iosr-JEEE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2015

Abstract: In this paper, the importance of energy auditing and process of energy auditing are presented in detail. A sincere attempt has been made to conduct the Energy Audit at Nandi Institute of Technology & Management Sciences, Bangalore, to estimate the Energy consumed in a day, week and month. Identification of areas of energy wastage and estimation of energy saving potential in the Canteen, all Departments and Institute Central Facilities has been made by walk-through energy Audit. Also, detailed analysis of data collected is done by suggesting cost-effective measures to improve the efficiency of energy use. Estimation of implementation costs and payback periods for each recommended action has been made. The results & vital information generated through these activities are documented. The Energy Auditing for a day is the index of the consumption which normalizes the situation of Energy crisis by providing the conservation schemes.

Keywords: Energy audit, Energy Consumption, Energy management, Estimation, energy conservation

[1]. W. Lee, R. Kenarangui, "Energy management for motors, systems, and electrical equipment, " IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications; vol. 38, no. 2, March/April 2002, pp. 602-607.
[2]. P.S. Hamer, D.M. Lowe, S.E. Wallace, "Energy efficient induction motors performance characteristics and life cycle cost comparisons for centrifugal loads", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications; vol. 33, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 1997, pp. 1312–1320. [3]. Dr.K.Umesha "Energy Audit Report On a Technical Institute", (IOSR-JEEE) ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 4, Issue 1 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 23-37.
Theses:
[3]. sheikh jellar rehman "ENERGY AUDIT IN TECHNO INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SALT LAKE CAMPUS" School of energy studies, jadavpur university, kolkata-700 032. 2008-2009.
[4]. Chikku Abraham, George Mel & Jose Victor "ENERGY AUDIT OF IIT-BOMBAY CAMPUS" IIT-BOMBAY, 2008.
[5]. Energy Audit Team "ENERGY AUDIT OF IIT-ROORKEE CAMPUS" IIT-ROORKEE, January 2010.

Abstract: In the Energy Management system, the main constraints are accurate metering, energy theft and implementation of proper tariff as well as billing system. This can be achieved by using Smart Meters. An energy calculation through smart meter is proposed for automatic meter data collection, give intimation through messages displayed on LED and energy auditing. This paper makes the consumer an active part of Energy Management duly monitoring the various parameters like voltage, current, power factor etc., directly in the Smart meter, (or) in the PC through RS 485 and necessary precautionary measures can be taken to improve power factor, and to minimize energy loss.

Key Terms: Energy Management, Energy Conservation, Demand Side Management, Smart Meters, Time Of Day Tariff.

[1]. Executive Summary Power Sector, Government of India, Ministry of Power Central Electricity Authority New Delhi, July -2014. Available online: http://cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executive_r ep/jul14.pdf
[2]. K. L. Lam, H. Y. Tung, L. T. Lee and K. F. Tsang, ZigBee Automatic Meter Reading System – Beeline of Metering, Proc. IEEE Microwave Conference, Asia-Pacific, , 2008, 1-4.
[3]. V. V. Das, Wireless Communication System for Energy Meter Reading, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Advances in Recent Technologies in Communication and Computing, Kerala, October, 2009, 896-898.
[4]. A. Abdollahi, M. Dehghani and N. Zamanzadeh, SMS-based Reconfigurable Automatic Meter Reading System, Proc. IEEE 16th International Conference on Control Applications, Singapore, October 2007, 1103-1107.

Abstract: This paper presents a novel design of a smart and efficient Manufacturing Execution System (MES) to acquire data from the shop floor in a factory. With increasing complexities in the production process, improving industrial productivity using production information systems is a challenge for all industries in the world. Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES), since their introduction in the factory environment, are gaining popularity due to their ability to control and monitor production process using integrated data. However, employers/managers are still confronting with many complications in understanding huge information on the production process and reacting quickly based on such information. In this paper, we propose the design of NIRMAN Factory Information System (FIS)-A Smart MES to enable the control and monitoring of multiple factors of the production process like assembly line, personnel, quality control, safety, etc. NIRMAN FIS, a MES based on Android Smartphone, presents data about factory environment and factory operations on the manager's smartphone screen and helps him to react and take important decisions quickly and flexibly.

