iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2014

Abstract:The main aim of this review article is to highlight the most important clinical features of the lesions occurring on the lip and the tongue. Black hairy tongue, a disorder seen on the dorsum of the tongue showing a hairy appearance1, actinic chelitis- the main precancerous lesion of the lip2, oral hairy leukoplakia- a disorder of tongue seen in immunocompromised patients3, lymphangiomas which are the malformations of lymphatic vessels4, hemangiomas- the benign malformations of blood vessels occurring in the head and neck5, orofacial granulomatosis- a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by persistent or recurrent soft tissue enlargement6, mucocele- a benign, mucus containing cystic lesion of the minor salivary glands7 and carcinoma occurring on the lip and the tongue are the various lesions described in this article for a better understanding. The data collection for this review article was carried out independently through various published articles and online search.

Keywords: Actinic Chelitis, Hairy Leukoplakia, Hemangioma, Lymphangioma, Mucocele,, Orofacial Granulomatosis,

[1] Neville, Damm, Allen, Bouquot. Developmental Defects of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region. In: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 3rd ed. Noida: Elsevier; 2009.p.14.
[2] RenataAparecida, Martinez Antunes, Ribeiro Vieira, Eliana Maria, Minicucci, Mariangela Esther et al. Actinic cheilitis and squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: Clinical, histopathological and immunogenetic aspects. An Bras Dermatol. 2012; 87(1):105-14.
[3] Neville, Damm, Allen, Bouquot. Developmental Defects of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region. In: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 3rd ed. Noida: Elsevier; 2009.p.13-4. [4] MousumiGoswami, Sanjay Singh, [...], Amit Singh. Lymphangioma of the tongue.Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2011 Jan-Jun; 2(1): 86–8.
[5] Neville, Damm, Allen, Bouquot. Developmental Defects of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region. In: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 3rd ed. Noida: Elsevier; 2009.p.538-9.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Precancerous Lesions
Country	:	India
Authors	:	B.N.Radhika, Dr. Arathy S. Lankupalli
	:	10.9790/0853-13240608

Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT), also known as photoradiation therapy, phototherapy or photochemotherapy1 is a minimally invasive surgical technique, whose application in dentistry is growing rapidly to target the premalignant and malignant disorders in the head and neck, gastrointestinal tract, lungs and skin with reduced levels of morbidity2. It involves the use of a photoactive dye (photosensitizer) that is activated by exposure to light of a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen.

[1] Photodynamic Therapy in Dentistry, K. Konopka and T. Goslinski, J Dent Res 86(8):694-707, 2007
[2] Photodynamic Therapy in the management of Potentially Malignant and Malignant OralDisorders.WaseemJerjes, Zaid Hamdoon and Colin Hopper. Jerjes et al. Head & neck oncology 2012, 4:16. http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/4/1/16
[3] Photodynamic therapy in Oral Diseases. Sudhakara Reddy .R ,Ramya . Kotha , Ramesh Tatapudi , SubbarayuduGudapati , Sai Madhavai .N, Sai Kiran .CH. Int J Biol Med Res. 2012; 3(2): 1875-1883.
[4] Photodynamic therapy- A Novel Therapeutic approach in the management of Oral Premalignant and Malignant lesions. Mubeen, Kavitha. M. AOSR 2011;1(4):228-234.
[5] Overholt bf, Panjehpour M. Photodynamic Therapy for barrett's esophagus: Follow-up in 100 patients. gastrointestendosc1999; 49:1-7.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	"Study of ER, PR & HER-2/NEU reactivity pattern in the patient of Breast Cancer in northern part of india"
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Sumita A. Jain1, Dr. Laxman Aggrawal, Dr.Atul Ameta, Dr.Shravan Nadkarni, Dr.Aashish Goyal, Dr. Ranjan, Dr.Kusum Gaur
	:	10.9790/0853-13240919

Abstract: ER,PR, and HER2 represent the most acceptable factors for predicting prognosis, response or resistance to treatment, and potential use of newer drugs such as trastuzumab in the case of HER2 over-expression Objectives- To find out ER, PR, & HER2/neu reactivity in breast cancer patient. Methodology- This descriptive type of observational study included 203 cases of breast cancer.After confirming the diagnosis, either trucut biopsy or final biopsy specimen was employed to ascertain ER/PR status and HER2/neu receptor.

