iosr-JEEE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2015

Abstract: Multilevel inversion is a power conversion strategy used to synthesize a desired AC voltage from several levels of DC voltages with reduced total harmonic distortion. These multilevel inverters are used to increase inverter operating voltage, to minimize total harmonic distortion and to reduce electromagnetic induction due to lower voltage steps. The advantages of this multilevel approach include good power quality, good electromagnetic compatibility and low switching losses. This project proposes to study various multilevel inverter topologies like diode clamped inverter, capacitor clamped inverter and cascaded multi-cell inverter operating on several modulation techniques such as single pulse width modulation, sinusoidal pulse width modulation and delta modulation.

[1] P. D. Ziogas, "The delta modulation techniques in static PWM inverters", IEEE Transactions on Ind. Applications, Mar/Apr. 1981, pp. 199-204.
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[3] A. von Jouanne, P. Enjeti, and W. Gray, "Application issues for PWM adjustable speed AC motor drives,"IEEE Ind. Applicat. Mag., vol. 2, pp.
10–18, Sept./Oct. 1996.
[4] [2] J. M. Erdman, R. J. Kerkman, D. W. Schlegel, and G. L. Skibinski, "Effect of PWM inverters on AC motor bearing currents and shaft voltages" IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 32, pp. 250–259, Mar./Apr. 1996.

Abstract: This paper proposes PID controller tuning for time delayed process(BLDC Motor) using particle swarm optimization. The Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) structure is mainly used to achieve the desired output in case of closed loop control systems in most of the industry applications. In PID controller it is difficult to obtain the proper values of the controlling parameters Kp, Ki and Kd. The paper describes the design of dynamic control system model with PID controller and the values of the controlling parameters Kp, Ki and Kd are computed by using stochastic global search method i.e. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) speed control of a brushless DC motor (BLDC). It is an efficient and fast tuning scheme compare to other conventional techniques. The (BLDC) motor is modeled in simulink in Matlab.

[[1]. C.L.Lin, H.Y.Jan, Evolutionarily multiobjective PID control for linear brushless DC motor, in: Proc. Of IEEE Int. Conf Industrial Elect. Society(3) Nov. 2002, pp. 2033-2038.
[2]. Huang Han, Qin Hu, HaoZhifeng, Lim Andrew. Example-based learning particle swarm optimization for continuous optimization. Inform Sci 2012;182(1):125–38.
[3]. Pooja Sharma et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application,Tuning of PID Controller for A Linear Brushless DC Motor using Swarm Intelligence Technique Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 7), May 2014, pp.125-128
[4]. M.P.Prasanna Kumar, P. Devendra, R. SrinivasaRao, IndranilSaaki, Optimal Tuning of PID Controller for a Linear Brushless DC Motor using Particle Swarm Optimization Technique International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1416-1420.
[5]. Namami Krishna Sharmal, D.Suresh Babu2, and Dr.S.c. Choube3 Application of Particle Swarm OptimizationTechnique for Reactive Power Optimization IEEE- International Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012

Abstract: In this paper, we present a design and development of a cost effective with efficient PV charge controller. This PV solar charge controller works with DC-DC converter topology for battery charging. The system is implemented using inexpensive and limited hardware components and the results for different PV cell and battery voltage levels. This PV charge controller module combined with regulated voltage and current, suitable for on and off automatic switch.

[1]. Nowshad Amin , Lam Zi Yi and Kamaruzzaman Sopian , "Microcontroller based smart charge controller for standalone photovoltaic power system" 978-1-4244-2950-9/09/2009IEEE.
[2]. J.H.Lee, H.S.Bae & B.H.Cho, "Resistive control for a photovoltaic battery charging system using a microcontroller‟, IEEE transactions on Industrial Electronics,Vol 55, No.7, pp. 2767-2775, July 2008.
[3]. X. Jiang, J. Polastre, and D. Culler, "Perpetual Environmentally Powered Sensor Networks," Proc. 4th Int'l Conf. Information Processing in Sensor Networks/Special Track on Platform Tools and Design Methods for NetworkEmbedded Sensors (IPSN/SPOTS), Los Angeles, CA, Apr. 2005.
[4]. Anand, S.; Farswan, R.S.; Mangu, B.; Fernandes, B.G., "Optimal charging of battery using solar pv in standalone dc system," Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2012), 6th IET International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1,6, 27-29 March 2012

Abstract: With the rapid deployment probability of fossil fuels and fast development of renewable energy technology, the renewable sources use are being promoted for various applications to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. Integration of these sources as Hybrid Energy System (HES) is better option as a small scale alternative source of electrical energy. Wind/PV HES is more economical and reliable than a single PV or wind turbine for their complementary nature both in time and geography. And combination of these sources with diesel generator is better option for un-electrified remote areas as compare to diesel generator alone.