[1] Robert L. Boylestad, and Louis Nashelsky, "DC Biasing-BJTs," in Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10th ed. New Delhi, India: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2013, pp. 220–222.
[2] Robert L. Boylestad, and Louis Nashelsky, "Other Two-Terminal Devices," in Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10th ed. New Delhi, India: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2013, pp. 814-817.
[3] Heiko Meyer, Franz Fuchs, and Klaus Thiel, "Factory of the Future," in Manufacturing Execution Systems, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009, pp. 5-30.
[4] Seung Woo Lee, So Jeong Nam, and Jai-Kyung Lee "A Real-time 4M Collecting Method for Production Information System," World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 64, Apr. 2012.

Abstract:Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of small nodes with sensing, calculation and wireless communications capability. Many routing, capacity management, and data circulation protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy alertness is an needed method issue. The final development in the wireless network is the main condition for us to choose this topic. The focus has been given to the routing protocols which might differ depending on the application and network architecture. In this paper, we present a analyses of the state-of-the-method routing techniques in WSNs. We first diagram the design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs followed by an exhaustive of some of the routing techniques. Overall, the routing techniques are classified into three categories based on the underlying network structure: flat, hierarchical, and location-based routing .These protocols can be divided into lifetime -based, and Qos-based, depending on the protocol operation. We review the design trade-offs between energy and communication upward savings in some of these routing paradigm. We also mention the advantages and achievement issues of each routing technique.
Keywords: Sensor Networks; Clustering Routing; LEACH; C LEACH;TL-LEACH, PEGASIS.

[1]. SasikumarM,Dr.R.Anitha,February2014."Performance Evaluation of Heterogeneous HEED Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Volume 3, Issue 2.
[2]. Abderrahim BENI HSSANE , Mosley Lahcen HASNAOUI ,2010. "Improved and Balanced LEACH for heterogeneous s wireless sensor networks", Ben Alla Said et al. / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Volume. 02, Number 08.
[3]. V.Mhatre and C. Rosenberg, "Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous clustered sensor networks: A comparative study," in Proceedingsof 2004IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2004) June 2000.
[4]. Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Hari Balakrishnan, January 2000."Energy-Efficient CommunicatioProtocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks"Copyright 2000 IEEE. Published in the Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 4-7, 2000, Maui, Hawa
[5]. W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan. "uAMPS ns Code Extensions". http://wwwmtl.mit.edu/research/icsystems/uamps/ leach..

Abstract: The scattering properties of a conducting cylinder coated withan anisotropic chiral material have been investigated by using Mie's approach. By using the boundary conditions across thefree space, anisotropic chiral layer and the perfect electric conductor interfaces, a set of six equations having six unknowns scattered coefficients are obtained which are solved numerically by Cramer's rule. The influence of chirality, permittivity, and permeability on differential scattering cross section and the variations with respect to different parameters are studied. The numerical results of the electromagnetic scattering response are presented. Uniaxial chiral layer is a special case for chiral material. The knowledge gained by this study is useful in many applications such as biological studies, medicine, telecommunication, meteorological studies etc. The results are compared with available literatures which are in good agreement under special conditions.

Keywords: Scattering, Perfect Electric Conductor, Chiral Material,Co-polarized, Cross-polarized, Scattering Cross-section.

[1] S. Bassiri, C. H. Papas and Nader Engheta, "Electromagnetic Wave Propagation through a Dielectric Chiral Interface and Through a Chiral Slab", Journal of Optical Society of America, Vol. 5,pp. 9, September 1988.

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[3] V. Lindell and A. H. Sihvola,"Plane-wave reflection from uniaxial chiral interface and its application to polarizationtransformation," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, Vol. 43, pp. 1397-1404, Dec. 1995.