[1]. Slamon DJ, Clark GM, Wong SG, Levin WJ, Ullrich A and McGuire WL. Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science. 1987 Jan 9; 235(4785):177-82
[2]. Nidal M Almasari and Mohammad Al Hamad et al. Immunohistrochemical evaluation of human epidermal growth receptor 2 and estrogen and progesterone receptor in breast carcinoma in Jordan, Breast Cancer Research 2005
[3]. Franco Rilke, Maria Ines Colnaghi, Natale Cascinelli, Salvatore Andreola, Maria Teresa Baldini, Rosaria Bufalino, Alessandro Testori. Prognostic significance of her-2/neu expression in breast cancer and its relationship to other prognostic factors. International Journal of Cancer Volume 49, Issue 1, pages 44–49, 19 August 1991. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910490109
[4]. Hoff ER, Tubbs RR, Myles JL & Procop GW. HER-2/neu amplification in breast cancer. Stratification by tumor type and grade. Am J Clin Pathol 2002;49:110-3.
[5]. Lobna Ayadi, Abdelmajid Khabir, Habib Amouri, Sondes Karray, Abdallah Dammak, Mohamed Guermazi and Tahya Boudawara Correlation of HER-2 over-expression with clinicopathological parameters in Tunisian breast carcinoma-World Journal of Surgical Oncology 2008, 6:112.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Spectrum of Congenital Anomalies among Children Attending the Pediatric Departments of Dhaka Medical College Hospital
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Dr. Chowdhury Fazle Mubarak Bari
	:	10.9790/0853-13242046

Abstract: Congenital anomalies (CA), which refer to morphologic defects that occur during the process of human development in the womb usually clinically apparent at birth, are an important cause of mortality in newborns and a major cause of mortality and morbidity in children globally as well as Bangladesh, affecting not only the lives of the children but also their families, health care providers and societies. However, sufficient and up-to-date data regarding the variations of CA among children in Bangladesh especially of those who have survived after birth are largely lacking.

[1]. Congenital Anomalies. WHO Fact sheet N370, October 2012. Available from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs370/en/ (accessed on June 14, 2013)
[2]. Stevenson RE, et al. (eds): Human Malformations and Related Anomalies. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, p 115.
[3]. Kumar, Abbas, Fuasto, Mitchel. Robins Basic Pathology. 8th edtion. Elsevier Publications. Pages 252-236.
[4]. Kumar, Abbas, Fuasto. Robins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th edition. Elsevier Publications.2008. Pages 469-477.
[5]. James LM: Maps of birth defects occurrence in the U.S., birth defects monitoring program (BDMP)/CPHA, 1970-1987. Teratology 48:551, 1993 [6]. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008
[7]. Copeland GE, Kirby RS. Using birth defects registry data to evaluate infant and childhood mortality associated with birth defects: an alternative to traditional mortality assessment using underlying cause of death statistics. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2007;79(11): 792-7.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva: Case report and review of literature
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Laishram Trinity Meetei, Dr. Moirangthem Rameshwar Singh, .Dr. Naorem Nabakishore Singh, Dr. Laishram Deepak Kumar
	:	10.9790/0853-13244748

Abstract: Aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) is a rare mesenchymal benign tumor that preferentially involves the pelvic and the perineal region of relatively young females. The diagnosis of AAM should be considered when a female presents with an atypical vulvoperineal mass. We report a perimenopausal multiparous lady with AAM who presented with a big vulval mass.

Key word : AAM - Aggressive angiomyxoma

[1]. Steeper TA, Rosai J. Aggressive angiomyxoma of the female pelvis and perineum. Am J Surg Pathol 1983;7:463-75.
[2]. Magtibay PM, Salmon Z, Keeney GL, Podratz KC. Aggrresive angiomyxoma of the female pelvis and perineum : a case series. Int J
Gynaecol Cancer 2006;16(1):396-401.
[3]. Fetsch JF, LaskinWB, Lefkowitz M, Kindblom LG, Meis-Kindblom JM. Aggressive angiomyxoma: a clinicopathologic study of 29
female patients. Cancer 1996;78:79-90.
[4]. McCluggage WG,Jameison T,Dobbs SP, Grey A. Aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva: dramatic response to gonadotropin-releasing
hormone agonist therapy. Gynecol Oncol 2006;100: 623-5.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A retrospective study of 120 cases of duodenal perforation
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr R N Raikar1,Dr H Nagaraj, Dr Rajalakshmi, Dr Aneeta Mutgi, Dr Asha M N, Dr Arshiya Taj
	:	10.9790/0853-13244952

Abstract: A retrospective study of120 cases of duodenal perforation done between the years 2009 and 2011 to study the age incidence, sex preponderance, associated risk factors, complications , recovery time and mortality rate. A cross sectional retrospective and observational study involving 120 cases of duodenal perforation was conducted at SIMS & RC, SHIMOGA. The study included cases admitted from 1st October 2009 to 31st September 2012.a total of 120 cases were evaluated with respect to age, sex, risk factors, complications, recovery time and mortality. After analysis we found that 88 % were male and 12% were female.

