined with accurate and rapid laboratory testing is critical for the success of a screening program. This review evaluates the performance of PCR testing, particularly the Roche LightCycler MRSA test, in the detection of MRSA. In addition, the clinical performance of the Copan Elution swab (ESwab) is reviewed.

[1] M Kuehnert, D Kruszon-Moran, H Hill, G McQuillan, S McAllister, G Fosheim, et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization in the United States, 2001–2002. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 193(2), 2006, 172-179.
[2] M Phino, S Filipe, H De Lencastre, and H Tomasz, A. Complementation of the Essential Peptidoglycan Transpeptidase Function of Penicillin-Binding Protein 2 (PBP2) by the Drug Resistance Protein PBP2A in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Bacteriology, 183 (22), 2006, 6525–6531.
[3] R Deurenberg, C Vink, S Kalenic, A Friedrich, C Bruggeman, and E Stobberingh. The molecular evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 13(3), 2007, 222-35.