[4] Priou (ed.), Bianisotropic and Biisotropic Media and Applications(EMW Publisher, Boston, 1994). [5] Vande Hulst H C, Light Scattering by Small Particles(McGraw Hill, New York, 1941).

[6] Mie G,"Beitr¨ agezurOptiktr¨ uberMedien, spezellkolloidalevMetall¨osungerAnn.",Phys. 25, pp.377–445, 1908.

[7] Stratton, J.A. Electromagnetic Theory(New York, McGraw Hill, 1941).

Abstract: In speech communication, quality and intelligibility of speech is of utmost importance for ease and accuracy of information exchange. The speech processing systems used to communicate or store speech are usually designed for a noise free environment but in a real-world environment, the presence of background interference in the form of additive background noise and channel noise drastically degrades the performance of these systems, causing inaccurate information exchange and listener fatigue. Speech enhancement algorithms attempt to improve the performance of communication systems when their input or output signals are corrupted by noise..

[1]. Anis Ben Aicha", IEEE "Adaptive Noise Smoothing for Speech Enhancement Filters", vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 113-120, Apr. 1979..enhancing speech corrupted by coloured noise", in Proc. ICASSP2002, vol. 4, pp. IV-4164, May 2002.
[2]. Ante Juki´c1, Toon van Waterschoot2, Timo Gerkmann1, Simon Doclo1(2014), "Speech Dereverbersation with Multi-Channels Linear Prediction And Sparse Priors For The Desired SIGNAL", Hands-free Speech Communication and Microphone Arrays (HSCMA), 2014 4th Joint Workshop pp.23-26.
[3]. Amro, I.(2013), "Higher Compression Rates for Code Excited Linear Prediction Coding Using Lossless Compression", DOI: 10.1109/ICCE-Berlin.2013.6698057 IEEE Third International Conference.
[4]. A. Rezayee and S. Gazor, "An adaptive KLT approach for speech enhancement", IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 87-95, Feb. 2001.

Abstract: In this paper, a method for minimization of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is proposed in case of PWM inverter. Inverters are widely used in many applications such as in the UPS and ac motor drives resulting in harmonics production. A phase compensation Resonant Controller (RSC) is proposed for 1-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter using MATLAB simulation. The simulation results are then compared with State Feedback Controller (SFC) and State Vector Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controller provided to approach the system.

Keywords: Total harmonic distortion (THD), Pulse width modulation (PWM) , Resonant controller (RSC), Feedback controller, State vector PWM controller etc.

[1]. Yaskawa, "Minimizing Total Harmonic Distortion Values", Yaskawa Electric America, Inc, vol. 1, pp. 2-4, 2006.
[2]. Yang Yinfu, Liu Jingbo and Zhou Dangsheng, "Pulse by Pulse Current Limiting Technique for SPWM Inverters", International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, PEDS, vol. 4, July 1999.
[3]. R .Karthikeyan, "An Efficient Multilevel Inverter System for Reducing THD with Space Vector Modulation", International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) vol. 23, pp. 2, June 2011.
[4]. Yunhu Yang, Keliang Zhou, "Phase Compensation Resonant Controller for PWM Converters", IEEE Transactions on industrial informatics, vol. 9, no. 2, May 2013.
[5]. Carlos Alberto Lozano Espinosa, "Minimization of THD and Angle calculation for Multilevel Inerters", International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS vol.12 No. 05 ,October 2012.
[6]. Keliang Zhou and Danwei Wang, "Digital Repetitive Learning Controller for Three-Phase CVCF PWM Inverter" IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, August 2001.

Abstract: The voltage stability can be assessed accurately using different methods viz. P-V curves, L-index and Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI). These indices can either reveal the critical bus or line of a power system. P-V curves, FVSI and L indices are used to identify the most critical n-1 contingency. The optimal location of the shunt compensator can be identified with maximum value of stability indices of all buses and lines. The optimal capacity of the shunt compensator is computed using fictitious Generator at weakest bus. Power flow is carried out by placing the optimal sized shunt compensator at weakest bus and results shows the effectiveness of the shunt compensator. The comparative analyses have been carried out for the fixed shunt compensator, Synchronous Phase Modifier and Static Var Compensator against load variations.