[1] S. Das text book of surgery 6th edition : Chapter – 36 : The stomach and duodenum : page no:735
[2] Svanes C. Lie R.T, Kavle G, Svanes K, Soreide O: Perforated peptic ulcer over 56 years; time treads in patient characteristics. Gut 1993; 34:1666-71.
[3] Coggon D, Lambert P, Langman MJS: 20 Years of hospital admission for peptic ulcer in England and Wales. Lancet 1983
[4] Somasekhar R Menakuru: Current management of Peptic Ulcer Perforations. Pak J Med Sci 2004; 20(2):157-63.
[5] Gupta BS, Talukaardar RN, Nepane HC: Cases of Medical science, Bharatpur over period of one year. Katmandu Univ Med J 2003; 3:166-169.
[6] Rajesh V. Chandra SS, Smile SR: Risk factors Predicting Operative mortality in perforated peptic ulcer disease. Trop Gastroenterol 2003; 24:148-50.
[7] Mohammad Haleem Taj, Din Mohammad, Shoaib Ahmed Qureshi: Outcome of Omentopexy as primary repair in perforated duodenal ulcer. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2007; 17(12):731-5.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	3 C s - cleft lip, caries and congenitally missing teeth. Interdisciplinary management
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Reshma Dodawad, Dr. Pavithra S., Dr. Nazima, Dr. Girish M. S.
	:	10.9790/0853-13245357

Abstract: clefts of the lip and palate are one of the most common congenital craniofacial abnormalities seen in the practice of pediatric dentistry. It has been observed that these children have a higher caries experience compared to their non - cleft counterparts resulting in early pulpal involvement and gross destruction of teeth. They also have congenital anomalies like missing or supernumerary teeth and abnormal development and mineralization pattern of the tooth germs. The following case report documents the restoration of severely mutilated deciduous teeth and an attempt to save the second deciduous molars with missing permanent successors. Key words: caries, cleft lip, missing premolars.

1]. Sheeba Sani, Deepak Sharma. Esthetic and functional oral makeover of a 3 year old cleft palate patient suffering from early childhood
caries using unconventional techniques. J Clin Exp Dent 2011;3(2):158-61.
[2]. Yehoshua Shapira DMDa, Erwin Lubit DDSb, Mladen M. Kuftinec D Stom, DMD, ScDc. Congenitally missing second premolars in
cleft lip and cleft palate children., Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1999;15(4):396-400.
[3]. M.Okan Akcam, Sehrazat Evirgen, Ozge Uslu and Ufuk Toygar Memikoğlu. Dental anomalies in individuals with cleft lip and/or
palate. European Journal of Orthodontics 2010;32:207–213.
[4]. Nagesh Bolla, Balaram D Naik, Sarath Raj Kavuri, Lakshmi Deepa Velagala.Obturation of a Retained Primary mandibular Second
molar with Missing Successor Using Gutta-percha:A Case Report. JIDA;2011:5( 2):194-195.
[5]. J H Nunn, N E Carter, T J Gillgrass, R S Hobson, N J Jepson, J G Meechan & F S Nohl.
[6]. The interdisciplinary management of hypodontia: background and role of paediatric dentistry. British Dental Journal 2003;194(5):245
– 251.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Detection of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae: comparison of the Combination Double Disc Test Method and the Etest ESBL.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Anushree Basu, Uma Arumugam, Narahari Rao
	:	10.9790/0853-13245863

Abstract: To evaluate the performance of the Combination Double Disc Method in the identification of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 44 clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae isolates were examined. The ESBL classification furnished by Combination Double Disc Test Method was concordant with that of the comparison method (Etest ESBL and molecular identification of beta-lactamase genes) for 18 (41%) of the 44 isolates evaluated