[[1]. (2014, Mar.) [Online]. www.indianpowersector.com
[2]. T. Urmee, D. Harries, and A. Schlapfer, "Issues related to rural electrification using renewable energy in developing countries of Asia and Pacific ," Renewable Energy , vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 354-357, 2009.
[3]. S. R. Bull, "Renewable energy today and tomorrow," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89, no. 8, pp. 1216-1226, Aug. 2001.
[4]. A. Chauhan and R. P. Saini, "A review on Integrated Renewable Energy System based power generation for stand-alone applications: Configurations, storage options, sizing methodologies and control ," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , vol. 38, no. 0, pp. 99-120, 2014.
[5]. J. E. M. S. Paiva and A. S. Carvalho, "An integrated hybrid power system based on renewable energy sources," in Industrial Electronics, 2009. IECON '09. 35th Annual Conference of IEEE, Nov. 2009, pp. 4548-4554.

Abstract: This paper proposes the direct current vector control for direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generators for wind application. Permanent magnet synchronous generators based wind system is proposed in this paper and also this paper presents comparisons between the modelling of conventional method and proposed vector controlled mechanism. An optimal control configuration is presented, Total circuit configuration is designed and simulated in MATLAB software and simulation results are also presented in this paper.

Keywords - PMSG Based wind system, MATLAB software, SIMSCAPE Library.

[1]. R. Zavadil, N. Miller, A. Ellis, And E. Muljadi, ―Making Connections: Wind Generation Challenges And Progress,‖ Ieee Power Energy Mag., Vol. 3, No. 6, Pp. 26–37, Nov. 2005.
[2]. Z. Chen, J. M. Guerrero, And F. Blaabjerg, ―A Review Of The State Of The Art Of Power Electronics For Wind Turbines,‖ Ieee Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 24, No. 8, Pp. 1859–1875, Aug. 2009.
[3]. S. J¨Ockel, ―High Energy Production Plus Built In Reliability—The New Vensys 70/77 Gearless Wind Turbines In The 1.5 Mw Class,‖ Presented At The 2006 Eur .Wind Energy Conf., Athens, Greece, Feb. 27–Mar. 2, 2006.
[4]. Y. Chen, P. Pillary, And A. Khan, ―Pm Wind Generator Topologies,‖ Ieee Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 41, No. 6, Pp. 1619–1626, Nov./Dec. 2005.
[5]. H. Polinder, S.W. H. De Haan,M. R. Dubois, And J. Slootweg, ―Basic Operation Principles And Electrical Conversion Systems Of Wind Turbines,‖ Presented At The Nordic Workshop Power Ind. Electron., Trondheim, Norway, Jun. 14–16, 2004.

Abstract: The objective of thispaper is to stabilize the voltage by compensating the sag swell,harmonicstransients and flicker in the system. Cascaded Multilevel Converter basedDVR is used for harmonics control.. This work proposes the enhancement of power transfer capability and maintaining unity power factor. Relative Harmonie analysis is also discussed based on the total harmonie distortion (THD) calculations and reducing the transients power fluctuations at the distribution side. Now days the use of sensitive electronic equipment has increase which has lead to power quality problems

[1]. PaisanBoonchiam and NadarajahMithulananthan, | "Understanding of Dynamic Voltage Restorers through MATLAB Simulation," Electric Power System Management, Vol.11, No.3, July-September 2006, pp no:1-6. |
[2]. N.G. Hingorani, "Introducing Custom Power," | IEEE Spectrum, June 1995, pp no: 4l-48. |
[3]. Nilsson, S, "Special Application Considerations for Custom Power Systems," in IEEE Power | Eng. Society2, pp no: l27-l3l, 1999. |
[4]. Chris Fitzer, Mike Barnes, "Voltage Sag Detection Technique for a Dynamic Voltage | Restorer", IEEE, 2002, pp no: 917-924. |
[5]. J.G.Nielsen, F.Blaabjerg and N.Mohn, "Control strategies for dynamic voltage restorer compensating voltage sags with phase jump", | Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expos, 2001; pp no: 1267-1273. |
[6]. Amrita RAI and A. K. NADIR, "Modeling& | Simulation of Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) for Enhancing Voltage Sag," Published: 28 January 2008, pp no: 85-93 |