[1]. N.G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, IEEE Press, New York, USA, 1999
[2]. A Study on Static Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicators by Renuga Verayiah and Izham Zainal Abidin.
[3]. Dynamic Voltage Collapse Prediction on a Practical Power System Using Power Transfer Stability Index Muhammad Nizam, Student Member, IEEE, Azah Mohamed, Senior Member, IEEE, Aini Hussain, Member, IEEE.
[4]. Evaluation of Voltage Stability Indices (VSI) Using Genetic Algorithm, 2010 IEEE International Energy Conference by Muhammad Tami Al-Hajri and M. A. Abido.
[5]. M Tagare, Reactive Power Management, McGraw-Hill Publication, India,1982.

Abstract:In this paper, we study the Direct Torque Control (DTC) of an Induction Motor coupled to an Inverter (Inv-IM). DTC permits to control directly the stator flux and the torque by selecting the appropriate inverter state. DTC has been introduced because it presents several advantages in comparison to other techniques such as voltage/frequency control, vector control and field control. In this paper, we first model the DTC of Inv-IM as a hybrid system (HS). Then, we abstract the continuous dynamics of the HS in terms of discrete events. We thus obtain a discrete event model of the HS. And finally, we use Supervisory Control Theory of DES to drive Inv-IM to a desired working point.
Keywords: DTC, automaton, DES, Controler, IM, Inv

[1]. A. A. Pujol. Improvments in direct Control of Induction Motors.PhD thesis, Department of Electronical ingineering, Polytechnical University of Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain, November 2000.
[2]. J. L. Romeral. Optimizaci´on de Modelos de Control Digital para Motores (AC). PhD thesis, Department of Electronical Engineering, Polytechnical University of Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain, June 1995.
[3]. D. Bedford. Control Vectorial Adaptativo de Motores As´ıncronos de Inducci´on. PhD thesis, Department of Electronical Engineering, Polytechnical University of Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain, October 1999.
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Abstract: Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are energy conversion devices, which unlike conventional heat engines are entirely solidstate;extremely reliable, safe, simple, compact andenvironmentally friendly.This paper presents implementations and verification of models of thermoelectric generator modules using Matlab/Simulink. Mathematical models of thermoelectric module for thermoelectric generators have been well developed to simulate their corresponding behaviours and analyse their performance. The TEG models proposed herein are compatible with Matlab/Simulink libraries for further DC and AC electronic circuit simulation.

[1]. Maria Theresa de Leon et al. / Design and modelling of SOI-based solar thermoelectric generators/ P rocedia Engineering 47 (2012) 76 –79
[2]. Tsai and Lin/ Model Building and Simulation of Thermoelectric ModuleUsingMatlab/Simulink/ Journal of ELECTRONIC MATERIALS, Vol. 39, No. 9
[3]. Matsubara K, Matsuura M. Thermoelectric applications to vehicles. In: Rowe D, ed. Thermoelectric Handbook: Macro toNano, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group; 2006.
[4]. Savage N. Photon recycling breaks solar power record. IEEE Spectrum 2011;48(8):16.
[5]. Chen G. Theoretical efficiency of solar thermoelectric generators. J ApplPhys2011; 109:10498.
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Abstract: In this paper, first, DC speed motor control by flyback switching power supply has been reviewed and Optimum Symmetric Controlling Method (Kessler Method) has been utilized to control converter's switch-on and switch-off time. Converter simulation and designed controller is required to assure design accuracy. Despite using powerful simulation software, simulation is seen to be very time-consuming. Therefore, a model is required to decrease the simulation time considerably and yet keep precision. Graph Modeling has been used as a precise, simple, and efficient, method to model DC-to-DC converters. Thus, flyback DC-to-DC converter was modeled by employing this method and the rendered model was simulated. A comparison between results of the converter's own simulation and that of the rendered model show that, using the rendered model has decreased the time of simulation to a considerable extent, while keeping the precision.