1]. Teresa S, Maurizio S, Mario T, Tiziana D, Barbara F, Brunella P, et al. Evaluation of the New VITEK 2 Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Test for Rapid Detection of ESBL Production in Enterobacteriaceae Isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3257-62.
[2]. Leverstein-van HM, Fluit AC, Paauw A. Evaluation of the Etest ESBL and the BD Phoenix, VITEK 1, and VITEK 2 automated instruments for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in multiresistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3703–11.
[3]. Meex C, Melin P, Docquier JD, Kabasele T, Huynen P, Tujkens PM, et al. Presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceaea in the fecal flora of patients from general practice, ECCMID, Barcelona, Spain, 2008, p 631.
[4]. Ju- Hsin C, Chishih C, Lin- Hui S, Cheng- Hsun C, An-Jing K, Chien-Freng S, et al. Development of a Multiplex PCR and SHV Melting-Curve Mutation Detection System for Detection of Some SHV and CTX-M β-Lactamases of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4486- 91.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Exposure and Factors Influencing the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy AmongstType II Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Wan Muhamad Amir W Ahmad, Nor Azlida Aleng, NurfadhlinaAbdul Halim, MohdPouzi Hamzah, NorizanMohamed,Zalila Ali
	:	10.9790/0853-13246469

Abstract: The case of diabetic nephropathy often arisesamong people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The incident of diabetic nephropathy has increased dramatically in the last decade. Increasing case of diabetic nephropathy had worried to most of diabetic patient. A cross-sectional study was conducted andfocused on two areas:modeling the applied logistic regression and todetermine the factors that influence diabetic nephropathy mellitus using structural equation modelling in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan.

[1] Beatriz, A., Apodaca D.,Shah, E.,McCormack,V.,Cosío,F.G. & Ruiz-Holguín, R. 2010.Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose: cross-sectional study of multiethnic adult population at the United States-Mexico border, Rev PanamSaludPublica28(3).Pp 174-181.
[2] International Diabetes Federation. 2003. Diabetes Atlas. Executive Summary, 2nd edition. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation.
[3] Genuth. S., Alberti, K.G., Bennett, P., Buse, J., Defronzo, R., Kahn, R., Kitzmiller, J., Knowler, W.C., Lebovitz, H., Lernmark, A., Nathan D., Palmer, J., Rizza., R, Saudek, C., Shaw, J., Steffes, M., Stern, M., Tuomilehto, J., Zimmet, P. 2003. Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.Diabetes Care; 26:3160–7.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effectiveness of Various Diagnostic Tests in Diagnosing Dentinal Hypersensitivity-A Systematic Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Bollina Tejaswi, V. Susila Anand
	:	10.9790/0853-13247092

Abstract: Dentinal hypersensitivity has been defined as a short, sharp pain arising from exposed dentin as a result of various stimuli such as heat, cold, chemical or osmotic, that cannot be ascribed to any other pathology. Although dentin hypersensitivity is a common clinical condition and is generally reported by the patient after experiencing a sharp, short pain caused by one of several different external stimuli, it is often inadequately understood. The purpose of this review is to discuss different available diagnostic approaches and assessment methods used, in order to suggest a basis to diagnose, monitor, and measure these challenging painful conditions related to dentin hypersensitivity.

[1]. Christian R. Gernhardt -How valid and applicable are current diagnostic criteria and assessment methods for dentin hypersensitivity? An overview-Clinical Oral Investigation, 2013, Vol. 17 (Supplement 1):S31–S40.
[2]. Addy M, Smith SR Dentin hypersensitivity: an overview on which to base tubule occlusion as a management concept. J Clin Dent, 2010, 21:25–30
[3]. Orchardson R, Gillam DG Managing dentin hypersensitivity. J Am Dent Assoc, 2006, 137:990–998
[4]. Ide M The differential diagnosis of sensitive teeth. Dent Update, 1998, 25:462–466
[5]. Amarasena N, Spencer J, Ou Y, Brennan D Dentine hypersensitivity Australian dentists' perspective. Aust Dent J, 2010, 55:181–187

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Biologic Width - Critical Zone for a Healthy Restoration
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Maheaswari Rajendran, GollaUsha Rao, Logarani. A, SudagaranM, S Rohan Badgujar
	:	10.9790/0853-13249398

Abstract: Restorative procedures today are based mainly on esthetically driven treatment planning that relies on the position of the teeth and the position and architecture of the soft tissue.Esthetics must not interfere with the harmony of the supporting tissues which is emphasised by the term biologic width. The concept of Biologic Width has been widely described by periodontists and restorative dentists. An adequate understanding of relationship between periodontal tissues and restorative dentistry is vital to ensure adequate form, function and esthetics, and comfort of the dentition.