Abstract:The hygrometer is widely used in air conditioner, humidity data logger, humidifier & dehumidifier etc. The aim of this research work is to design and development of a low cost, portable microcontroller based hygrometer. The hygrometer has been designed using the sensor module HSM-20G. The sensor operates in capacitive principle, i.e. changes in relative humidity (RH) of the surrounding air cause a change in dielectric constant of the polymer film leading to a change of sensor capacitance. The module converts this capacitance
change into analog voltage.

[1]. Tafazzal Hossain, " Text Book Of Heat", Variety Books, Second Edition, Variety Books, Calcutta, (1975).
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Abstract: A threshold-voltage cancellation technique is employed in a conventional Dickson charge pump to increase the pumping efficiency and cause transfer switches to be completely turned on and off in low-voltage CMOS process. A novel enhanced gate boostingtechnique is added to the resulted charge pump in order to havefurther efficiency improvement, turning transfer switches completely on and off consequently. The simulation results show that the improved charge pump has higher efficiency and provides higher output voltages.

Key words: charge pump, gate boosting technique, none volatile memory RFID and sensor networks.

[1]. M. D. Ker, S. L. Chen, and C. S. Tsai, "Design of charge pump circuit with consideration of gate-oxide reliability in low-voltage CMOS processes," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 41, no. 5, May, 2006.
[2]. J. T. Wu, and K. L. Chang, "MOS charge pumps for low-voltage operation," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 33, no. 4, April, 1998.
[3]. C. Lauterbach, W. Weber, and D. Römer, "Charge sharing concept and new clocking scheme for power efficiency and electromagnetic emission improvement of boosted charge pumps," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35, no. 5, May, 2000.
[4]. G. Palumbo, D. Pappalardo, and M. Gaibotti, "Charge-pump circuits: Power-consumption optimization," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-I, vol. 49, no. 11, November, 2002.
[5]. G. Palumbo, and D. Pappalardo, "Charge pump circuits with only capacitive loads: Optimized design," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-II, vol. 53, no. 2, February, 2006.

Abstract: A mobile is an electronic device by which we can communicate with another person over a distance by making or receiving calls over a given radio link of given bandwidth while moving around a wide area. It is done by connecting with a cellular network, provided by one of our cell phone operator, allowing access to PTN. The traditional way of transferring mobile signal, mostly depends upon satellite communication or by ground wave communication. We find many difficulties in transferring signals through this process, as it is less efficient and creates blank spots at many places due to obstacles which are increasing in number day by day. We are presenting an idea to enhance the signal, thus enhancing the overall working efficiency and signal quality of a cell phone through wireless medium by the use of high frequency signals emitted by nano-chip consisting of a transmitter and a receiver. They are only affected by noise which can be removed easily by the help of a filter circuit.

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Abstract: This paper addresses the dynamic performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) of four area interconnected power system. In this, area-1 consists of thermal plant, area-2 consists of thermal with reheat system, area-3 consists of hydro plant and area-4 consists of gas power plant. The proposed system is the combination of most complicated system like hydro plant, gas plant and thermal plant with reheat turbine are interconnected which increases the nonlinearity of the system. All the four areas are equipped with PID controller and the parameters of these PID controllers are optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The objective function taken into consideration is Integral Square Error (ISE). The performance of controller is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The existing LFC systems assist the frequency and tie line power deviations to settle quickly with zero steady state error. Keywords: Load Frequency Control (LFC), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Area Control Error (ACE), PID controller.

[1]. Yao Zang, "Load Frequency Control of Multiple-Area Power Systems" Tsinghua University July, 2007 Master of science in Electrical Engineering.
[2]. B.Prakash Ayyappan, U. Thiruppathi, G. Balaganapathi, "Load Frequency Control of An Interconnected Power System Using Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS)" International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 6, June – 2013.
[3]. A.Sharif, K.Sabahi, M.Aliyari Shoorehdeli, M.A.Nekoui, M.Teshnehlab, "Load Frequency Control in Interconnected power System Using Multi-objective PID Controller", 2008 IEEE Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications (SMCia/08), June 25-27, 2008, Muroran, Japan.
[4]. Elgerd OI. Electric energy system theory: an introduction. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1983.