Keywords - Graph model, Flyback converter, Kessler Method, Chopper converter, DC Drive.

[1] W. E. Newell, "Power Electronics-Emerging from limbo," IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1973 Record, pp. 6-12
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Abstract: By implementing this idea, we can overcometrajectory tracking problem of wheeled mobile robot by using discrete-time sliding mode controller. The mobile robot having two differentially driving wheels (2DW) and two balancing caster taken into account as powerboat. It is an automated guided system which is specially equipped and designed for intelligent delivery, autonomous and handling of large payload. Mobile robot member is one of the powerboat of pioneer family of mobile robot, which have research development platform which share a common architecture of, employ-intelligent based client-server robotic controls and foundation software. PowerBot is perfect robot for both, indoor and outside transportation because it has high load carrying capacity and small size. The algorithm which is in the form of discrete-time domain which is used to avoid problem caused by discretization of persistent time controllers. The adequacy of the proposed controller is proved by simulation result and real time result.

Keywords: Sliding mode control, discrete-time tracking control, non-holonomic system.

[1]. Z.JinagandH.Nijmeijer, "Arecursive technique fortracking control of nonholonomic systems in chained form", IEEE Trans. Automatic Control,vol44,pp.265-279,1999
[2]. V.I.Utkin, J.GuldnerandJ.Shi, "Sliding mode control in electromechanical systemsTaylor&Francis, London, 1999.
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[5]. R.Solea,"Sliding mode control applied in trajectory-tracking of WMRs and autonomous vehicles", PhDThesis, University ofCoimbra, Portugal, 2009
[6]. Z.P.Yuan, Z.P.WangandQ.J.Chen,"Trajectory trackingcontrolofa nonholonomicmobile robot",8thIEEEInternationalConferenceon ControlandAutomation, pp. 2207–2211,Xiamen, China,June2010.

Abstract: In this paper the hybrid combination of Erbium doper fiber amplifier and Raman amplifier are projected for dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) 64×20Gbps system. The evaluation of the system has been done in terms of gain and gain flatness at both of the stages using some gain equalization technique the hybrid optical amplifier has gain flatness of 2.5 dB and the maximum gain of 21dB is observed .The gain flattening is also observed for varied input pump power.

Keywords:-HOA: Hybrid Optical Amplifier , Gain , Gain flatness , DWDM :Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing.

1]. Simranjit Singh, R.S. Kaler Multistage gain-flattened hybrid optical amplifier at reduced wavelength spacing, Optik 125 (2014) 5357–5359.
[2]. S. Singh, R.S. Kaler, Performance evaluation of 64 × 10Gbps and 96 × 10Gbps DWDM system with hybrid optical amplifier for different modulation formats , Optik 123 (24) (2012) 2199–2203
[3]. S. Singh, R.S. Kaler, Investigation of hybrid optical amplifiers with different modulation formats for DWDM optical communication system, Optik 124 (15)(2013) 2131–2134.
[4]. H.S. Seo, W.J. Chung, J.T. Ahn, A novel hybrid silica wide-band amplifier covering S + C + L bands with 105-nm bandwidth, Photon. Technol. L ett. 17 (2005)1830–1832.
[5]. S. Singh, R.S. Kaler, Novel optical flat gain hybrid amplifier for dense wave-length division multiplexed system, Photon. Technol. L ett. 26 (2) (2014)173–176.
[6]. S. Singh, R.S. Kaler, Placement of hybrid optical amplifier in fiber optical communication systems, Optik 123 (18) (2012) 1636–1639
[7]. S. Singh, R.S. Kaler, Hybrid optical amplifiers for 64 × 10Gbps dense wavelength division multiplexed system, Optik 124 (12) (2013) 1311–1313.