[1]. Gargiulo AW: Dimensions and relations of the dento gingival junction in humans, J Periodontol 1961;32:264.
[2]. Luis Antonia Fellippe, MonteiroJr, Luis Clovis, CardosaViera, ElitoAraujo. Reestabllishig biologic width with forced eruption.QuitessenceInt 2003;34:733-8
[3]. Ingber JS, Rose LF, Coslet JG. The "biologic width"—a concept in periodontics and restorative dentistry. Alpha Omegan 1977; 70(3):62-5.
[4]. Nevins M, Skurow HM. The intracrevicular restorative margin, the bilogic width, and the maintenance of gingival margin. INT J PeriodontRestor Dent 1984;4:30-49.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Updated Classification Schemes for Fibro-Osseous Lesions of the Oral & Maxillofacial Region: A Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr.Karan Rajpal, Dr.Raghav Agarwal, Dr.Richie Chhabra, Dr.Maumita Bhattacharya
	:	10.9790/0853-132499103

Abstract: Fibro-Osseous lesions [FOL] are a group of lesions which are known to affect the jaws and the craniofacial bones which is regarded as very confusing area in diagnostic pathology . The term refers to a diverse process in which the normal architecture of bone is replaced by fibrous tissue containing varying amount of foci of mineralization. Various classification systems have been put forward by various authors by extensive research methodologies. The purpose of this present article is to propose the various classification systems given by various authors which will enable us to adopt a uniform terminology and improve communications between clinicians, pathologist and surgeons.

Key Words: Fibro-Osseous lesions, WHO, Classification

[1]. Speight P.M, Carlos R. Maxillofacial fibro-osseous lesions .Current Diagnostic Pathology .2006;12:1-10

[2]. Bahl S, Sandhu S , Gupta M. BENIGN FIBRO‐OSSEOUS LESIONS OF JAWS‐ A REVIEW. INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL OF STUDENT'S RESEARCH. 2012;1(2):56-68

[3]. Hall G. Fibro-Osseous lesions of Head and Neck.Diagnostic Histoplathology .2012;18(4):149-158

[4]. Alawi F. Benign fibro-osseous diseases of the maxillofacial bones. A review and differential diagnosis. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002 Dec;118 Suppl:S50-70.

[5]. Waldron CA. Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1985 Apr;43(4):249-62.

[6]. Makek MS. So called "fibro-osseous lesions" of tumorous origin. Biology confronts terminology. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1987 Jun;15(3):154-67

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Microbial Diagnosis in Periodontics: Merits and Demerits: A Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. K. Malathi, Dr. K. Sharmila, Dr. Dhanesh Sable, Dr. Shabbir Ahamed
	:	10.9790/0853-1324104107

Abstract: Oral microbiology plays a major role not only in etiology but also our ability to prevent and treat oral diseases. Rapid and specific tests to identify the bacteria have facilitated increased testing by clinicians. However, results must be interpreted with regard to current concepts of etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Various techniques/methods have been described for microbial diagnosis. This paper addresses the different microbiological diagnostic aids and their short comings.

Key Words:Microbial analysis, diagnostic aids, merits and demerits.

[1] Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 9th Edition, newman , Advanced Diagnostic techniques- advances in microbiological analysis. Chapter 34, 495-498.
[2] Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 10th edition, Advanced Diagnostic techniques- advances in microbiological analysis, chapter 37, 587-594.
[3] Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 11th edition Advanced Diagnostic techniques- advances in microbiological analysis, chapter 37, 1353-1359.
[4] Essential of periodontology, Sahitya Reddy S, microbiological diagnostic aids in periodontology, chapter-46, page 467-474.
[5] Text book of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, DrAshitaUppoor, DrDilip G Nayak, Dr Mahesh C.P, advanced diagnostic methods, aids in microbiological diagnosis, page 255, chapter 32.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Gallstone ileus- An uncommon cause of bowel obstruction: A case report and review of literature.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Gopalakrishnan G, Debasis Naik, V. Bhandari, M. Tandon
	:	10.9790/0853-1324108111

Abstract: Gallstone ileus occurs when gallstone migrates from the gallbladder to the bowel through a cholecysto-enteric fistula, causing mechanical bowel obstruction. It is an uncommon cause of bowel obstruction. It occurs almost exclusively in the elderly, and accounts for 25% of mechanical small bowel obstruction in patients over the age of 65 years. Clinical diagnosis of gallstone ileus is difficult and usually depends on the radiographic findings. We present a case of 70 year old female with history of unstable angina, who presented with small bowel obstruction owing to a large gallstone in ileum.

Keywords: Gallstone ileus, Bowel obstruction, Cholecysto-enteric fistula, Enterolithotomy.

[1]. Reisner RM, Cohen JR. Gallstone ileus: A review of 1001 reported cases. Am Surg. 1994; 60: 441- 446.
[2]. Chen-Wang C, Shou-Chuan S, Shee-Chau L, Cheng-Hsin C.Gallstone ileus: A disease easily ignored in the elderly. Int J Gast enterology. 2008; 2(1): 18-21.
[3]. Chatterjee S, Tamonas C, Goutan G, Ambar G.Gallstone ileus an atypical presentation and unusual location.Int J Surj. 2008; 6(6):e55-e56.
[4]. Hernandez C, Heuman D, Vlahcevid ZR. Pathophysiology of disease associated with deficiency of bile acids. Principles and practice of Gastroentrology and hepatology. New York: Elsevier Science. 1988; 348-95.
[5]. Elabsi M, Amraoui M, Errougani A, Chkof MR. Diagnosis and treatment: gallstone ileus.Digestive and liver disease. 2007; 39:180-181.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Antibiotic Resistance – A Concern for Dentists?
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Karibasappa G.N, Dr.Sujatha A
	:	10.9790/0853-1324112118

Abstract: Background: Antibiotic overuse and misuse among dentists was found to be substantial. Exploration of scientific literature revealed very limited studies in India assessing the antibiotic prescription pattern among dentists. Objective: The present survey was carried to assess the antibiotic prescription pattern, awareness on antibiotic resistance and measures taken to combat antibiotic resistance among dentists at Dhule city of Maharashtra.

[1]. Dar-Odeh NS, Abu-Hammad OA, Al-Omiri MK, Khraist AS, Shehabi AA. Antibiotic prescribing practices by dentist: a review. TherClin Risk Manag. 2010:6 301-306.
[2]. Stratton CW. Dead bugs don‟t mutate: susceptibility issues in the emergence of bacterial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 10-16.
[3]. Khan K, Muennig P, Behta M, Zivin JG. Global drug resistance patterns and the management of latent tuberculosis infection in immigrants to the United States. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1850-1859.
[4]. Musoke RN, Revathi G. Emergence of multidrug-resistant gram negative organisms in a neonatal unit and the therapeutic implications. J Trop Pediatr 2000; 46: 86-91.
[5]. Levy SB. The antibiotic paradox: how the misuse of antibiotics destroys their curative powers. 2nd edition. Cambridge, MA: Perseus; 2002.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Myelomatous Meningitis- a case report and review of literature
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Hegde V. K, Bajpai. M
	:	10.9790/0853-1324119120

Abstract: Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a neoplastic disease of plasma cells characterized by the production of monoclonal immunoglobulin. Myelomatous meningitis is a rare occurrence in multiple myeloma. The signs and symptoms of meningeal myelomatosis are non-specific. The diagnosis of meningeal myelomatosis depends on the demonstration of malignant plasma cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. A combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy is the usual treatment. We report the case of a woman with myelomatous meningitis. Multiple myeloma was diagnosed by serum protein electrophoresis and bone marrow aspiration.This case and a review of the literature show that clinical manifestations of meningeal myeloma are non-specific .

Keywords: Multiple Myeloma,Myelomatous Meningitis,Bone marrow

[1] Bruyn GAW, Zwetsloot CP, Niewkoop JAV, Ottolander GJD, Padberg GW. Cranial nerve palsy as a presenting feature of
[2] secondary plasma cell leukaemia. Cancer 1987,60(4):906-909.
[3] Henry;s clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods.21st edn,chap.28.pg429.
[4] Chang H, Barlett ES, Patterson B, Chen CI,Yi QL. The absence of CD56 on malignant plasma cells in the CSF is the hallmark of
MM involving the CSF. British J Hematol;129:539-541.
[5] Price RA,Johnson WW. The CNS in childhood leukaemia:the arachnoid. Cancer 1973;31:520-533.
[6] Spier ASD, Halpern R, Ross SC et al. Meningeal myelomatosis. Arch Intern Med 1980;140:256-259.